PACAP促PC12细胞突起生长的分子机制

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽（PACAP）具有广泛的生理功能。近年来的研究发现,PACAP具有重要的神经营养作用。PACAP可通过激活多条细胞内信号转导通路,促使PC12细胞突起生长,使其向神经元样细胞分化。本文综述了PACAP引起PC12细胞突起生长的信号转导通路,有助于深入了解PACAP神经营养作用的分子机制。     

β淀粉样蛋白与氧应激的相互作用及PACAP-27对氧应激损伤的保护作用

目的 :探讨 β淀粉样蛋白 (Aβ)与氧应激损伤的相互关系及脑下垂体腺苷环化酶激活多肽 2 7(PACAP 2 7)对抗氧应激致神经瘤细胞损伤的作用机理。方法 :体外培养第 15 0代Neuro 2a细胞 ,MTT法检测细胞存活率 ,Heochest332 5 8特异细胞核染色观察凋亡小体 ,提取基因组DNA鉴定细胞死亡方式及基因组内小片段含量。结果 :过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )处理接种 2 4h的Neuro 2a细胞 2 4h后 ,浓度相关地使细胞存活率下降 ,10mol·L-1时有明显的凋亡特征出现 ;与 2 5mol·L-1的Aβ2 5-35共同处理 2 4h可以使H2 O2 损伤神经元的ED50 降低至 1/10 ;PACAP 2 7( 0 .1(mol·L-1,1d加药 1次 ,共 2次 )对H2 O2 所致的细胞损伤有显著的保护作用 ,可以提高细胞的存活率 ,降低基因组小片段DNA的含量 ;PACAP受体拮抗剂PACAP 6 2 7( 10 0mol·L-1,与PACAP同时加药 )不能拮抗PACAP 2 7的保护作用。结论 :氧应激与Aβ在神经毒性方面有协同作用 ;PACAP参与对抗H2 O2 的神经毒性时 ,不通过受体激活。     

PACAP受体激活对抗Aβ25-35致神经元凋亡作用的观察

目的和方法：本研究采用体外原代培养新生大鼠海马神经元的方法探讨了垂体腺苷环化酶激活多肽（PACAP）对抗淀粉样蛋白（Aβ25-35）致凋亡的作用机理。结果：25μmol/L的Aβ蛋白处理神经元5d即有明显的凋亡特征出现。PACAP27（P27）在正常情况下对海马神经元无明显营养作用,但当Aβ导致神经元凋亡时P27有显著的保护作用,可以提高神经元的活性,减少细胞凋亡数目,降低基因组小片段DNA含量。PACAP受体拮抗剂PACAP6－27（P6－27）可以逆转P27的保护作用。结论：研究结果说明PACAP通过受体激活参与对抗Aβ的神经毒性效应。     

神经肽PACAP对神经内分泌系统的调控

神经肽类激素垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide,PACAP)最初从牛的脑垂体中被分离;后续研究发现,PACAP及其受体广泛存在于机体的各个组织器官,全面参与机体中枢和外周神经内分泌系统的功能调节。在中枢神经内分泌系统层面,PACAP通过促进下丘脑–垂体分泌各种上游激素,正向调控下游神经内分泌组织和器官的分泌,发挥神经内分泌网络的“指挥棒”功能;在外周神经内分泌系统层面,PACAP通过分布在外周神经内分泌组织器官内的受体,采用自分泌和旁分泌方式,实现对各种下游激素分泌的精细调控,发挥维持神经内分泌系统整体和谐平衡的“平衡器”作用。该文就PACAP对中枢和外周神经内分泌系统的调控作用进行整理,分析得出PACAP对神经内分泌系统的双重调控功能,为PACAP对神经内分泌系统功能的药用开发奠定理论基础。     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽减轻大鼠缺血性脑水肿作用的实验研究

目的研究垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)在缺血性脑水肿中的作用及其可能的受体机制.方法采用大鼠四动脉结扎脑缺血模型,分别运用干湿重法和酶学法测定脑组织含水量及Na+、K+含量.结果大鼠四动脉结扎脑缺血30in,再灌流1 h,脑组织含水量明显增加,a+含量增高,而K+含量降低.缺血前经测脑室分别给予1×10-9 mol、1×1110mol及1×11-11 mol的PACAP均能抑制脑组织含水量、Na+含量的增加和K+含量的降低.特异性PACAPⅠ型受体拮抗剂PACAP6-38能完全阻断PACAP的上述作用,而单纯给予PACAP6-38对脑缺血后脑组织含水量、Na+、K+含量无显著影响.结论外源性PACAP对缺血性脑水肿具有保护作用,该作用是由I型受体介导的.     

垂体腺苷环化酶激活多肽抑制β淀粉样蛋白对Neuro-2a细胞神经毒性作用的机制

通过MTT方法检测细胞活性 ,同时采用激光共聚焦显微镜技术检测细胞内游离钙离子的瞬时运动 ,研究了垂体腺苷环化酶激活多肽 (pituitaryadenylatecyclaseactivatingpolypeptide 2 7,PACAP2 7)通过调节细胞内钙对抗淀粉样蛋白Aβ2 5 35引起Neuro 2a细胞神经毒性作用的可能机制。结果表明 ,PACAP在一定浓度范围内 (<0 1μmol/L)可提高Neuro 2a细胞增殖能力并对抗Aβ引起的神经毒性 ,此作用可以被PACAP受体竞争性拮抗剂PACAP6 2 7所抑制。 2 5 μmol/LAβ使细胞内钙离子缓慢上升 ,并有一个较长时间的平台期。 0 1μmol/L的PACAP使细胞内钙离子迅速升高后下降 ,10min后回到接近基线水平 ,伴有较长时间的不应期。用PACAP预处理细胞 10min后Aβ引起细胞内钙的慢上升不再出现。推测 ,PACAP受体激活引起瞬时内向钙离子运动 ,而后伴随一个较长时间的不应期 ,可能是一个消除凋亡或阻止凋亡启动的保护机制。     

石斑鱼垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽和生长激素释放激素基因的cDNA克隆及表达分析

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽 (PACAP)和生长激素释放激素 (GHRH)均属于血管活性肠肽家族成员 ,且两者前体基因在脊椎动物的鸟类、两栖类、鱼类中由同一基因编码 ,而哺乳动物是由两个不同基因编码。已有几例关于鱼类编码PACAP和GHRH基因克隆的报道 ,而关于重要海水养殖鱼类石斑鱼的PACAP和GHRH基因未见报道。克隆了PACAP GHRH前体cDNA序列 ,该前体有两种剪接方式 ,包括一个长序列和一个短序列 ,其中长序列编码PACAP和GHRH ,短序列缺失 10 5个碱基 ,仅编码PACAP而缺失编码GHRH的外显子区 ,同样情况在虹鳟和沟鲶中也有报道。通过半定量RT PCR方法对石斑鱼PACAP GHRH前体mRNA在胚胎发育和发育早期以及各部位的表达情况进行了分析。胚胎发育分析结果表明 ,从神经胚期开始 ,PACAP GHRH前体mRNA大量表达 ,提示该蛋白质在神经发育或神经营养方面具有重要作用。PACAP GHRH前体基因在中枢系统的表达量远高于外周组织。在鱼类的眼和鳃发现PACAP GHRH前体分布。     

PACAP27对Ⅱ型糖尿病诱导的睾丸损伤的保护作用

目的 研究垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide,PACAP)对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用.方法 18只雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为对照组、Ⅱ型糖尿病组和Ⅱ型糖尿病PACAP27干预组3组.腹腔注射链脲霉素和60％高脂饲料喂食,建立...     

PACAP及其衍生物治疗糖尿病及其并发症的研究进展

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)是近年新发现的神经多肽,属于促胰液素/胰高血糖素/血管活性肽(VIP)家族中的新成员,广泛分布于脑和外周组织器官,尤其在内分泌胰腺、性腺、呼吸和生殖系统,在能量代谢、神经保护、免疫系统等发挥重要生理学功能。糖尿病是一种常见的主要以高血糖为特征的慢性代谢性疾病,糖尿病并发症日益严重威胁着人们的身体健康,已成为导致糖尿病患者致死、致残的主要原因。主要对PACAP治疗糖尿病及其并发症国内外研究的最新进展进行论述。     

斜带石斑鱼PACAP的原核表达及活性分析

自1989年从绵羊下丘脑提取物发现垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽（Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide,PACAP）以来（Miyata et al．,1989）,已证明它能促进垂体激素释放,同时还具有神经递质、神经调质和神经营养等作用,使对PACAP的研究成为十分活跃的领域。PACAP属于血管活性肠肽（VIP）-胰高血糖素-生长激素释放因子-分泌素家族（Campbell and Scanes,1992）成员,已鉴别出包含27和38个氨基酸两种类型。对原索动物（McRory et al．,1997）、两栖类（蛙）（Alexandre et al．,2000）、爬行类（蜥蜴）（Pohland Wank,1998）、鸟类（鸡）（McRory et al．,1997）,啮齿类（鼠）（Ghatei et al．,1993）等脊椎动物PACAP的研究多集中在结构与进化方面,对功能了解甚少。     

Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and the PACAP-selective receptor in cultured rat astrocytes, human brain tumors, and in response to acute intracranial injury

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a bioactive peptide with diverse activities in the nervous system. In addition to its more classic role as a neurotransmitter, PACAP functions as a neurotrophic factor. PACAP exerts these activities by binding to PACAP-selective (PAC1) or nonselective (VPAC1, VPAC2) receptors (-R). Glial cells also exhibit PACAP binding, which is associated with the increased proliferation of astrocytes. The present report demonstrates a distinct spatiotemporal regulation of PACAP, PAC1-R, VPAC1-R, and VPAC2-R expression in primary cultured rat astrocytes. To determine the role of PACAP and PAC1-R expression on glial proliferation, two in vivo models were examined--human brain tumors of glial origin and the reactive gliosis induced by a penetrating stab wound to the mature rat brain. Relative to normal human brain, PAC1-R expression is significantly upregulated in glioma, particularly oligodendrogliomas. While similar polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis does not detect PACAP expression, in situ hybridization studies reveal PACAP expression in a limited number of cells within the tumor. In sharp contrast, neither PACAP nor PAC1-R expression are upregulated consequent to injury. These results suggest a distinct role for PACAP and PAC1-R in glioma development and nervous system response to injury.     

PKA-Bad-14-3-3 and Akt-Bad-14-3-3 signaling pathways are involved in the protective effects of PACAP against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis

The neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide) and its receptors are widely expressed in the nervous system and various other tissues. PACAP has well-known anti-apoptotic effects in neuronal cell lines. Recent data suggest that PACAP exerts anti-apoptotic effects also in non-neuronal cells. The peptide is present in the cardiovascular system, and has various distinct effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PACAP is protective against in vitro ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Cultured cardiomyocytes were exposed to 60 min ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. The addition of PACAP1-38 significantly increased cell viability and decreased the ratio of apoptotic cells as measured by MTT test and flow cytometry. PACAP induced the phosphorylation of Akt and protein kinase A. In the present study we also examined the possible involvement of Akt- and protein kinase A-induced phosphorylation and thus inactivation of Bad, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. It was found that ischemia significantly decreased the levels of phosphorylated Bad, which was counteracted by PACAP. Furthermore, PACAP increased the levels of Bcl-xL and 14-3-3 protein, both of which promote cell survival, and decreased the apoptosis executor caspase-3 cleavage. All effects of PACAP1-38 were inhibited by the PACAP antagonist PACAP6-38. In summary, our results show that PACAP has protective effects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and provides new insights into the signaling mechanisms involved in the PACAP-mediated anti-apoptotic effects.     

The neuropeptide PACAP attenuates beta-amyloid (1-42)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) modulates neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown the protective effects of PACAP against neuronal damage induced by ischemia and agonists of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Here, we demonstrated that PACAP also protected against neuronal toxicity induced by beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide, aggregation of which is a causative factor for Alzheimer's disease. PACAP (10(-9)M) rescued 80% of decreased cell viability and 50% of elevated caspase-3 activity that resulted from exposure of PC12 cells to Abeta. PACAP was at least 10(4)-fold more effective than other neuropeptides including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and humanin, which correlated with the level of cAMP accumulation. Thus, our results suggested that PACAP attenuates Abeta-induced cell death in PC12 cells through an increase in cAMP and that caspase-3 deactivation by PACAP is involved in the signaling pathway for this neuroprotection.     

Monoaminergic neuronal development is not affected in PACAP-gene-deficient mice

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in several physiological functions. Several lines of evidence from in vitro studies have shown that PACAP plays some important roles in development of nervous system such as neural proliferation and differentiation. Recently, mice lacking PACAP have been reported to show a higher mortality shortly after birth, impaired thermal adaptation, and altered psychomotor behaviors. Inasmuch as monoaminergic nervous systems are implicated in these phenotypes and a quite few data have been reported on the role of this peptide in nervous development in vitro, we studied early development [embryonic days 10.5 (E10.5) and 12.5 (E12.5)] of monoaminergic nervous systems in mice lacking PACAP. The fetuses lacking PACAP showed immunoreactivities (IRs) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-HT) similarly to the wild type. We observed TH-IR in the forebrain [striatal differentiating zone (dz) and hypothalamic dz], midbrain, hindbrain, neural-crest-derived sympathetic ganglionic primordia, ventral spinal cord dz, and bowel at E10.5 in both PACAP null and wild type with no difference. At E12.5, in the wild-type- and PACAP-gene-deficient mice, no differences of 5-HT- and TH-IRs were observed in several brain regions, including brainstem (midbrain and pons). Thus, the depletion of PACAP does not affect monoaminergic nervous systems in the early development.     

Morphological and functional effects of PACAP in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the substantia nigra in rats

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has several different actions in the nervous system, including neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different doses of PACAP on the functional and morphological outcome in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Rats were given unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra. PACAP-treated animals received 1, 0.1 or 0.01 microg PACAP as a pretreatment. Control animals without PACAP treatment displayed severe hypokinesia at 1 and 10 days post-lesion when compared to normal animals or those receiving saline only. PACAP treatment resulted in less severe acute hypokinesia, and complete recovery by 10 days. Asymmetrical signs were observed in all lesioned animals 1 day post-lesion. PACAP-treated animals, however, showed better recovery as they ceased to display asymmetrical signs 10 days later and showed markedly less apomorphine-induced rotations. Best behavioral outcome was observed in animals treated with 0.1 microg PACAP. Tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry revealed increased number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area in all PACAP-treated rats in contrast to the severe cell loss in control animals. These results indicate that PACAP may be a promising therapeutic agent in Parkinson's disease.     

Neuroprotective roles of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in neurodegenerative diseases

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic bioactive peptide that was first isolated from an ovine hypothalamus in 1989. PACAP belongs to the secretin/glucagon/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) superfamily. PACAP is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurotrophic factor via three major receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2). Recent studies have shown a neuroprotective role of PACAP using in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we briefly summarize the current findings on the neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of PACAP in different brain injury models, such as cerebral ischemia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review will provide information for the future development of therapeutic strategies in treatment of these neurodegenerative diseases. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(7): 369-375]     

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide regulates the basal production of nitric oxide in PC12 cells

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), two members of the VIP/secretin/glucagon family, modulate neurotransmission via stimulation of protein kinases including cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are reported to co-exist with nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and other neuropeptides within the nervous system and peripheral tissues. In the present study, we investigated the neuronal role of these peptides in NO production in PC12 cells. We showed that PACAP decreased NO production in a dose-dependent manner, and the activators of protein kinase A and C also inhibited the NO production in PC12 cells. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that PC12 cells constitutively express the mRNAs for neuronal NOS and the PACAP-specific (PAC1) receptor, and we concluded that PACAP plays an important role in the regulation of nNOS activity through PAC1 receptor in PC12 cells.     

A newly developed enzyme-immunoassay for measuring the tissue contents of PACAP in fish

We have developed a novel and easy enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). We used it to determine immunoreactive PACAP levels in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues of two fishes, a teleost (the stargazer) and an elasmobranch (a stingray). An antiserum was raised in a white rabbit immunized with a conjugate of synthetic stargazer PACAP27 plus keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The EIA system used an antiserum/biotin-labeled PACAP/avidin/biotin-conjugated enzyme complex, and a double antibody method was used to precipitate the immune complexes. We call the system the avidin-biotin complex detectable EIA (ABCDEIA) for PACAP. ABCDEIA with biotin-labeled PACAP27 detected only PACAP27, recognizing neither the longer forms of PACAP nor any other peptides. PACAPs with 27, 38, and 44 residues cross-reacted in another ABCDEIA with biotin-labeled PACAP38 or PACAP44. Whole brains of both fishes contained much higher levels of PACAP, 6-30 times as high as the levels in the mammalian brain, but unexpectedly, no immunoreactive PACAP27 was found in any CNS or peripheral tissue in either fish. The gastrointestinal tracts of fish also contained lower, but significant amounts of PACAP.     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽的发现及研究进展

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽是最初在绵羊下丘脑发现的一种新的具有多种生物活性的多肽。它广泛分布于中枢神经系统、周围神经系统以及非神经组织内。此外,它在某些类型细胞的旁分泌和自分泌主财节中也发挥作用。