卵巢癌细胞中RhoA和NF-κB表达与癌细胞增殖、侵袭能力的关系

目的:探讨卵巢癌细胞中RhoA和NF-κB表达与癌细胞增殖、侵袭能力的关系。方法:采用RT-PCR和Western blot检测卵巢癌细胞A2780、SW626、Skow3和正常卵巢上皮HOSEA中RhoA和NF-κB的表达;MTT法测定A2780、SW626、Skow3的增殖能力;Transwell小室体外侵袭实验检验细胞侵袭能力。结果:三种卵巢癌细胞中RhoA与NF-κB的表达无差异,但均高于正常卵巢上皮HOSEA中表达(P0.05);MTT实验结果显示在24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h时间点,过表达RhoA组和NF-κB组吸光光度值大于对照组(P0.05);RhoA转染后,A2780、SW626、Skow3、HOSEA 4种细胞的穿膜细胞数测值分别是33.56±12.42、56.21±9.53、25.53±11.89、0,说明SW626侵袭力最强,HOSEA无侵袭力(P0.05),不同细胞间侵袭力存在差异,且具有统计学意义(P0.05)。NF-κB转染后,A2780、SW626、Skow3、HOSEA 4种细胞的穿膜细胞数分别为22.53±12.57、33.90±10.12、45.91±9.02、0,其中穿膜细胞数最多的是Skow3细胞,不同细胞间穿膜细胞数比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:卵巢癌细胞中RhoA与NF-κB表达增加,可增强细胞增殖能力,并使细胞具有侵袭性。     

Survivin和RhoA双基因沉默对卵巢癌细胞的增殖与侵袭影响

目的：探讨RNA干扰（RNAi）双向沉默Survivin和RhoA基因表达对人卵巢癌H08910PM细胞增殖、凋亡及侵袭能力的影响。方法：构建Survivin和RhoA基因的串联microRNA干扰载体（Survivin-RhoA-microRNA）,通过脂质体介导转染人卵巢癌H08910PM细胞作为实验组,对照组为空载体转染组。转染48小时后,RT—PCR检测Survivin和RhoA的mRNA表达,Western．Blot检测Survivin和RhoA的蛋白质表达;利用MTT法、Transwell小室体外侵袭实验及流式细胞术检测转染后卵巢癌细胞的增殖、侵袭及凋亡情况。结果：Survivin—RhoA—microRNA明显抑制了H08910PM细胞中Survivin和RhoA基因mRNA和蛋白的表达：转染48小时后,实验组SurvivinmRNA和RhoAmRNA表达抑制率分别为68．82％、90．23％,Survivin和RhoA蛋白表达抑制率分别为63．91％、88．47％;MTT分析显示实验组细胞OD490的值为0．706±0．177,较对照组（1．172±0．241）明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;流式细胞术检测实验组细胞凋亡率为36．41±3．34％,较对照组（2．92±0．78％）明显升高（P〈0．01）;实验组细胞侵袭百分比为12．56±6．17％,较对照组（32．96±5．14％）明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论：成功构建Survivin和RhoA串联microRNA干扰载体（Survivin．RhoA．microRNA）。Survivin和RhoA双基因沉默显著抑制了卵巢癌H08910PM细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,并增加其凋亡率,两者具有协同作用,为双靶点治疗卵巢癌提供了新的思路和策略。     

VEGF-α诱导对卵巢癌血管生成拟态形成及侵袭、迁移能力的影响

目的探讨细胞因子VEGF-α诱导对卵巢癌SKOV-3和OVCAR-3细胞系血管生成拟态形成及侵袭、迁移能力的影响。方法采用不同细胞因子诱导卵巢癌SKOV-3和OVCAR-3细胞系,通过三维培养来观察卵巢癌细胞形成血管生成拟态的能力;以划痕实验和侵袭实验来判断细胞因子诱导对卵巢癌细胞侵袭、迁移能力的影响。结果三维培养结果表明在VEGF-α组SKOV-3和OVCAR-3细胞可观察到大量、明显的血管样网状结构;细胞划痕试验结果表明卵巢癌细胞系经细胞因子诱导后,其迁移能力明显增强;体外侵袭实验表明VEGF-α能够明显增强卵巢癌SKOV-3和OVCAR-3细胞的体外侵袭能力。结论 VEGF-α能促进卵巢癌细胞系血管生成拟态的形成,并明显增强卵巢癌细胞侵袭和迁移的能力。     

小鼠胚胎对人卵巢癌细胞生物学行为影响的体外研究

探讨体外共培养环境中小鼠胚胎对人卵巢癌细胞HO8910PM的影响.通过小鼠胚胎与肿瘤细胞体外共培养模型观察小鼠胚胎对肿瘤细胞的形态及生长行为的影响,Annexin V-EGFP/PI原位检测与小鼠胚胎共培养后肿瘤细胞的凋亡情况,MTT粘附实验、transwell迁移及侵袭实验研究与小鼠胚胎共培养后的人卵巢癌细胞的粘附性、迁移性及侵袭性的变化.共培养时小鼠胚胎能够侵入人卵巢癌细胞并推开肿瘤细胞形成自己的生长空间,激光共聚焦显微镜下见胚胎周围的肿瘤细胞凋亡增加,与对照组比较共培养后的HO8910PM肿瘤细胞的粘附性、迁移性及侵袭性均显著降低(P0.05、P0.01).结果表明体外共培养体系中小鼠胚胎能够侵袭肿瘤细胞,促进人卵巢癌细胞的凋亡,并使其粘附性、迁移及侵袭相关恶性行为降低.     

FAP和Rho家族蛋白在卵巢癌侵袭迁移中的作用

目的：明确FAP是否通过RhoA／ROCK、Racl-GTP通路发挥促增殖、侵袭和迁移作用。方法：用MTT实验,Transwell实验和迁移实验检测FAP、RhoA／ROCK、Racl-GTP对卵巢癌细胞系HO-8910PM的增殖,侵袭和迁移的影响。结果：1、MTT法,迁移和侵袭实验证实用Y-27632抑制RhoA／ROCK途径能够促进卵巢癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,与FAP联合作用时促进作用增强。2、MTT法,迁移和侵袭实验证实NSC23766抑制Racl途径能够抑制卵巢癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,与FAP联合作用使FAP的促进作用减弱。结论：l、RhoA／ROCK通路抑制HO一8910PM细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭;Racl-GTP促进H0—8910PM细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭。2、FAP不是通过RhoA／ROCK而是通过Racl—GTP信号通路在HO．8910PM细胞发挥促增殖、迁移和侵袭作用的。     

Claudin-3和E-cadherin在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达及意义

目的:研究上皮性卵巢癌组织中Claudin-3和E-cadherin的表达情况,及其与上皮性卵巢癌侵袭、转移等生物学行为的关系。方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测64例上皮性卵巢癌术后标本中Claudin-3和E-cadherin的表达,并分析两者与上皮性卵巢癌患者临床病理特征的关系。结果:上皮性卵巢癌组织中Claudin-3的异常表达率为62..5%(40/64),其与上皮性卵巢癌的分化程度、病理类型、TNM分期有关(P<0.05)。上皮性卵巢癌组织中E-cadherin的异常表达率为54.7%(35/64),其与上皮性卵巢癌的分化程度、腹膜转移的有无、TNM分期有关(P<0.05)。Claudin-3和E-cadherin的表达呈正相关(P<0.001)。结论:上皮性卵巢癌组织中Claudin-3和E-cadherin的表达与卵巢癌的发生发展、侵袭转移和预后密切相关,两指标的联合检测对上皮性卵巢癌的治疗和预后的判断有指导作用。     

TRPM3通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路诱导上皮性卵巢癌细胞上皮间质转化的作用研究

目的:探讨瞬时受体电位离子通道3(Transient receptor potential melastatin 3,TRPM3)对卵巢癌侵袭转移和上皮细胞间质转化(Epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)的影响及其分子作用机制。方法:采用小干扰RNA沉默上皮性卵巢癌细胞株中HEY及SKOV3中TRPM3的表达,通过Transwell实验和划痕实验检测上皮性卵巢癌细胞的侵袭和迁移能力的变化,Western Blot检测EMT相关蛋白、Wnt/β-catenin通路相关蛋白的表达情况。结果:与对照组细胞相比,干扰组的上皮性卵巢癌细胞迁移和侵袭能力均明显减弱,EMT相关蛋白的上皮细胞标志分子E-cadherin的表达上调,间质细胞标志分子N-cadherin和EMT相关转录调控因子Snail的表达下调,Wnt/β-catenin通路相关蛋白CyclinD1、β-catenin的表达下调。结论:TRPM3可能通过激活Wnt/β-catenin通路促进卵巢癌细胞的上皮间质转化过程,进而增强其侵袭转移的能力。     

上皮性卵巢癌中Maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C的表达及其相关性

目的：探讨上皮性卵巢癌组织中maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C（VEGF-C）表达的临床意义及其相关性。方法：采用免疫组化技术检测75例上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达情况,以卵巢良性肿瘤及正常卵巢作为对照。结果：maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中的阳性表达率分别为61.3%、82.7%,均明显高于卵巢良性肿瘤（13.3%、20%）和正常卵巢组织（0%、0%）,maspin蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达与FIGO分期高、组织学分级高、腹水形成和淋巴结转移有关;VEGF-C与FIGO分期高、淋巴结转移和腹水形成有关;上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达成正相关。结论：maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中表达上调,在卵巢上皮性癌的浸润、转移中起重要作用。     

上皮性卵巢癌中Maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C的表达及其相关性

目的:探讨上皮性卵巢癌组织中maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)表达的临床意义及其相关性。方法:采用免疫组化技术检测75例上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达情况,以卵巢良性肿瘤及正常卵巢作为对照。结果:maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中的阳性表达率分别为61.3%、82.7%,均明显高于卵巢良性肿瘤(13.3%、20%)和正常卵巢组织(0%、0%),maspin蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达与FIGO分期高、组织学分级高、腹水形成和淋巴结转移有关;VEGF-C与FIGO分期高、淋巴结转移和腹水形成有关;上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达成正相关。结论:maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中表达上调,在卵巢上皮性癌的浸润、转移中起重要作用。     

m6A 去甲基化酶ALKBH5 对上皮性卵巢癌恶性生物学行为的影响及其作用机制研究

摘要 目的：ALKBH5最近被证明是与各种癌症相关的RNA N6-甲基腺苷（m6A）去甲基转移酶之一,但其在上皮性卵巢癌中的作用缺乏研究。本研究旨在探讨ALKBH5在上皮性卵巢癌中的机制。方法：利用蛋白免疫印迹、免疫组化检测ALKBH5在卵巢癌细胞和组织中的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征和预后关系;通过慢病毒感染构建ALKBH5稳定过表达或敲减卵巢癌细胞系,采用CCK-8、平板克隆、划痕、Transwell 迁移和侵袭等实验研究ALKBH5 对细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力的影响;通过蛋白免疫印迹和斑点印迹实验,探究ALKBH5-HIF-1α环的相互作用情况。结果：ALKBH5在卵巢癌细胞系和卵巢癌组织中高表达,ALKBH5蛋白在卵巢癌组织中的表达与CA125水平、FIGO分期和组织学类型相关,且高表达的ALKBH5水平与较差的预后相关。通过慢病毒感染构建出可靠的ALKBH5敲减/过表达稳转细胞系,CCK-8、平板克隆实验表明敲减ALKBH5降低卵巢癌细胞体外增殖速率和集落形成,划痕、Transwell 迁移和侵袭实验表明敲减ALKBH5可抑制卵巢癌细胞体外迁移和侵袭能力。与对照组相比,过表达ALKBH5增强卵巢癌细胞体外增殖速率、集落形成、迁移和侵袭能力。进一步的实验发现ALKBH5和HIF-1α互相促进表达。结论：m6A去甲基化酶ALKBH5在上皮性卵巢癌中高表达且与预后相关,通过促进卵巢癌细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭发挥致癌基因的作用。因此,抑制ALKBH5的表达可能是靶向治疗上皮性卵巢癌的潜在策略。     

Redox regulation of RhoA

We have previously shown that redox agents including superoxide anion radical and nitrogen dioxide can react with GXXXXGK(S/T)C motif-containing GTPases (i.e., Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA) to stimulate guanine nucleotide release. We now show that the reaction of RhoA with redox agents leads to different functional consequences from that of Rac1 and Cdc42 due to the presence of an additional cysteine (GXXXCGK(S/T)C) in the RhoA redox-active motif. While reaction of redox agents with RhoA stimulates guanine nucleotide dissociation, RhoA is subsequently inactivated through formation of an intramolecular disulfide that prevents guanine nucleotide binding thereby causing RhoA inactivation. Thus, redox agents may function to downregulate RhoA activity under conditions that stimulate Rac1 and Cdc42 activity. The opposing functions of these GTPases may be due in part to their differential redox regulation. In addition, the results presented herein suggest that the platinated-chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, which is known for targeting nucleic acids, reacts with RhoA to produce a RhoA thiol-cisplatin-thiol adduct, leading to inactivation of RhoA. Similarly, certain arsenic complexes (i.e., arsenate and arsenic trioxide) may inactivate RhoA by bridging the cysteine residues in the GXXXCGK(S/T)C motif. Thus, in addition to redox agents, platinated-chemotherapeutic agents and arsenic complexes may modulate the activity of GTPases containing the GXXXCGK(S/T)C motif (i.e., RhoA and RhoB).     

Nuanced junctional RhoA activity

RhoA signalling controls many diverse cellular processes, and thus discovering the mechanisms that determine its specific outcomes is a tantalizing challenge. A previously uncharacterized regulatory module operates selectively at the zonula adherens of epithelial cell junctions, in which positive and negative RhoA regulators are coordinated to fine-tune RhoA activity.     

The trio guanine nucleotide exchange factor is a RhoA target. Binding of RhoA to the trio immunoglobulin-like domain

Trio is a complex protein containing two guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains each with associated pleckstrin homology domains, a serine/threonine kinase domain, two SH3 domains, an immunoglobulin-like domain, and spectrin-like repeats. Trio was originally identified as a LAR tyrosine phosphatase-binding protein and is involved in actin remodeling, cell migration, and cell growth. Herein we provide evidence that Trio not only activates RhoA but is also a RhoA target. The RhoA-binding site was mapped to the Trio immunoglobulin-like domain. RhoA isoprenylation is necessary for the RhoA-Trio interaction, because mutation of the RhoA carboxyl-terminal cysteine residue blocked binding. The existence of an intramolecular functional link between RhoA activation and RhoA binding is suggested by the finding that Trio exchange activity enhanced RhoA binding to Trio. Furthermore, immunofluorescence studies of HeLa cells showed that although ectopically expressed Trio was evenly distributed within the cell, co-expression of Trio with RhoA resulted in relocalization of Trio into punctate structures. Relocalization was not observed with Trio constructs lacking the immunoglobulin-like domain, indicating that RhoA acts to regulate Trio localization via binding to the immunoglobulin-like domain. We propose that Trio-mediated RhoA activation and subsequent RhoA-mediated relocalization of Trio functions to modulate and coordinate Trio signaling.     

Thrombin-induced rapid geranylgeranylation of RhoA as an essential process for RhoA activation in endothelial cells

RhoA plays a critical signaling role in thrombin-induced endothelial dysfunction. The possible thrombin regulation of geranylgeranylation, a lipid modification, of unprocessed RhoA and the significance of the geranylgeranylation in RhoA activation in endothelial cells (ECs) are not well understood. The amounts of the unprocessed and geranylgeranylated forms of RhoA in non-stimulated cultured human aortic ECs were 31 +/- 8 and 69 +/- 8% total cellular RhoA, respectively (n = 6, p < 0.0001), as determined by the Triton X-114 partition method. Thrombin-induced rapid conversion of most of the unprocessed RhoA into the geranylgeranylated form within 1 min through stimulating geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I) activity. Thrombin-induced rapid geranylgeranylation was inhibited by acute short term (3 min) pretreatment with atorvastatin as well as by an inhibitor of GGTase I (GGTI-286). Thrombin also rapidly stimulated GTP loading of RhoA, which was blocked by acute pretreatment with either atorvastatin or GGTI-286. These observations indicate the dependence of thrombin stimulation of RhoA on the rapid geranylgeranylation of unprocessed RhoA. Importantly, the addition of geranylgeranylpyrophosphate to ECs pretreated with atorvastatin quickly reversed the atorvastatin inhibition of thrombin stimulation of RhoA. These results suggest that geranylgeranylation of unprocessed RhoA may limit thrombin-induced full activation of RhoA in ECs. Cytoskeleton analysis demonstrated that atorvastatin and GGTI-286 inhibited thrombin-induced stress fiber formation. We provide the evidence that, in thrombin-stimulated ECs, the unprocessed form of RhoA is rapidly geranylgeranylated to become the mature form, which then is converted into GTP-bound active RhoA.     

Lipopolysaccharide-induced Lung Injury Involves the Nitration-mediated Activation of RhoA

Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by increased endothelial hyperpermeability. Protein nitration is involved in the endothelial barrier dysfunction in LPS-exposed mice. However, the nitrated proteins involved in this process have not been identified. The activation of the small GTPase RhoA is a critical event in the barrier disruption associated with LPS. Thus, in this study we evaluated the possible role of RhoA nitration in this process. Mass spectroscopy identified a single nitration site, located at Tyr³⁴ in RhoA. Tyr³⁴ is located within the switch I region adjacent to the nucleotide-binding site. Utilizing this structure, we developed a peptide designated NipR1 (nitration inhibitory peptide for RhoA 1) to shield Tyr³⁴ against nitration. TAT-fused NipR1 attenuated RhoA nitration and barrier disruption in LPS-challenged human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Further, treatment of mice with NipR1 attenuated vessel leakage and inflammatory cell infiltration and preserved lung function in a mouse model of ALI. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the mechanism by which Tyr³⁴ nitration stimulates RhoA activity was through a decrease in GDP binding to the protein caused by a conformational change within a region of Switch I, mimicking the conformational shift observed when RhoA is bound to a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Stopped flow kinetic analysis was used to confirm this prediction. Thus, we have identified a new mechanism of nitration-mediated RhoA activation involved in LPS-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction and show the potential utility of “shielding” peptides to prevent RhoA nitration in the management of ALI.