Molecular cloning of the sesquiterpene synthase gene GhTPS1 of Gossypium hirsutum and its induction by the feeding activity of cotton bollworm larvae

棉花被植食性昆虫取食后大量释放的特异性萜烯挥发物,能够有效吸引天敌昆虫进行寄主搜索和定位.本文从陆地棉(中棉12)Gossypium hirsutum叶片中克隆获得一个倍半萜合成酶基因的全长cDNA,命名为GhTPS1(GenBank登录号:JQ365627).该基因编码545个氨基酸的蛋白,预测分子量为63.3ku,等电点为5.92.氨基酸序列比对分析表明该基因与其它被子植物倍半萜合成酶基因一致性为34％～60％,其中与欧洲葡萄(-)-germacrene D synthase一致性最高(60％).聚类分析表明GhTPS1属于由被子植物倍半萜合成酶基因组成的TPSa亚家族.采用实时荧光定量PCR检测了GhTPS1 mRNA在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)幼虫为害棉花不同时间的表达谱,结果表明接虫24h该基因表达量显著上调.     

蜕皮激素和有效霉素对粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因表达的影响

【目的】克隆粘虫Mythimnaseparata几丁质合成酶B基因的全长cDNA序列,研究该基因的时空表达特性,分析蜕皮激素(20-hydroxy ecdysone, 20 E)和有效霉素(Validamycin)对该基因表达水平的影响。【方法】本试验通过高通量测序法获得粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因的cDNA全长序列,利用RT-qPCR技术分析粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因在不同发育阶段和不同组织的特异性表达及蜕皮激素和有效霉素对其表达的影响。【结果】基因cDNA全长4 617 bp,包含一个完整开放阅读框,编码1个1 538个氨基酸组成的多肽,分子量为175.629 ku,理论等电点为5.96,包含17个跨膜螺旋,4个几丁质合成酶的标签序列CATMWHET,DGD,EDR和QRRRW及1个催化结构域。该基因命名为MsCHSB,GenBank登录号为KY348776。氨基酸序列比对表明,该基因与其他昆虫的几丁质合成酶B基因同源性高于52%,其中与蓓带夜蛾Mamestra configurata和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的几丁质合成酶B基因同源性最高,分别为92%和83%。RT-qPCR技术表明粘虫在不同发育阶段和组织中均有mRNA的特异性表达,其中3龄第1天和中肠中MsCHSB基因相对表达量最高。注射10μg/μL浓度的蜕皮激素6 h和12 h后,表现为对该基因的诱导效应,与对照组差异显著;有效霉素处理后该基因相对表达量均被显著抑制,其中注射20μg/μL浓度的有效霉素48h后,抑制作用最为明显。【结论】本试验得到了一条新的粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因cDNA序列全长。蜕皮激素对MsCHSB基因的表达有一定的诱导作用,有效霉素对MsCHSB基因的表达有一定的抑制作用,该结果为进一步研究昆虫几丁质合成酶B打下了基础。     

朱砂叶螨几丁质合成酶基因1全长cDNA的克隆与表达分析

【目的】克隆朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus几丁质合成过程中的关键酶几丁质合成酶基因,并检测该基因在朱砂叶螨生长发育不同阶段的相对表达量。【方法】本研究采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)以及c DNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术首次克隆获得朱砂叶螨几丁质合成酶基因1的全长c DNA序列(命名为Tc CHS1,Gen Bank登录号为KM242062),并使用实时荧光定量PCR技术首次检测了Tc CHS1基因在朱砂叶螨生长发育不同阶段的相对表达量。【结果】朱砂叶螨Tc CHS1基因的c DNA全长为4 881 bp,包括198 bp的5'非翻译区(5'-UTR),4 425 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),258 bp的3'非翻译区(3'-UTR),开放阅读框编码1 474个氨基酸,预测其蛋白质分子质量约为168.35 ku,理论等电点为6.26。其包含EDR和QRRRW这2个几丁质合成酶基因的标签序列。氨基酸序列同源性分析结果表明:Tc CHS1与其他昆虫该基因编码蛋白的氨基酸序列相似度在50%左右,与二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的氨基酸相似度最高(98%),与西方盲走螨Metaseiulus occidentalis的相似度为55%。分子系统进化的结果也表明Tc CHS1与其他昆虫的CHS1聚在一起,并且和二斑叶螨具有最近的亲缘关系。荧光定量分析表明Tc CHS1基因在朱砂叶螨生长发育的不同阶段(卵、幼螨、第1若螨、第2若螨、雌成螨和雄成螨)均有表达,在卵和雌成螨中的表达量较高,在第2若螨的表达量最低。【结论】Tc CHS1基因可能在朱砂叶螨生长发育过程中具有重要作用。     

亚洲棉(+)-δ-杜松烯合成酶基因CAD1-A的分离及其在幼苗中的表达特征分析

棉花倍半萜环化酶, 即(+)-δ-杜松烯合成酶(CAD), 由一个基因家族编码. 该基因家族可分为两个亚族: CAD1-A和CAD1-C. 分离了亚洲棉CAD1-A基因. 对亚洲棉7天龄幼苗的mRNA原位杂交表明, CAD1-A和CAD1-C的转录子主要分布在侧根原基、顶端分生组织和新生侧根的维管组织中, 在幼苗下胚轴的原形成层和部分表皮、下表皮细胞中也有分布. CAD1-A启动子在转基因烟草中表现出相似的活性. 组织化学实验发现, 倍半萜醛类分布于侧根根尖的外层细胞以及地上部分的色素腺体中. CAD1基因在亚洲棉幼苗中的表达特征, 以及倍半萜醛类的分布特征, 组成了棉花幼苗的化学防御体系.     

一个新高产青蒿倍半萜合酶基因的克隆、表达和分析

用RACE方法从青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)高产株系001中克隆了一个新的1 886 bp的全长倍半萜合酶cDNA.克隆的倍半萜合酶氨基酸序列与烟草马兜铃烯合酶、莨菪岩兰螺旋二烯合酶、棉花杜松烯合酶的一致性分别为39%、38%和41%;与青蒿柏木脑合酶、紫穗槐二烯合酶和一个推测的倍半萜合酶克隆cASC125的一致性为50%、48%和59%.cDNA编码区序列被克隆进原核表达载体pET-30a,并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,但过量表达的蛋白主要是以不溶性蛋白形式存在.Northern blotting分析表明此基因在茎、叶和花中表达,在根中没有表达.     

茶树单萜合成酶CsTPS基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究在茶树转录组测序的基础上,以‘铁观音’茶树品种的芽叶为供试材料,采用RT-PCR技术,克隆了茶树的1条单萜合成酶(TPS)基因全长cDNA序列,命名为CsTPS(GenBank登录号为KY829105)。CsTPS基因全长2 077bp,其开放阅读框(ORF)为1 752bp,编码583个氨基酸。CsTPS基因编码蛋白含有单萜合成酶蛋白特有的2个天冬氨酸富集基序及RRx8W、RxR保守基序,N端具有一段叶绿体转运肽。同源比对分析显示,CsTPS氨基酸序列与多种植物的单萜合成酶序列相似性较高,与黄胡萝卜α-松油醇合成酶、白簕柠檬烯合成酶、蓖麻单萜合成酶相似性分别为74%、71%和66%。系统进化树分析表明,CsTPS属于TPSb亚家族类型。荧光定量PCR结果显示,在白茶萎凋、乌龙茶做青、红茶发酵等加工过程中,CsTPS基因的表达量均有上调,推测CsTPS基因的表达与茶叶加工过程中茶叶香气形成密切相关。     

棉花粉蚧化学感受蛋白基因PsCSP10的克隆及表达谱分析

本研究克隆出了棉花粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley化学感受蛋白(CSPs)基因Ps CSP10的全长c DNA(Gen Bank登录号:KT958555),其核苷酸序列长640 bp,编码128个氨基酸,预测其成熟蛋白分子量14.99 k D,等电点6.61,且含有4个保守的半胱氨酸,符合昆虫CSPs的典型特征。该基因编码的氨基酸序列和其他昆虫化学感受蛋白基因编码的氨基酸序列相似性为50%-56%。应用Real-time PCR测定的结果表明棉花粉蚧各发育阶段中Ps CSP10均有表达,但在雄成虫中的相对表达量显著高于其他发育阶段。在分别用扶桑Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.、棉花Gossypium hirsutum L.、马缨丹Lantana camara L.饲养获得的雄成虫中Ps CSP10相对表达量不存在差异。研究结果为进一步明确棉花粉蚧中Ps CSP10的功能奠定了基础。     

甜菜夜蛾和茉莉酸甲酯处理对棉花茉莉酸合成途径关键基因及萜类合酶基因表达的影响

本文以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)‘石远321’为实验材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了经甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)取食诱导和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理的茉莉酸(JA)合成途径中关键基因及萜类合酶基因的时间表达模式。甜菜夜蛾取食陆地棉后,JA合成途径脂氧合酶基因(GhLOX1和GhLOX2)、丙二烯氧化物合酶基因(GhAOS)、丙二烯氧化物环化酶基因(GhAOC)随处理时间变化均有不同程度的上调表达,其中GhLOX2表达量上调最明显,处理后12和72h表达量分别上升64.4和118.7倍;5个萜类合酶基因GhTPS1、GhTPS2、GhTPS3、GhTPS4、GhTPS5随处理时间变化表达模式明显不同,GhTPS4和GhTPS5表达量明显升高。外源MeJA处理后,GhLOX2表达量急剧上升,变化最大;5个萜类合酶基因均受MeJA诱导表达,但表达量在处理后不同时间有明显差异,GhTPS4处理后各时间点的表达量均高于对照。这些结果表明JA合成途径的GhLOX2和萜类合酶基因GhTPS4是响应甜菜夜蛾取食诱导和MeJA处理最为重要的基因。     

牛樟芝倍半萜合酶基因克隆及在不同培养基中的表达

牛樟芝(Antrodia camphorata)是一种珍稀食药用菌,能产生具有抗癌活性的倍半萜类化合物。对牛樟芝基因组进行分析,获得倍半萜合酶基因序列并设计特异引物,提取在Glu培养基(麦芽浸粉6 g/L,酵母提取物3 g/L,葡萄糖40 g/L)上生长的牛樟芝菌丝体的RNA,利用RT-PCR技术克隆得到倍半萜合酶基因AcTPS1。AcTPS1基因c DNA全长为969 bp,编码323个氨基酸,根据系统进化树可知AcTPS1氨基酸序列与其他9种真菌倍半萜合酶聚为一类。AcTPS1拥有典型倍半萜合酶的结构域(RRSRSATAEAYACFIW),之后检测AcTPS1在不同培养基上的菌丝中的表达结果显示不同碳源中,只有葡萄糖作为碳源时该基因表达,不同氮源中,以番茄浸粉和酪蛋白胨为氮源时该基因表达。说明AcTPS1是一类诱导型表达的基因。为利用发酵培养以及异源表达手段获得牛樟芝活性化合物提供参考。     

曼地亚红豆杉植株中GGPP合成酶的克隆与分析

从 5年生曼地亚红豆杉 (Taxusmedia)的当年生新鲜枝叶中提取分离出mRNA ,然后根据已知植物的牛儿基牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶基因 (GGPPS基因 )DNA序列保守区设计特异简并引物。RT PCR获得了一条大小约 60 0bp的扩增谱带 ,回收该特异谱带并进行TA克隆 ,蓝白斑筛选 ,得到若干阳性克隆。经过质粒大小比较和PCR验证后 ,进行序列测定和同源性比较。发现该序列属于GGPP合成酶的片断 ,与Taxuscanadensis (AAD 1 60 1 8 1 )和Abiesgrandis (AAL1 761 4 2 )的GGPP合成酶相应区段的氨基酸序列一致性为 98%和 86%。蛋白质序列分析发现该序列含有一个特征的异戊二烯合成酶保守的结构域。进化树分析表明 ,曼地亚红豆杉GGPPS在进化上位于植物类 ,靠近古细菌类。曼地亚红豆杉GGPPS基因的克隆为研究红豆杉生产紫杉醇的分子机理和转基因植株的构建奠定了良好的基础。     

Isolation and characterization of terpene synthases in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Cotton plants accumulate gossypol and related sesquiterpene aldehydes, which function as phytoalexins against pathogens and feeding deterrents to herbivorous insects. However, to date little is known about the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes in this crop. Herein is reported that 5 monoterpenes and 11 sesquiterpenes from extracts of a glanded cotton cultivar, Gossypium hirsutum cv. CCRI12, were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). By EST data mining combined with Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE), full-length cDNAs of three terpene synthases (TPSs), GhTPS1, GhTPS2 and GhTPS3 were isolated. By in vitro assays of the recombinant proteins, it was found that GhTPS1 and GhTPS2 are sesquiterpene synthases: the former converted farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) into β-caryophyllene and α-humulene in a ratio of 2:1, whereas the latter produced several sesquiterpenes with guaia-1(10),11-diene as the major product. By contrast, GhTPS3 is a monoterpene synthase, which produced α-pinene, β-pinene, β-phellandrene and trace amounts of other monoterpenes from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). The TPS activities were also supported by Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in the cotton plant. GhTPS1 and GhTPS3 were highly expressed in the cotton plant overall, whereas GhTPS2 was expressed only in leaves. When stimulated by mechanical wounding, Verticillium dahliae (Vde) elicitor or methyl jasmonate (MeJA), production of terpenes and expression of the corresponding synthase genes were induced. These data demonstrate that the three genes account for the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes of cotton, at least of this Upland cotton.     

Cloning and functional characterisation of a cis-muuroladiene synthase from black peppermint (Menthaxpiperita) and direct evidence for a chemotype unable to synthesise farnesene

Using oligonucleotide primers designed to the known gene sequence of an (E)-beta-farnesene (EbetaF) synthase, two cDNA sequences (MxpSS1 and MxpSS2) were cloned from a black peppermint (Menthaxpiperita) plant. MxpSS1 encoded a protein with 96% overall amino acid sequence identity with the EbetaF synthase. Recombinant MxpSS1 produced in Escherichia coli, after removal of an N-terminal thioredoxin fusion, had a K(m) for FPP of 1.91+/-0.1 microM and k(cat) of 0.18 s(-1), and converted farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into four products, the major two being cis-muurola-3,5-diene (45%) and cis-muurola-4(14),5-diene (43%). This is the first cis-muuroladiene synthase, to be characterised. MxpSS2 encoded a protein with only two amino acids differing from EbetaF synthase. Recombinant MxpSS2 protein showed no activity towards FPP. One of the two mutations, at position 531 (leucine in MxpSS2 and serine in EbetaF synthase) was shown, by structural modelling to occur in the J-K loop, an element of the structure of sesquiterpene synthases known to be important in the reaction mechanism. Reintroduction of the serine at position 531 into MxpSS2 by site-directed mutagenesis restored EbetaF synthase activity (K(m) for FPP 0.98+/-0.12 microM, k(cat) 0.1 s(-1)), demonstrating the crucial role of this residue in the enzyme activity. Analysis, by GC-MS, of the sesquiterpene profile of the plant used for the cloning, revealed that EbetaF was not present, confirming that this particular mint chemotype had lost EbetaF synthase activity due to the observed mutations.     

Two branches of the lupeol synthase gene in the molecular evolution of plant oxidosqualene cyclases.

Two new triterpene synthase cDNAs, named as OEW and TRW, were cloned from olive leaves (Olea europaea) and from dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale), respectively, by the PCR method with primers designed from the conserved sequences found in the known oxidosqualene cyclases. Their ORFs consisted of 2274 bp nucleotides and coded for 758 amino acid long polypeptides. They shared high sequence identity (78%) to each other, while they showed only about 60% identities to the known triterpene synthases LUPI (lupeol synthase clone from Arabidopsis thaliana) and PNY (beta-amyrin synthase clone from Panax ginseng) at amino acid level. To determine the enzyme functions of the translates, they were expressed in an ERG7 deficient yeast mutant. Accumulation of lupeol in the cells of yeast transformants proved both of these clones code for lupeol synthase proteins. An EST (expression sequence tag) clone isolated from Medicago truncatula roots as a homologue of cycloartenol synthase gene, exhibits high sequence identity (75-77%) to these two lupeol synthase cDNAs, suggesting it to be another lupeol synthase clone. Comparatively low identity (approximately 57%) of LUP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana to either one of these clones leaves LUP1 as a distinct clone among lupeol synthases. From these sequence comparisons, now we propose that two branches of lupeol synthase gene have been generated in higher plants during the course of evolution.     

毛白杨蔗糖合酶基因PtSUS1的克隆及其表达模式分析

蔗糖合酶（sucrose synthase）与植物库强调节、次生壁的形成和纤维素合成等有着密切的联系,其中在纤维素合成过程中的作用尤为显著。本研究根据我们已获得的毛白杨PtSUS1基因片段设计引物,采用RACE技术,获得了毛白杨PtSUS1的基因序列,测序结果显示该基因序列全长为2 669 bp,包括一个完整的阅读框,编码805个氨基酸。通过Blast检索分析表明,PtSUS1与拟南芥、巨桉、陆地棉、温州蜜柑、毛果杨SUS1的核酸和氨基酸序列的同源性分别达到76%~97%和82%~97%。运用生物信息软件对PtSUS1编码的蛋白进行了二级结构预测和功能位点分析,结果显示该蛋白氨基酸序列包括两个功能域,存在可能的磷酸化位点38个,无跨膜结构域存在。系统进化分析表明PtSUS1与PtSUS2关系最为接近。RT-PCR分析结果显示,PtSUS1在被检测的毛白杨根、茎、叶及雌雄花芽组织和器官中均有表达,呈现组成型表达模式。该研究为进一步深入探索毛白杨蔗糖合酶基因PtSUS1的功能奠定了基础。     

野生马铃薯ANS同源基因的克隆与表达分析

采用PCR和RT-PCR方法从野生马铃薯（Solanum cardiphyllum）分离得到了一个花色素合成酶（anthocyanidin synthase）同源基因ScANS的cDNA（GenBank登录号HQ701726）和DNA序列（GenBank登录号HQ701727）。序列分析表明,ScA册基因全长为1583bp,由一个内含子和两个外显子组成,开放阅读框长度为1365bp,编码一个由454个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白。该蛋白分子量为51．10kDa,理论等电点为5．24。ScANS含有典型的20G—FeII-Oxy保守功能域,属于2-OOD酶家族,其氨基酸序列与茄子的同源蛋白序列一致性最高,达82．86％。组织表达分析表明,SScANS在马铃薯植株的茎、叶和顶芽中有较高水平的转录表达,在根中有微量表达,在匍匐茎和块茎中检测不到。     

Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase of Artemisia annua: cDNA isolation and bacterial expression of a terpene synthase involved in artemisinin biosynthesis

Artemisia annua, an indigenous plant to Korea, contains an antimalarial sesquiterpene, artemisinin. The first committed step of artemisinin biosynthesis is the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate by a sesquiterpene synthase to produce an amorphane-type ring system. The aims of this research were to molecularly clone and express amorpha-4,11-diene synthase for metabolic engineering. PCR amplification of genomic DNA with a pair of primers, designed from the conserved regions of sesquiterpene synthases of several plants, produced a 184-bp DNA fragment. This fragment was used in Northern blot analysis as a probe, showing approximately 2.2 kb of a single band. Its sequence information was used to produce 2106 bp of a full-length cDNA sequence including 1641 bp of open reading frame for 546 amino acids (kcs12) through a rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The deduced amino acid sequence displayed 36% identity with 5-epi-aristolochene synthase of Nicotiana tabacum. A soluble fraction of Escherichia coli harboring kcs12 catalyzed the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to produce a sesquiterpene, which was identified through GC-MS analysis as amorpha-4,11-diene.