一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2004年1月湖北宜昌某鸡场暴发疫病,从该鸡场濒死鸡肺组织中分离到了一株病毒,电镜切片观察到典型的禽流感病毒粒子;采用ELISA检测禽流感抗原为阳性;RT-PCR扩增HA、NA基因并测序,经BLAST分析,HA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)HA基因同源性为97％;NA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)NA基因同源性为96％,确定该分离株为禽流感病毒H5N1亚型(A／Chicken／Yichang／Lung-1／04(H5N1))。     

Isolation and identification of swine influenza recombinant A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2) virus

Ten influenza virus isolates were obtained from infected pigs from different places in Shandong province showing clinical symptoms from October 2002 to January 2003. All 10 isolates were identified in China's National Influenza Research Center as influenza A virus of H9N2 subtype. The complete genome of one isolate, designated A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2), was sequenced and compared with sequences available in GenBank. The results of analyses indicated that the sequence of A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2) was similar to those of several chicken influenza viruses and duck influenza viruses recently prevalent in South China. According to phylogenetic analysis of the complete gene sequences, A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2) possibly originated from the reassortment of chicken influenza viruses and duck influenza viruses. It was found that the amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site in Sw/SD/1/2003 is R-S-L-R-G, differing clearly from that of other H9N2 subtype isolates of swine influenza and avian influenza, which is R-S-S-R-G.     

Phylogenetic analysis of H6 influenza viruses isolated from rosy-billed pochards (Netta peposaca) in Argentina reveals the presence of different HA gene clusters

Until recently, influenza A viruses from wild waterfowl in South America were rarely isolated and/or characterized. To explore the ecology of influenza A viruses in this region, a long-term surveillance program was established in 2006 for resident and migratory water birds in Argentina. We report the characterization of 5 avian influenza viruses of the H6 hemagglutinin (HA) subtype isolated from rosy-billed pochards (Netta peposaca). Three of these viruses were paired to an N2 NA subtype, while the other two were of the N8 subtype. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the internal gene segments revealed a close relationship with influenza viruses from South America, forming a unique clade and supporting the notion of independent evolution from influenza A viruses in other latitudes. The presence of NS alleles A and B was also identified. The HA and NA genes formed unique clades separate from North American and Eurasian viruses, with the exception of the HA gene of one isolate, which was more closely related to the North American lineage, suggesting possible interactions between viruses of North American and South American lineages. Animal studies suggested that these Argentine H6 viruses could replicate and transmit inefficiently in chickens, indicating limited adaptation to poultry. Our results highlight the importance of continued influenza virus surveillance in wild birds of South America, especially considering the unique evolution of these viruses.     

1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒分子遗传特性分析

本研究采用无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)鸡胚,从某活禽市场环境中分离出1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒(A/environment/Zhenjiang/zj18/2013,en/zj18)。通过二代测序技术进行全基因组测序,通过BLASTn 进行同源性检索,并采用MEGA5.0软件构建系统发生树。基因进化树分析表明,分离株en/zj18的所有8个基因节段(PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M和NS)均与近年来中国华东地区流行的H6N6亚型禽流感病毒的相应基因位于同一进化分支,与参考株的核苷酸同源性达96.7%～99.6%。分离株en/zj18的HA蛋白裂解位点为PQIETR↓GL,是低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。HA蛋白上关键受体结合位点190和228位(按H3亚型的HA蛋白序列排序)氨基酸分别是E和G,理论上更易与α2,3-半乳糖苷唾液酸受体结合。结果提示,需加强活禽市场禽流感病毒的持续监测,从而为有效应对禽流感病毒对公共卫生的持续威胁提供科学依据。     

Influenza activity in Czechoslovakia and the USSR, 1980-1985

Between 1980 and 1985, Czechoslovakia had experienced 4 and the USSR 3 major influenza outbreaks. Of the 3 epidemic outbreaks in the USSR, 2 were associated with influenza B virus (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) and 1 with influenza A virus of the H3N2 subtype. In the USSR, influenza A (H1N1) virus never predominated as a cause of epidemic during the 5 years period. In Czechoslovakia, 2 epidemics (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) were due to influenza A (H1N1) virus. The epidemic in the 1981/82 season had two waves of unequal heights and a mixed type B and subtype A (H3N2) etiology; a two-wave epidemic associated with isolates of influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses was also recorded in the 1983/84 season. The influenza A (H3N2) epidemic in 1983 was of explosive character. All influenza viruses circulating in the two countries between 1980 and 1985 were of the same antigenic profile, but were isolated from the epidemics that occurred in different influenza seasons. The virological surveillance revealed strains of virus closely related to drift variants detected from outbreaks in 1977-1979 and the new variants A/Chile 1/83, A/Philippines 2/82, A/Caen 1/84 and B/USSR 100/83.     

一株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定及全基因序列分析

2006年从辽宁省某猪场采集具有流感症状猪鼻拭子共30份,经9~11日龄SPF鸡胚分离,对分离株进行了血凝试验、血凝抑制试验、RT-PCR亚型鉴定,全基因序列比对和接种试验动物试验。结果表明:该毒株具有凝集0.5%鸡红细胞的活性,且与抗猪流感H1标准血清发生血凝抑制反应,RT-PCR分别扩增得到全基因8个片段,利用DNAStar生物学软件进行序列分析,HA基因与GenBank登录的H1~H16中的H1基因序列同源性最高,NA基因与N1~N9中的N1基因序列同源性最高,故该LN株分离毒为猪流感H1N1亚型病毒。全基因序列中,除了M基因不是猪源的,其它基因片段均与国内H1N1亚型猪流感参照株高度同源,推测LN株可能是由类人和类禽谱系的流感病毒与古典猪谱系的流感病毒重排形成的;用该病毒接种试验动物可成功复制出猪流感典型症状。该病毒的分离鉴定及全基因组序列分析为我国进一步调查猪流感的流行规律提供了基础数据。     

重组细胞高产型H3N2猪流感病毒株的拯救

为拯救出一株能够在动物传代细胞中高水平复制的H3N2亚型猪流感疫苗株,利用反向遗传操作技术,将A/Goose/Dalian/3/01(H9N2)毒株的PB1、PA、NP、M、NS基因和A/PR/8/34毒株的PB2基因作为内部基因与猪流感病毒A/Swine/Henan/S4/01(H3N2)毒株的HA、NA基因进行重组,成功拯救出了具有高度细胞适应性毒株rH3N2株,该毒株接毒MDCK细胞60h后,血凝价可以达到1∶512,表明该毒株具有高度适应细胞繁殖特性,为H3N2亚型猪流感病毒细胞培养型疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

A型猪流感病毒山东分离株鉴定及其HA基因序列分析

从山东各地疑似流感发病猪分离到10株流感病毒,经国家流感中心鉴定均为A型流感病毒H9N2亚型。将其中一株Sw／SD／1／2003(H9N2)的血凝素全基因(HA)进行克隆与测序,与GenBank收录的其它猪流感和禽流感H9N2亚型的HA基因进行比较,发现Sw／SD／1／2003(H9N2)的血凝素基因在核苷酸序列方面同广西1999年分离的禽流感毒株Ck／GX／99(H9N2)和2000年云南分离的禽流感毒株Ck／YN／2000(H9N2)的同源性最高;进化树分析表明Sw／SD／1／2003(H9N2)起源于禽源的H9N2亚型流感病毒;Sw／SD／1／2003的HA氨基酸裂解位点与其他H9N2亚型不问,Sw／SD／1／2003的HA氨基酸裂解位点是R-S-L-R-G,而其它猪流感和禽流感H9N2亚型都是R-S-S-R-G。     

一株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒广东分离株的基因组序列分析

从广东省疑似流感发病猪分离到1株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(A/Swine/Guangdong/01/2005(H3N2)),对其各个基因进行克隆与测序,并与GenBank中收录的其它猪流感、禽流感和人流感的相关基因进行比较,结果表明,HA全基因与广东2003~2004年分离的H3N2猪流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上,与纽约90年代末分离的H3N2人流感毒株同源性在98.5%以上;NA基因与纽约1998~2000年分离的H3N2人流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上;NS基因、M基因的核苷酸序列与H1N1亚型猪流感毒株A/swine/HongKong/273/1994(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性较高,分别为97.9%、98.4%,与美洲A/swine/Iowa/17672/1988(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性分别为96.7%、97.1%;其他基因的核苷酸序列与H3N2人流感毒株具有很高的同源性。因此,推测其M和NS基因来源于H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,HA、NA及其他基因均来源于H3N2亚型人流感病毒。表明此H3N2亚型猪流感病毒为H3N2亚型人流感病毒和H1N1亚型猪流感病毒经基因重排而得到的重组病毒。     

Baculovirus Displaying Hemagglutinin Elicits Broad Cross-Protection against Influenza in Mice

The widespread influenza virus infection further emphasizes the need for novel vaccine strategies that effectively reduce the impact of epidemic as well as pandemic influenza. Conventional influenza vaccines generally induce virus neutralizing antibody responses which are specific for a few antigenically related strains within the same subtype. However, antibodies directed against the conserved stalk domain of HA could neutralize multiple subtypes of influenza virus and thus provide broad-spectrum protection. In this study, we designed and constructed a recombinant baculovirus-based vaccine, rBac-HA virus, that expresses full-length HA of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (A/California/04/09) on the viral envelope. We demonstrated that repeated intranasal immunizations with rBac-HA virus induced HA stalk-specific antibody responses and protective immunity against homologous as well as heterosubtypic virus challenge. The adoptive transfer experiment shows that the cross-protection is conferred by the immune sera which contain HA stalk-specific antibodies. These results warrant further development of rBac-HA virus as a broad-protective vaccine against influenza. The vaccine induced protection against infection with the same subtype as well as different subtype, promising a potential universal vaccine for broad protection against different subtypes to control influenza outbreaks including pandemic.     

Complete genome sequence of an H7N3 avian influenza virus isolated from ducks in southern China

We report here the complete genomic sequence of an H7N3 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolate, which was obtained from duck in 1996. This is the first report of this subtype of AIV being isolated from duck in Guangdong of Southern China. Genomic sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that it was highly homologous with the wild bird virus A/ruddy turnstone/Delaware Bay/135/1996 (H7N3) and that all eight genes of this virus belonged to the North America gene pool. The availability of genome sequences is helpful to further investigations of epidemiology and evolution of AIV between waterfowl and wild birds.     

Multidrug resistant 2009 A/H1N1 influenza clinical isolate with a neuraminidase I223R mutation retains its virulence and transmissibility in ferrets

Only two classes of antiviral drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, are approved for prophylaxis and therapy against influenza virus infections. A major concern is that influenza virus becomes resistant to these antiviral drugs and spreads in the human population. The 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus is naturally resistant to adamantanes. Recently a novel neuraminidase I223R mutation was identified in an A/H1N1 virus showing cross-resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir. However, the ability of this virus to cause disease and spread in the human population is unknown. Therefore, this clinical isolate (NL/2631-R223) was compared with a well-characterized reference virus (NL/602). In vitro experiments showed that NL/2631-I223R replicated as well as NL/602 in MDCK cells. In a ferret pathogenesis model, body weight loss was similar in animals inoculated with NL/2631-R223 or NL/602. In addition, pulmonary lesions were similar at day 4 post inoculation. However, at day 7 post inoculation, NL/2631-R223 caused milder pulmonary lesions and degree of alveolitis than NL/602. This indicated that the mutant virus was less pathogenic. Both NL/2631-R223 and a recombinant virus with a single I223R change (recNL/602-I223R), transmitted among ferrets by aerosols, despite observed attenuation of recNL/602-I223R in vitro. In conclusion, the I223R mutated virus isolate has comparable replicative ability and transmissibility, but lower pathogenicity than the reference virus based on these in vivo studies. This implies that the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus subtype with an isoleucine to arginine change at position 223 in the neuraminidase has the potential to spread in the human population. It is important to be vigilant for this mutation in influenza surveillance and to continue efforts to increase the arsenal of antiviral drugs to combat influenza.     

Genetic characterization of an avian H4N6 influenza virus isolated from the Izumi plain,Japan

An influenza A virus of H4N6 subtype was isolated from the Izumi plain, Japan, in 2013. Genetic analyses revealed that two viral genes (M and NS gene segments) of this isolate were genetically distinct from those of the H4N6 virus isolated from the same place in 2012. Furthermore, three viral genes (PB2, PB1 and M gene segments) of this isolate share high similarity with those of the North American isolates of 2014. These results suggest a high frequency of genetic reassortment of avian influenza viruses in Asian waterfowl and intercontinental movements of avian influenza viruses via migratory waterfowl.

     

Further Isolation of a Recombinant Virus (H1N2, Formerly Hsw1N2) from a Pig in Japan in 1980

In September 1980, an outbreak of febrile respiratory disease was observed in a herd of sows (1-2 years of age) in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Most of the swine showed clinical signs of disease such as depression, anorexia, fever, nasal discharge, and cough. A hemagglutinating agent was isolated from a nasal swab from one of the diseased pigs. By cross-hemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition tests with antisera to influenza viruses of swine origin, the isolate was identified as an influenza A virus of the H1N2 (former designation, Hsw1N2) subtype, and designated A/swine/Ehime/1/80 (H1N2). Significant antibody rises against the surface antigens of the isolate were found in convalescent swine sera. The distribution of antibody against H1N2 virus in swine sera in Ehime Prefecture was examined. Seven (8%) of 93 sera collected after the outbreak (in 1981) showed antibodies to only H1 and N2 antigens but none of the sera before the outbreak contained such antibodies, indicating that H1N2 virus had been restrictedly prevalent among swine but was not wide-spread until 1981.     

H7N9禽流感病毒与其他流感病毒对雪貂致病性与传播力的比较

目的针对2013年3月中国爆发的人感染H7N9禽流感病毒,在雪貂体内进行致病性及传播力的研究,并与甲型H1N1流感病毒、H5N1禽流感病毒进行比较。方法对新发H7N9毒株、甲型H1N1流感病毒、H5N1禽流感病毒感染雪貂后的临床症状、体征,呼吸道排毒情况,组织病理学变化等进行评价和比较,并对H7N9毒株在雪貂群体中的传播力进行研究。结果雪貂模型的临床症状、死亡率、病毒传播以及组织病理学分析显示:H7N9病毒的致病性低于H5N1,与2009年起源于北美的甲型H1N1流感病毒相当。新发H7N9禽流感病毒可以在雪貂的呼吸道、心脏、肝脏以及嗅球进行复制。值得注意的是H7N9禽流感可以通过飞沫在雪貂间进行低水平的传播,并且在传播过程中,病毒基因组内有多个位点的氨基酸发生了替换。结论 H7N9禽流感病毒对雪貂的致病性较H5N1禽流感病毒低,与甲型H1N1流感病毒对雪貂的致病性相当,H7N9禽流感病毒可在雪貂间进行传播。     

Emergence of mammalian species-infectious and -pathogenic avian influenza H6N5 virus with no evidence of adaptation

The migratory waterfowl of the world are considered to be the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. Of the 16 hemagglutinin subtypes of avian influenza viruses, the H6 subtype is commonly perpetuated in its natural hosts and is of concern due to its potential to be a precursor of highly pathogenic influenza viruses by reassortment. During routine influenza surveillance, we isolated an unconventional H6N5 subtype of avian influenza virus. Experimental infection of mice revealed that this isolate replicated efficiently in the lungs, subsequently spread systemically, and caused lethality. The isolate also productively infected ferrets, with direct evidence of contact transmission, but no disease or transmission was seen in pigs. Although the isolate possessed the conserved receptor-binding site sequences of avian influenza viruses, it exhibited relatively low replication efficiencies in ducks and chickens. Our genetic and molecular analyses of the isolate revealed that its PB1 sequence showed the highest evolutionary relationship to those of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses and that its PA protein had an isoleucine residue at position 97 (a representative virulence marker). Further studies will be required to examine why our isolate has the virologic characteristics of mammalian influenza viruses but the archetypal receptor binding profiles of avian influenza viruses, as well as to determine whether its potential virulence markers (PB1 analogous to those of H5N1 viruses or isoleucine residue at position 97 within PA) could render it highly pathogenic in mice.     

Multiple reassortment events in the evolutionary history of H1N1 influenza A virus since 1918

The H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus has caused substantial morbidity and mortality in humans, first documented in the global pandemic of 1918 and continuing to the present day. Despite this disease burden, the evolutionary history of the A/H1N1 virus is not well understood, particularly whether there is a virological basis for several notable epidemics of unusual severity in the 1940s and 1950s. Using a data set of 71 representative complete genome sequences sampled between 1918 and 2006, we show that segmental reassortment has played an important role in the genomic evolution of A/H1N1 since 1918. Specifically, we demonstrate that an A/H1N1 isolate from the 1947 epidemic acquired novel PB2 and HA genes through intra-subtype reassortment, which may explain the abrupt antigenic evolution of this virus. Similarly, the 1951 influenza epidemic may also have been associated with reassortant A/H1N1 viruses. Intra-subtype reassortment therefore appears to be a more important process in the evolution and epidemiology of H1N1 influenza A virus than previously realized.     

Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China

H9N2 influenza viruses are panzootic in domestic poultry in Eurasia and since 1999 have caused transient infections in humans and pigs. To investigate the zoonotic potential of H9N2 viruses, we studied the evolution of the viruses in live-poultry markets in Hong Kong in 2003. H9N2 was the most prevalent influenza virus subtype in the live-poultry markets between 2001 and 2003. Antigenic and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) showed that all of the 19 isolates found except one belonged to the lineage represented by A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2). The exception was A/Guinea fowl/NT184/03 (H9N2), whose HA is most closely related to that of the human isolate A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2), a virus belonging to the A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94-like (H9N2) lineage. At least six different genotypes were recognized. The majority of the viruses had nonstructural (and HA) genes derived from the A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus lineage but had other genes of mixed avian virus origin, including genes similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated in 2001. Viruses of all six genotypes of H9N2 found were able to replicate in chickens and mice without adaptation. The infected chickens showed no signs of disease, but representatives of two viral genotypes were lethal to mice. Three genotypes of virus replicated in the respiratory tracts of swine, which shed virus for at least 5 days. These results show an increasing genetic and biologic diversity of H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong and support their potential role as pandemic influenza agents.     

NASBA快速检测禽流感H5亚型病毒

采用建立的依赖核酸序列的扩增(Nucleicacidsequencebasedamplification,NASBA)对禽流感病毒3株H5亚型、1株H1、H3、H6亚型、3株禽流感H9亚型、5株不同宿主来源的新城疫病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒、SPF鸡胚尿囊液及禽流感(H9)疫苗、新城疫疫苗、传染性法氏囊病疫苗、传染性支气管炎疫苗进行检测,结果NASBA(H5试剂)仅检测到禽流感病毒H5亚型,表明方法的特异性强。采用已知禽流感病毒A/Chicken/HK/1000/97(H5N1)的鸡胚尿囊液(ELD5010-7.5/mL),经10倍连续稀释,将经典的鸡胚病原分离法和NASBA进行比较,二种方法的灵敏度相当。用A/Chicken/HK/1000/97(H5N1)病毒人工感染SPF鸡、商品鸡,采用NASBA和病原分离法同时对人工感染鸡的粪拭子、血液进行了动态检测;采集感染死亡鸡的组织脏器,共检测了101个组织脏器,两种方法的符合率为90%(87/97)。     

Complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus NS gene and comparison with the NS genes of the A/Udorn/72 and A/FPV/Rostock/34 strains.

The nucleotide sequence of the NS gene of the human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 was determined and found to be the same length (890 nucleotides) as the NS gene of another human influenza virus A/Udorn/72 and of the avian isolate A/FPV/Rostock/34. Comparison of the sequences of the NS genes of the two human influenza viruses shows an 8.9% difference whereas the NS gene of the avian isolate differs by only 8% from that of the human strain A/PR/8/34. The extensive sequence similarity among these three genes does not support the notion of species specific homology groups among NS genes of avian and human influenza virus strains. The primary sequence of the A/PR/8/34 NS gene is consistent with the findings that the influenza virus NS gene may code for two overlapping polypeptides. In addition, an open reading frame potentially coding for a polypeptide 167 amino acids in length was found in the negative strand RNA of the A/PR/8/34 virus NS gene.