Rho小G蛋白介导的细胞周期调控

Rho小G蛋白作为一个信号分子家族具有多样化的功能, 可以调节细胞骨架重排 、细胞迁移、细胞极性、基因表达、细胞周期调控等. Rho小G蛋白家族对细胞周期 调控的研究主要集中在其对于有丝分裂期细胞的调节作用,包括调节有丝分裂期前 期细胞趋圆化、后期染色体排列及收缩环的收缩作用.近期的研究显示,Rho小G蛋白及其效应分子对于细胞周期G1、S、G2期的调控主要是通过影响细胞周期的正调控因子细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1) 和负调控因子细胞周期蛋白依赖型激酶相互作用蛋白1及细胞周期蛋白依赖型激酶抑制蛋白27 (p21cip1/p27kip1) 进行的.本文总结了Rho小G蛋白及其效应分子在细胞周期调控,尤其是对G1/S期调控的研究进展,并简要阐述了Rho小G蛋白介导的细胞周期调控异常与癌症发生的关系.     

失血性休克大鼠淋巴管及血管压力对去甲肾上腺素反应的相关性研究

目的:观察失血性休克(HS)大鼠淋巴管与血管对去甲肾上腺素(NE)反应性的变化,探讨淋巴管与血管反应性的关系。方法:大鼠行左侧腹部手术,分离胸导管,测量淋巴管压力(LP);股部手术,经股动脉测量平均动脉血压(MAP)。休克组经股动脉放血复制HS模型(维持MAP40mmHg左右,3h),假手术(sham)组仅手术。在休克不同时间点(或相当),股静脉注射NE(5μg/kg.bw),观察给予NE前后两组大鼠LP以及MAP的变化。结果:休克即刻淋巴管对NE的反应性与sham组无明显差异,到休克0.5h时淋巴管对NE的升压反应开始减弱,至休克3h依然维持低反应性;与sham组相比,休克组血管对NE反应性呈双相表现,休克即刻血管高反应性,休克1h后对NE的升压作用开始减弱,表现为血管低反应性;休克后二者的反应性相关。结论:大鼠HS后淋巴管出现低反应性,且出现在血管低反应性之前;休克发展进程中淋巴管与血管对NE的低反应性呈正相关。     

Rho蛋白和细胞骨架的关系

Rho蛋白作为细胞信号转导的分子开关之一,在细胞骨架动态变化中发挥着极其重要的作用。Rho蛋白对细胞骨架动态变化的调节是一个复杂的信号传递过程,涉及到Rho蛋白介导的信号通路中不同效应物间和Rho蛋白介导的多条信号通路间的相互作用。在Rho蛋白介导的信号通路中,上游调控因子、Rho蛋白、效应物在细胞中的正确定位对信号传递有着决定性的作用。     

Rho GTPases及其在口腔领域的新应用

Rho GTPases是重要的信号转导分子,参与多种重要的细胞生命活动,如肌动蛋白细胞骨架的重构、细胞黏附、细胞运动、囊泡运输、基因表达和细胞周期的调控等.调节这些生物信号的转导通路非常复杂,因此,Rho GTPases早已成为研究的热点.最新的研究进展集中在描述Rho GTPases具体在细胞的哪个部位发生反应与参与通路的具体的分子及新功能等,同时细胞分子实验已经证实Rho GTPases在肌动蛋白细胞骨架的组装、细胞粘附、细胞运动、和基因表达等方面的作用与临床上多种口腔疾病,如正畸,牙周疾病的发生有密切关系.因此,对Rho GTPases的研究可能为口腔领域正畸,牙周病的治疗提供新的思路.     

Rho/ROCK信号通路与神经可塑性

在神经网络中,神经可塑性是大脑响应内在和外在刺激的重要特征。越来越多的研究已经阐明了神经可塑性与神经损伤性疾病之间的相关性。Rho/Rho相关卷曲螺旋形成蛋白激酶(Rho/Rho associ-ated coiledcoil forming protein kinase, Rho/ROCK)通路是生物体广泛存在的经典信号通路,参与细胞迁移、树突发育和轴突延伸,并且与帕金森、精神发育迟滞和阿尔茨海默症等多种神经退行性或损伤性疾病有关。本文对Rho/ROCK信号通路与神经可塑性的研究进展予以综述,讨论了ROCK抑制剂对各种神经疾病的潜在治疗前景。     

RhoA-Rho激酶信号转导通路参与TGF-β1诱导的血管外膜成纤维细胞表型转化为肌成纤维细胞(英文)

血管外膜成纤维细胞表型转化为肌成纤维细胞是血管重塑的重要病理特征。本研究旨在探讨小分子G蛋白RhoA及其下游Rho激酶信号通路在转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1)诱导的血管外膜成纤维细胞/肌成纤维细胞表型转化中的作用。用10ng/mLTGF-β1诱导体外培养的大鼠胸主动脉外膜成纤维细胞表型转化为肌成纤维细胞,使用亲和沉淀法检测RhoA活性、使用免疫印迹检测RhoA、Rho激酶蛋白表达和Rho激酶活性;使用免疫印迹和免疫细胞化学检测肌成纤维细胞标记蛋白的表达。结果显示,TGF-β1上调体外培养的血管外膜成纤维细胞RhoA蛋白表达和RhoA活性。TGF-β1增加Rho激酶下游底物肌球蛋白磷酸酶目标亚单位的磷酸化,但不改变Rho激酶的蛋白表达,提示TGF-β1增加Rho激酶活性。腺病毒Ad-N19RhoA-hrGFP感染和Rho激酶特异性抑制剂Y27632都呈剂量依赖性地抑制TGF-β1诱导的肌成纤维细胞标记分子α平滑肌肌动蛋白和钙结合蛋白Calponin的蛋白表达。本研究证明RhoA-Rho激酶信号通路参与了TGF-β1诱导的血管外膜成纤维细胞/肌成纤维细胞表型转化。     

细菌效应蛋白对宿主细胞Rho小G蛋白信号通路的调节作用

病原体细菌通过自身分泌系统分泌效应蛋白并注入宿主体内,修饰宿主的信号转导系统,破坏宿主细胞中天然免疫有关信号通路,发挥毒性作用使宿主产生疾病。吞噬作用在天然免疫系统中发挥重要作用,这个过程涉及肌动蛋白细胞骨架的重排。Rho(Ras homolog family)小G蛋白家族成员作为细胞骨架结构的重要调控蛋白可调节这一过程,其相关信号通路成为细菌效应蛋白的作用靶点。细菌效应蛋白可以模仿Rho的调节因子破坏信号通路,可以通过剪切Rho C-端的尾部结构使其从细胞膜解离并失去活性,可以直接模仿Rho发挥调控功能,可以影响Rho上游的调控事件影响其活性,也可通过对Rho进行直接的翻译后修饰使其失活,形成有利于细菌生存、繁殖、毒力释放的环境。由此导致的Rho信号通路功能紊乱使宿主产生智力缺陷、免疫功能障碍、癌症等多种疾病。     

Rho/ROCK信号通路与糖尿病肾病

糖尿病肾病(DN)是糖尿病最严重的微血管并发症之一,并已成为终末期肾脏病(ESRD)的重要原因,成为人类致死、致残的一个重要因素。因此,发现糖尿病肾病的新机制及关于此机制的新药研究,对改善糖尿病肾病预后非常重要。近年来,不断深入的研究提示,Rho/ROCK信号通路可能成为防治糖尿病肾病的药物新靶点。本文就Rho/ROCK信号通路与糖尿病肾病的关系作一综述。     

Rho GTPase对细胞骨架及信号通路的多重影响

Rho GTPase最基本的功能是结合和水解鸟嘌呤核苷酸，目前已从晡乳动物中分离出16种不同的Rho GTPases，其中以Rho、Rac和Cdc42最为人们关注。研究发现Rho GTPases参与基因转录、细胞周期进程的调控及多条信号通路的调节，与细胞凋亡、肿瘤侵润及细胞骨架构成关系密切。现普遍认为Rho GTPases是调节细胞功能的一类重要蛋白分子，越来越多的Rho家族成员及其调控的蛋白数量逐渐被发现和认识。     

Rho激酶(ROCK)在糖尿病并发症中的研究

ROCK(Rho-associated protein kinase),即Rho相关蛋白激酶,是Rho/ROCK通路的重要蛋白。ROCK与GTP(guanosine triphosphate)结合蛋白Rho相互作用,通过磷酸化激活多种下游蛋白或核因子,在机体的各项调节功能中起到重要的作用。研究表明,糖尿病患者体内ROCK异常上调,可能是导致糖尿病并发症的重要原因,最终危及患者心血管系统、泌尿系统乃至生殖系统。而对ROCK的深入研究表明,使用ROCK的拮抗剂,如法舒地尔等,可有效抑制ROCK/Rho通路,最终缓解糖尿病并发症。     

Rho蛋白

常见的异源三聚体ＧＴＰ结合蛋白 ,是通过其 (亚基在无活性的ＧＤＰ结合状态和有活性的ＧＴＰ结合状态之间的转换来完成对膜相关受体传来的信号反应 ,而与之同样起“分子开关”作用的另一类小分子Ｇ蛋白 (ｓｍａｌｌＧｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ,又称ＧＴＰａｓｅ ,即ＧＴＰ酶 ) ,它们的激活不是直接通过与激动型的Ｇ蛋白偶联受体 (Ｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ｃｏｕｐｌｅｄｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ,ＧＰＣＲ)相互作用而调节其活性 ,而是通过鸟嘌呤核苷交换因子(ｇｕａｎｉｎｅｎｕｃｌｅｏｔｉｄｅｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＧＥＦ)来控制这类小分子Ｇ蛋白的ＧＴ…     

Rho GTPase function in tumorigenesis

Malignant tumor cells display uncontrolled proliferation, loss of epithelial cell polarity, altered interactions with neighboring cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix, and enhanced migratory properties. Proteins of the Rho GTPase family regulate all these processes in cell culture and, for that reason, Rho GTPases, their regulators, and their effectors have been suggested to control tumor formation and progression in humans. However, while the tumor-relevant functions of Rho GTPases are very well documented in vitro, we are only now beginning to assess their contribution to cancer in human patients and in animal models. This review will give a very brief overview of Rho GTPase function in general and then focus on in vivo evidence for a role of Rho GTPases in malignant tumors, both in human patients and in genetically modified mice.     

Rho A and the Rho kinase pathway regulate fibroblast contraction: Enhanced contraction in constitutively active Rho A fibroblast cells

Fibroblast cells play a central role in the proliferation phase of wound healing processes, contributing to force development. The intracellular signaling pathways regulating this non-muscle contraction are only partially understood. To study the relations between Rho A and contractile responses, constitutively active Rho A (CA-Rho A) fibroblast cells were reconstituted into fibers and the effects of calf serum (CS) on isometric force were studied. CS-induced force in CA-Rho A fibroblast fibers was twice as large as that in wild type (NIH 3T3) fibroblast fibers. During this response, the translocation of Rho A from the cytosol to the membrane was detected by Rho A activity assays and Western blot analysis. Pre-treatment with a Rho specific inhibitor (C3-exoenzyme) suppressed translocation as well as contraction. These results indicate that Rho A activation is essential for fibroblast contraction. The Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632) inhibited both NIH 3T3 and CA-Rho A fibroblast fiber contractions. Activation of Rho A is thus directly coupled with Rho kinase activity. We conclude that the translocation of Rho A from the cytosol to the membrane and the Rho kinase pathway can regulate wound healing processes mediated by fibroblast contraction.     

Physiological roles of Rho and Rho effectors in mammals

Rho GTPase is a master regulator controlling cytoskeleton in multiple contexts such as cell migration, adhesion and cytokinesis. Of several Rho GTPases in mammals, the best characterized is the Rho subfamily including ubiquitously expressed RhoA and its homologs RhoB and RhoC. Upon binding GTP, Rho exerts its functions through downstream Rho effectors, such as ROCK, mDia, Citron, PKN, Rhophilin and Rhotekin. Until recently, our knowledge about functions of Rho and Rho effectors came mostly from in vitro studies utilizing cultured cells, and their physiological roles in vivo were largely unknown. However, gene-targeting studies of Rho and its effectors have now unraveled their tissue- and cell-specific roles and provide deeper insight into the physiological function of Rho signaling in vivo. In this article, we briefly describe previous studies of the function of Rho and its effectors in vitro and then review and discuss recent studies on knockout mice of Rho and its effectors.     

Rho GTPases和细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡涉及细胞骨架的形态学改变,Rho GTPases在细胞骨架改变中起着至关重要的作用。近年来的研究揭示了Rho蛋白家族在肌动蛋白(actin)聚合、解聚及actin-myosin的分子调节机制。同时越来越多的研究表明,Rho GTPases在巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡小体中也发挥了关键作用。本综述就Rho GTPases信号途径在细胞凋亡中细胞骨架的结构改变及凋亡小体被吞噬过程中的作用进行具体讨论。     

Rho GTPases in hepatocellular carcinoma

Rho GTPases are major regulators of signal transduction pathways and play key roles in processes including actin dynamics, cell cycle progression, cell survival and gene expression, whose deregulation may lead to tumorigenesis. A growing number of in vitro and in vivo studies using tumor-derived cell lines, primary tumors and animal cancer models strongly suggest that altered Rho GTPase signaling plays an important role in the initiation as well as in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the deadliest human cancers in the world. These alterations can occur at the level of the GTPases themselves or of one of their regulators or effectors. The participation into the tumorigenic process can occur either through the over-expression of one of these components which presents an oncogenic activity as illustrated with RhoA and C or through the attenuation of the expression of a component presenting tumor suppressor activity as for Cdc42 or the RhoGAP, DLC-1. Consequently, these observations reflect the heterogeneity and the complexity of liver carcinogenesis. Recently, pharmacological approaches targeting Rho GTPase signaling have been used in HCC-derived models with relative success but remain to be validated in more physiologically relevant systems. Therefore, therapeutic approaches targeting Rho GTPase signaling may provide a novel alternative for anti-HCC therapy.     

Tenascin-C suppresses Rho activation

Cell binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) components changes cytoskeletal organization by the activation of Rho family GTPases. Tenascin-C, a developmentally regulated matrix protein, modulates cellular responses to other matrix proteins, such as fibronectin (FN). Here, we report that tenascin-C markedly altered cell phenotype on a three-dimensional fibrin matrix containing FN, resulting in suppression of actin stress fibers and induction of actin-rich filopodia. This distinct morphology was associated with complete suppression of the activation of RhoA, a small GTPase that induces actin stress fiber formation. Enforced activation of RhoA circumvented the effects of tenascin. Effects of active Rho were reversed by a Rho inhibitor C3 transferase. Suppression of GTPase activation allows tenascin-C expression to act as a regulatory switch to reverse the effects of adhesive proteins on Rho function. This represents a novel paradigm for the regulation of cytoskeletal organization by ECM.     

Rho GTPases对肿瘤血管生成相关分子的作用

探讨RhoGTPases的 3个主要分子RhoA、Rac1和Cdc4 2对肿瘤血管生成相关分子的作用 .构建负显性RhoA、Rac1和Cdc4 2的真核表达质粒 ,在Lipofectamine2 0 0 0 介导下转染胃癌细胞AGS ,应用ELISA检测细胞培养上清中VEGF的含量 ,应用Western印迹检测肿瘤血管生成相关分子HIF 1α、P5 3和PTEN的表达水平 .成功地构建了负显性RhoA、Rac1和Cdc4 2的真核表达质粒 ,转染胃癌细胞AGS并经G4 18筛选出单克隆 .ELISA表明转染细胞培养上清中VEGF的含量可被明显抑制 ;Western印迹表明 ,负显性RhoGTPases在蛋白水平上可下调HIF 1α表达水平 ,上调P5 3的表达水平 .结果表明 ,Rho家族的 3个主要分子可能通过调节血管生成相关分子的表达来促进肿瘤血管生成 .     

Molecular docking and pharmacophore model studies of Rho kinase inhibitors

Molecular docking and pharmacophore model approaches were used to characterise the binding features of four different series of Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors. Docking simulation of 20 inhibitors with ROCK was performed. The binding conformations and binding affinities of these inhibitors were obtained using AutoDock 4.0 software. The predicted binding affinities correlate well with the activities of these inhibitors (R ² = 0.904). 3D pharmacophore models were generated for ROCK based on highly active inhibitors implemented in Catalyst 4.11 program. The best pharmacophore model consists of one hydrogen bond acceptor feature and two hydrophobic features, and they all seemed to be essential for inhibitors in terms of their binding activities. It is anticipated that the findings reported in this paper may provide very useful information for designing new ROCK inhibitors.