曾候乙墓穴木椁微生物降解对木材危害及防治措施研究

从曾候乙墓分离到的16株菌,其中有11株为芽孢杆菌属类,4株微杆菌属,1林为黄色杆菌属。将16株细菌分别侵染6种木材,结果证明细菌降解对6种木材均有不同的韧性下降,个别木材出现腐烂病灶。2号菌降解后对泡桐、枣树、马尾松、香樟、刺槐和桑树分别下降8％,12％,10％,5％,10％和13％。3,5,6,7,8,9和16号菌对上述6种木材也有不同程度影响。而4,11,12,13,14和15号菌对6种木材的韧性下降影响不明显。但其渗透性大大提高了,因此也会影响木材的使用年限。采用杀菌、杀虫的石油气,乙醇等有机溶济,防治微生物降解产物对木材的浸蚀,均有较好的防菌、防认腐效果。     

Experimental Study of the Flexural and Compression Performance of an Innovative Pultruded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Wood Composite Profile

The plate of a pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer or fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) profile produced via a pultrusion process is likely to undergo local buckling and cracking along the fiber direction under an external load. In this study, we constructed a pultruded glass-fiber-reinforced polymer-light wood composite (PGWC) profile to explore its mechanical performance. A rectangular cross-sectional PGWC profile was fabricated with a paulownia wood core, alkali-free glass fiber filaments, and unsaturated phthalate resin. Three-point bending and short column axial compression tests were conducted. Then, the stress calculation for the PGWC profile in the bending and axial compression tests was performed using the Timoshenko beam theory and the composite component analysis method to derive the flexural and axial compression rigidity of the profile during the elastic stress stage. The flexural capacity for this type of PGWC profile is 3.3-fold the sum of the flexural capacities of the wood core and the glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) shell. The equivalent flexural rigidity is 1.5-fold the summed flexural rigidity of the wood core and GFRP shell. The maximum axial compressive bearing capacity for this type of PGWC profile can reach 1.79-fold the sum of those of the wood core and GFRP shell, and its elastic flexural rigidity is 1.2-fold the sum of their rigidities. These results indicate that in PGWC profiles, GFRP and wood materials have a positive combined effect. This study produced a pultruded composite material product with excellent mechanical performance for application in structures that require a large bearing capacity.     

Developing Markets for Certified Wood Products: Greening the Supply Chain for Construction Materials

A growing worldwide movement is seeking to promote the greening of the construction sector. At the design level, proponents of frameworks such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) seek to motivate designers and building owners to employ environmentally desirable materials. A prominent component of this approach is boosting availability of “green” building materials through programs that will certify to buyers that materials meet environmental standards. For wood products, this has resulted in several forms of “green certification” for forest management. Increasingly large areas of forest are now being certified worldwide. Yet it remains difficult for designers of green buildings, or consumers seeking green furniture, to obtain certified wood products. Many, if not most, of the logs now being harvested on green certified forest land worldwide are not reaching the store shelf with a certified label. Marketing certified wood all the way to the retail shelf has proved to be much harder than initially thought by proponents of certified products. This article explains the sources of these difficulties and outlines an approach to identifying products with high potential for marketing as certified products. Because of complex, multilevel supply chains for many wood products, support is required at all processing and distribution levels for a product to reach the retail customer with its green label. Market participants' purchase size and frequency, basis for product selection, buying influences, and price sensitivity are evaluated to identify product and market approaches likely to increase success rates for certified wood products. The article concludes with recommendations for expanding markets for green building materials.     

泡桐属的数量分类研究

本文对泡桐属进行了数量分析研究。结果表明:泡桐属宜分为三个组:即白花泡桐组, 毛泡桐组、楸叶泡桐组。同时对某些种的分类问题进行了探讨。     

Life Cycle Impacts and Benefits of Wood along the Value Chain: The Case of Switzerland

Sustainable use of wood may contribute to coping with energy and material resource challenges. The goal of this study is to increase knowledge of the environmental effects of wood use by analyzing the complete value chain of all wooden goods produced or consumed in Switzerland. We start from a material flow analysis of current wood use in Switzerland. Environmental impacts related to the material flows are evaluated using life cycle assessment–based environmental indicators. Regarding climate change, we find an overall average benefit of 0.5 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent per cubic meter of wood used. High environmental benefits are often achieved when replacing conventional heat production and energy‐consuming materials in construction and furniture. The environmental performance of wood is, however, highly dependent on its use and environmental indicators. To exploit the mitigation potential of wood, we recommend to (1) apply its use where there are high substitution benefits like the replacement of fossil fuels for energy or energy‐intensive building materials, (2) take appropriate measures to minimize negative effects like particulate matter emissions, and (3) keep a systems perspective to weigh effects like substitution and cascading against each other in a comprehensive manner. The results can provide guidance for further in‐depth studies and prospective analyses of wood‐use scenarios.     

Ecological data on house dust mites in the city of Semipalatinsk

Distribution of mites of the genus Dermatophagoides in flats of allergic patients depending on the type of the building structure, relative air humidity and season of the year was studied. The mites are most frequently encountered in houses of wood or adobe with high air humidity. Autumn is an optimum season for reproduction of mites.     

Production and Preliminary Application of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Paulownia Witches' Broom MLO

Monoclonal antibodies against mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) associated with paulownia witches’broom (PWB) were produced by using partially purified preparations from diseased paulownia. Splenic cells from immunized mice were fused with sp2/0murine myeloma cells. Screened by indirect ELISA using partially purified PWB-MLO and healthy paulownia extracts as detecting antigens, two hybridoma clones that stably secreted specific antibodies against PWB-MLO were obtained from 459 clones of four successful fusions. The monoclonal antibodies were isotyped and determined to be immunoglubin classes IgG2a and IgG3. Antibody titers of ascitic fluids were both over 1.6 × 104 assayed by indirect ELISA. Priliminary application on several specimens proved that they were the monoclonal antibodies against PWB-MLO.     

银杏开发造园模式的探讨

根据银杏生物学特性和生产栽培目的的不同以及目前银杏的生产状况,阐述了银杏开发的重要意义,概述了叶材兼用银杏园、果叶兼用银杏园、果材兼用银杏园的立地选择、栽培密度和抚育管理等方面的技术要求,分析了各类园的利弊,并对低效的银杏园提出了改造的建议。     

Using life cycle thinking to analyze environmental labeling: the case of appearance wood products

Purpose

Growing public concern about the current state of our planet led to the creation of numerous regulations, standards, and certifications for the protection of humans and the environment. Ecolabels were defined for products such as cleaning products, paints, and many others. Wood building products are no exception. The objective of this study is to analyze the existing ecolabelling programs for appearance wood products in nonresidential applications and to evaluate them relatively to their effective role in environment protection or reduction of environment footprint.

Methods

The research was conducted on the most common International Organization for Standardization (ISO) type I ecolabels in North America, the European Union, and Japan. Certification schemes applicable to appearance wood products for nonresidential applications were considered. In a life cycle assessment perspective, certification criteria were compared regarding their ability to consider and integrate environment impacts.

Results and discussion

A wide range of ecolabels can apply to appearance wood products, from indoor air quality to wood from sustainable forest management. Moreover, it has been found that among all certification schemes studied, those integrating the whole life cycle were the most relevant.

Conclusions

The remaining limitation of ISO type I ecolabels is the lack of environmental information enabling the differentiation between products bearing the same ecolabel. This can be overcome by ISO type III environmental product declarations. Thus, allowing a better understanding of the implications related with the use of wood products compared to other materials in the nonresidential building sector.     

温度和水分状况对几种不同类型植物叶片水势和延伸生长的影响

在田间条件下研究了温度、相对湿度、土壤水分对玉米、高粱、茄子、豇豆、河北杨和泡桐六种植物LER2)和ψWL3)日变化的影响。结果表明,ψWL日变化呈正弦曲线,即早晨、晚上高,中午低;土壤水分亏缺,中午大气ψWV4)愈低,ψWL降低愈多。在土壤供水良好的条件下,玉米、高粱、河北杨、泡桐叶片生长与温度密切相关,因此白天生长快,晚上生长慢;若中午ψWV太低,生长减慢,使叶片生长呈双峰曲线,即午前及18:00左右生长快。若土壤水分亏缺,白天ψWV太低,白天生长慢,晚上生长快。茄子和豇豆叶片生长对水分亏缺更敏感,晚上生长快,白天生长慢,干旱处理叶片在白天中午有收缩现象。     

泡桐属植物种类的RFLP分析

对我国泡桐属15 个植物种类作了叶绿体DNA 的RFLP 分析, 根据估算的相似系数, 用平均链锁聚类方法构建树状图, 结果可将研究材料分为南方泡桐组、毛泡桐组和白花泡桐组。种间相似系数多在0.70 以上, 说明各种类间亲缘关系较近, 尤其是台湾泡桐和海岛泡桐, 相似系数接近1.00。最后讨论了一些泡桐种类的分类问题。     

转基因泡桐shiva-1基因遗传与表达分析

在分别获得转基因泡桐自交F-代、杂交F1代的基础上,利用PCR检测所获得的转基因后代群体。结果表明,外源基因在自交子代中分离比例为3：1;杂交子代中分离比例为1：1,符合孟德尔单基因遗传。所获得的无性繁殖子代均能够利用PCR检测到抗菌肽shiva-1基因的存在。RT-PCR证明随机挑选的转基因泡桐子代中shiva-1基因能够转录产生mRNA。     

Firewood management and woodland exploitation during the late Neolithic at Lac de Chalain (Jura,France)

The paper presents results of the charcoal analysis from the lakeshore settlement of Chalain 4 in the French Jura (Dép. Franche-Comté), dated by dendrochronology from 3040 to 3000 bc. The investigated material comes from waterlogged organic layers (excluding fire events) where charcoals are assumed to be the residues of domestic fires only. The anthracological (charcoal) analysis reveals a complex domestic firewood management in balance with the social organisation and the technical and economic systems of the settlement. This firewood economy is characterised by the avoidance of wood species intended for other activities, such as building or foddering, and by the preferential use of wood less than 10 cm in diameter. The areas from which firewood was obtained are also connected to woodland clearance for cultivated land, which suggests that firewood was gathered along the paths, which were travelled daily.     

Early finds of Celtis australis in the southern Levant

Remains of fruit stones of Celtis australis were found at Iron Age Tel Rehov, Israel. Also, wood fragments from Iron Age Tel Rehov and Tel Jezreel are recorded. The fruits are edible, the wood is useful for house building and tool production, and the tree is an important element in local folklore and ethnography. The archaeobotanical finds strengthen the view that the tree is indigenous to the Levant.     

The consumption of wood by rural households in Gokwe Communal Area,Zimbabwe

The objectives of this paper are to quantify the annual household consumption of wood for different purposes and to investigate the types of wood used for each purpose. Households in part of Gokwe Communal Area, a rural Zimbabwean study area in which wood is considered plentiful, use a mean 4.8 tons per household per year (t hh ^–1 yr ^–1 ) of wood for fuel, comprising 4.0 t to meet day-to-day requirements and 0.8 t for special occasions and beer brewing. In addition, building and repairing wooden structures require 3.5 t hh ^–1 yr ^–1 The total annual consumption is at most 8.3 t hh ^–1 yr ^–1 depending on the amount of wood in wooden structures that is recycled into new structures or as firewood. Wide variation around the mean annual consumption is expected because of differences among households and errors associated with calculation. The different purposes to which wood is put require wood of different types. Firewood for day-to-day use consists of small dead pieces collected in headloads. For brewing and special occasions large logs are used. Poles and small branches are freshly cut for wooden structures, with poles of particular girths and lengths being used for different components of the structures. Species is also taken into account in the collection of wood for fuel and construction. Disaggregation of the yearly consumption by site and species is important to the assessment of supply and demand of wood.     

Wood Composite as an Energy Efficient Building Material: Guided Sunlight Transmittance and Effective Thermal Insulation

Among many other requirements, energy efficient building materials require effective daylight harvesting and thermal insulation to reduce electricity usage and weatherization cost. The most commonly used daylight harvesting material, glass, has limited light management capability and poor thermal insulation. For the first time, transparent wood is introduced as a building material with the following advantages compared with glass: (1) high optical transparency over the visible wavelength range (>85%); (2) broadband optical haze (>95%), which can create a uniform and consistent daylight distribution over the day without glare effect; (3) unique light guiding effect with a large forward to back scattering ratio of 9 for a 0.5 cm thick transparent wood; (4) excellent thermal insulation with a thermal conductivity around 0.32 W m^?1 K^?1 along the wood growth direction and 0.15 W m^?1 K^?1 in the cross plane, much lower than that of glass (≈1 W m^?1 K^?1); (5) high impact energy absorption that eliminates the safety issues often presented by glass; and (6) simple, scalable fabrication with reliable performance. The demonstrated transparent wood composite exhibits great promise as a future building material, especially as a replacement of glass toward energy efficient building with sustainable materials.     

Developments in Wood and Packaging Materials Life Cycle Inventories in ecoinvent (9 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background This paper gives an overview on how the wood and packaging material production is inventoried in ecoinvent. Packaging materials have been a very important topic in the area of Life Cycle Assessment for more than twenty years. Wood is the most important renewable material and regenerative fuel used worldwide, and an important raw material for paper / board. Several methodological problems arising when inventorying wood for material and energetic uses in a generic database are discussed in more detail. Within the ecoinvent project, the Swiss data base for life cycle inventory data, two reports are dedicated to these two important topics – report No. 9 for wood and report No. 11 for packaging materials. Methods The whole wood chain has been modeled in a consistent way. This allows one to use this data for LCAs of building materials, bioenergy or paper production. The data represent average technologies used in Central Europe in the year 2000. A revenue-based co-product allocation approach is used for the different outputs. Correction factors are introduced for the consistent modeling of mass-based, material inherent wood properties such as solar energy, carbon uptake and land use. For packaging materials, the datasets represent European average data for the most often used materials as well as specific datasets for the production of actual packaging boxes and containers.Results and Discussion For wood, revenue-based allocation and the use of the correction factors for mass-related wood properties are shown and explained. For packaging materials, the importance of the raw material wood to the total load is shown. Furthermore trends in the data inventories for board packaging materials over the last two decades are discussed: mainly due to the increased comprehensiveness of the data, higher cumulative emissions can be observed. Conclusion For wood, the database ecoinvent provides consistent datasets for the entire chain from forestry to intermediate products such as timber, different types of wood-based boards, chips, pellets, etc. For packaging materials, the number of datasets of basic materials has been extended. A modular concept for actual packaging container datasets allows the user an easy modeling of various types of packaging containers/boxes. In the area of paper and board, a comprehensive database for the production of various types of pulp, paper and board is provided, which is representative for the average European production situation. Outlook Since wood is only limited and representative data for Europe is therefore not included, an update in the near future would be reasonable. Possible further extensions in the future could include various, final wooden products. For the data on paper/board, different levels of quality are observed, requiring a selective up-date of these data. Future extensions could include datasets for the import of pulp from overseas – especially from South America and Canada.     

农桐间作的生态特点与行距优化

本文以河南省封丘县鲁冈乡境内的泡桐－小麦－玉米（paulownia-wheat-maize)间作为研究对象，对农桐间作系统的土壤养分与小气候，林木与农作物的生物生产力等进行了系统测定，分析了林带间环境因子与农作物产量之间的相互关系，运用Logistic曲线拟合林带内农作物产量，设计了农桐间作的最优行距，为探讨农林复合系统的结构优化提出了新方法。     

Evaluation of Modeling Approaches to Determine End‐of‐Life Flows Associated with Buildings: A Viennese Case Study on Wood and Contaminants

Dynamic material flow analysis enables the forecasting of secondary raw material potential for waste volumes in future periods, by assessing past, present, and future stocks and flows of materials in the anthroposphere. Analyses of waste streams of buildings stocks are uncertain with respect to data and model structure. Wood construction in Viennese buildings serve as a case study to compare different modeling approaches for determining end‐of‐life (EoL) wood and corresponding contaminant flows (lead, chlorine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). A delayed input and a leaching stock modeling approach are used to determine wood stocks and flows from 1950 until 2100. Cross‐checking with independent estimates and sensitivity analyses are used to evaluate the results’ plausibility. In the situation of the given data in the present case study, the delay approach is a better choice for historical observations of EoL wood and for analyses at a substance level. It has some major drawbacks for future predictions at the goods level, though, as the durability of a large number of historical buildings with considerably higher wood content is not reflected in the model. The wood content parameter differs strongly for the building periods and has therefore the highest influence on the results. Based on this knowledge, general recommendations can be derived for analyses on waste flows of buildings at a goods and substance level.