Responses of Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. and Cyperus kyllingia Endl. to varying soil water availability

Different responses of Cyperus brevifolius and Cyperus kyllingia to varying soil water regimes were examined to explain their successful existence in a diverse range of habitats throughout the year in Indonesia. Thirty 43-day sprouts of each species were grown in three soil conditions, namely drought, field capacity, and flooding under greenhouse conditions. Plant height, leaf length, tiller number, and flower number were measured twice a week, from 45 to 98 days after sowing (DAS), while the other 12 traits were recorded at the end of the observation time. Ten out of the twelve traits were substantially influenced by the soil water content. Both species exhibited their best growth, production, and reproduction under field capacity conditions, and these traits were greatly subdued under drought conditions. Under drought conditions, both species manifested reduced growth and leaf expansion; however, stomatal aperture and frequency did not exhibit strong response to the soil water content. C. brevifolius showed a significantly greater biomass production and reproductive traits in field capacity and flooded conditions, but under drought conditions, growth was greatly hampered and only vegetative propagation occurred. On the other hand, C. kyllingia showed a higher tolerance to drought conditions, indicated by both a higher biomass and a higher number of flowers. The results obtained suggest that survival ability when faced with drought conditions was more apparent in C. kyllingia than in C. brevifolius, but where there was sufficient soil water, C. brevifolius was more prolific. This could be the explanation for the dominance of C. brevifolius in flooded areas and during the rainy season, and the occurrence of C. kyllingia in a wider range of habitats throughout the year.     

不同土壤水分下山杏光合作用光响应过程及其模拟

摘 要 利用CIRAS－2型便携式光合作用测定系统,在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,测定了山杏（Prunus armeniaca L.）在8个土壤水分梯度下光合作用的光响应过程,并采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和直角双曲线修正模型对其进行拟合分析。结果表明：土壤相对含水量（RWC）在56.3%—80.9%范围内,山杏在强光下能维持较高的光合作用水平,受到的光抑制不明显。在此土壤水分范围内,3个模型均能较好地拟合光合作用的光响应过程及其表观量子效率（Φ）、光补偿点（LCP）和暗呼吸速率（Rd）,对Φ、LCP和Rd的拟合精度以非直角双曲线模型＞直角双曲线修正模型＞直角双曲线模型。但超出此范围（即RWC＜56.3%或RWC＞80.9%）时,山杏的光合作用在强光下会发生明显的光抑制,表现为光合速率随光强增加而明显降低,量子效率和光饱和点明显减小,此时只有直角双曲线修正模型能较好地拟合山杏光响应过程及其特征参数。结论：山杏光合作用正常的土壤水分范围在RWC为56.3%—80.9%之间;直角双曲线修正模型能较好地拟合各种土壤水分下山杏的光响应过程及其特征参数;直角和非直角双曲线模型适用于正常水分下山杏光响应过程及其特征参数的模拟,但不能用于拟合胁迫水分（或光抑制）下的光响应过程。     

Nonshivering thermogenesis and cold resistance in rats under severe cold conditions.

Following either chronic exposure to 6 degrees C, or outdoor winter exposure, or chronic treatment with tyramine rats were exposed to -40 degrees C and their oxygen consumption and colonic temperature monitored. Fall in body temperature with time of exposure followed a sigmoid curve which had an inflection point around 32.9 degrees C. Both the time required for body temperature to reach this point and hypothermic resistance defined as the total O2 consumed up to the inflection time were useful indices of resistance to severe cold; Three days before the cold tests, capacity for norepinephrine-induced nonshivering thermogenesis was measured in all animals by examination of their metabolic response to tyraminemthe magnitude of response to tyramine correlated well with hypothermic resistance only for those rats chroncally treated with tyramine. It is concluded that it is impossible to predict with any reasonable degree of confidence the cold resistance of a rat from its tyramine response. In cold-acclimated rats, factors in addition to norepinephrine sensitivity are significantly involved in cold resistance and deserve further studies.     

Heat-induced thermal resistance and its relationship to lysosomal response.

Two separate effects of hyperthermia on mouse splenic lysosomes have been reported, dependent on the severity of the treatment. Heating to temperatures below 42.5 degrees C causes a transient increase in lysosomal acid phosphatase activity which can be correlated with the ability of moderate hyperthermia to potentiate X-ray damage. Heating to temperatures above 42.5 degrees C results in an immediate increase in lysosomal membrane permeability which may be involved in tissue necrosis. By giving a priming heat treatment at 41.8 degrees C, induced thermal resistance was demonstrated for the lysosomal membrane effect, but not for the enzyme activation. The degree of induced thermal resistance observed is similar to that reported for the cell-killing effect of heat on tissues in vivo and cells in vitro and occurs over a similar time course. The relevance of these results to the understanding of fractionated hyperthermia in cancer therapy is discussed.     

玉米叶片气孔及花环和维管束结构对水分胁迫的响应

采用盆栽种植,以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,设置对照（CK）、轻度（LS）、中度（MS）和重度（SS）水分胁迫 (土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的75%～85%、65%～75%、55%～65%、45%～55%)4个水分梯度,从气孔开度的调控、花环结构的变化、叶片维管束水分运输等方面研究了玉米对土壤水分胁迫的应激反应.结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的不断加剧,气孔保卫和副卫细胞中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的积累量逐渐增多,应用荧光染色定位也发现H₂O₂荧光强度逐渐增强,而气孔开度和气孔导度均逐渐减小.同时,花环的正常结构被破坏,花环细胞排列凌乱且体积逐渐变小,维管束鞘细胞变得不规则;大维管束断面面积、木质部面积以及韧皮部细胞数均减少,总的叶片和上、下表皮的厚度逐渐变薄.此外,花环细胞和维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体数目减少,且在中度胁迫下花环细胞中叶绿体的分布发生了变化,由紧贴细胞质膜内侧环靠细胞壁分布向偏细胞中心扩散.发现玉米气孔关闭可能是由保卫细胞和副卫细胞中的H₂O₂共同调节,副卫细胞中的H₂O₂对保卫细胞主导的气孔关闭具有协同作用.总之,在水分胁迫下,玉米通过改变叶片花环结构和厚度、叶绿体的分布,减小木质部和韧皮部面积等降低叶片表面水势,促进气孔关闭,减少体内水分散失,以减轻干旱胁迫对其伤害.     

土壤含水量与苹果叶片水分利用效率的关系

以盆栽苹果幼树为试材研究了土壤相对含水量与叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的关系,探讨了引起WUE变化的原因,结果表明,土壤相对含水量（SWC）52.0％时WUE最高。SEC从77.2%降至52.0％时,气孔导度下降,并使蒸腾速率（Tr）的于净光合速率（Pn）的降幅而导致WUE升高;SEC从52.0％降至20.1%时,WUE降低的根本原因在于羧化效率下降使Pn大为降低 水后WUE回升,但至复水第7天仍低于对照,土壤渍水当天WUE下降,第3天回升至对照水平,之后随渍水期延长WUE逐渐降低,淹水第6天羧化效率开始下降。     

Anodic asymmetry of leaves and flowers and its relationship to phyllotaxis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: New approaches are needed to evaluate the various hypotheses of phyllotaxis, and an examination of anodic leaf asymmetry may be one such approach. METHODS: Data were collected on the direction of midrib curvature and leaf coil in Syngonium podophyllum, the location of floral buds in Acalypha virginica, the position of secondary leaves of Croton variegatus 'Banana' and the relative size of half-lamina in Aglaonema crispum and Calathea ornata. KEY RESULTS: All five features were exclusively anodic with respect to the direction of the genetic spiral regardless of whether the spiral was clockwise or counterclockwise. CONCLUSIONS: Any phyllotactic mechanism must include some asymmetric component which cannot be explained by the prevalent hypotheses of contact parastichies, inhibitory fields, available space, pressure waves and auxin transport. The most favourable hypothesis is the primary vasculature explanation as it includes an asymmetric feature.     

田间不同条件下玉米叶片的气孔阻力及与光合,蒸腾作用的关系

以玉米 1 7个自交系和 1 0个杂交种为试材 ,在田间条件下研究了不同光强、不同叶位、不同生育期、不同源库比例和株间差异状态下的气孔阻力及其与光合 (PH)、蒸腾(TR)和叶片水分利用效率 (WUE)的关系 ,结果表明 ,不同自交系之间RS具有显著的差异 ,相差最大可达 2 .3倍以上 ;光照条件变弱、穗叶位差增加、生育期推延和源 /库比例改变等均可引起RS值的增加 ;在各种情况下导致RS变化的同时也引起TR和PH产生相应的变化 ,RS与TR、PH表现出显著或极显著的负相关 ,且相关系数rRS TR>rRS PH;RS与WUE的相关关系在不同的条件下表现出不稳定性     

Soil and water and its relationship to the origin of life.

Soils of the terrestrial planets form at the boundaries between lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Biogenesis occurred in these zones; thus, it is axiomatic that some, perhaps many, stages of biogensis occurred in intimate association with the mineral constituents of soils. Because of a high surface to mass ration and, consequently, a high surface reactivity, the layer lattice clay minerals are the most important of these. According to the geological record, clay minerals appeared very early on the primordial Earth. Recent investigations have confirmed their presence in carbonaceous meteorites and have indicated their occurrence on Mars. In this paper we collect pertinent physico-chemical data and summarize the organic reactions and interactions that are induced or catalyzed by clays. Many clay-organic reactions that do not occur readily at high water contents proceed rapidly at adsorbed water contents corresponding to surface coverages of one or two molecular layers. One or two monolayers of adsorbed water correspond to extremely dry or cold planetary environments. Some consequences of these facts vis á vis biogenesis on Mars are considered.     

嫁接对辣椒根际土壤环境的影响及其与抗病性和产量的关系

以‘卫士’(WS)和‘部野丁’(BYD)辣椒为砧木,‘新丰2号’(XF)辣椒为接穗嫁接,以‘新丰2号’自根嫁接辣椒(XF/XF)为对照(CK),研究嫁接对辣椒根际土壤微生物量、物理性质、养分含量及土传病害和产量的影响.结果表明: 嫁接辣椒新丰/卫士(XF/WS)与新丰/部野丁(XF/BYD)根际土壤的真菌和放线菌数量较多,放线菌比例较大;定植60 d时,嫁接辣椒根际土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著高于CK;定植90 d时,XF/WS根际土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著高于CK;此外,嫁接辣椒根际土壤浸提液中的烃类化合物增多,XF/WS和XF/BYD根际土壤N、P、K含量显著低于CK,根际土壤电导率(EC)略高,XF/WS的pH显著高于CK,而XF/BYD与CK差异不显著.说明嫁接可优化辣椒根际土壤环境,增强其对土传病害的抗性,XF/WS和XF/BYD的产量分别比CK增加40.8%和28.7%.     

Heat balance precedes stabilization of body temperatures during cold water immersion.

Certain previous studies suggest, as hypothesized herein, that heat balance (i.e., when heat loss is matched by heat production) is attained before stabilization of body temperatures during cold exposure. This phenomenon is explained through a theoretical analysis of heat distribution in the body applied to an experiment involving cold water immersion. Six healthy and fit men (mean +/- SD of age = 37.5 +/- 6.5 yr, height = 1.79 +/- 0.07 m, mass = 81.8 +/- 9.5 kg, body fat = 17.3 +/- 4.2%, maximal O2 uptake = 46.9 +/- 5.5 l/min) were immersed in water ranging from 16.4 to 24.1 degrees C for up to 10 h. Core temperature (Tco) underwent an insignificant transient rise during the first hour of immersion, then declined steadily for several hours, although no subject's Tco reached 35 degrees C. Despite the continued decrease in Tco, shivering had reached a steady state of approximately 2 x resting metabolism. Heat debt peaked at 932 +/- 334 kJ after 2 h of immersion, indicating the attainment of heat balance, but unexpectedly proceeded to decline at approximately 48 kJ/h, indicating a recovery of mean body temperature. These observations were rationalized by introducing a third compartment of the body, comprising fat, connective tissue, muscle, and bone, between the core (viscera and vessels) and skin. Temperature change in this "mid region" can account for the incongruity between the body's heat debt and the changes in only the core and skin temperatures. The mid region temperature decreased by 3.7 +/- 1.1 degrees C at maximal heat debt and increased slowly thereafter. The reversal in heat debt might help explain why shivering drive failed to respond to a continued decrease in Tco, as shivering drive might be modulated by changes in body heat content.     

西花蓟马的抗药性及其治理策略

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）是世界性的园艺作物上的重要害虫,几乎对每种类型的杀虫剂均产生了抗药性,包括有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和多杀菌素等。本文对国外西花蓟马的抗药性发展现状和抗性机制进行了总结,并提出了抗性治理策略,即科学合理使用杀虫剂,结合栽培防治、物理防治、生物防治和寄主植物抗性等方式降低杀虫剂对西花蓟马的选择压,从而达到抗性治理的目的。     

Experimental and simulated light responses of photosynthesis in leaves of three tree species under different soil water conditions

Water deficit is one of the major limiting factors in vegetation recovery and restoration in loess, hilly-gully regions of China. The light responses of photosynthesis in leaves of two-year old Prunus sibirica L., Hippophae rhamnoides L., and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. under various soil water contents were studied using the CIRAS-2 portable photosynthesis system. Light-response curves and photosynthetic parameters were analyzed and fitted using the rectangular hyperbola model, the exponential model, the nonrectangular hyperbola model, and the modified rectangular hyperbola model. Under high light, photosynthetic rate (P _N) and stomatal conductance (g _s) were steady and photoinhibition was not significant, when the relative soil water content (RWC) varied from 56.3–80.9%, 47.9–82.9%, and 33.4–92.6% for P. sibirica, H. rhamnoides, and P. tabulaeformis, respectively. The light-response curves of P _N, the light compensation point (LCP), and the dark respiration rate (R _D) were well fitted using the above four models. The nonrectangular hyperbola was the best model in fitting the data; the modified rectangular hyperbola model was the second, and the rectangular hyperbola model was the poorest one. When RWC was higher or lower than the optimal range, the obvious photoinhibition and significant decrease in P _N with increasing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were observed in all three species under high light. The light saturation point (LSP) and apparent quantum yield also decreased significantly, when the upper limit of PPFD was 200 μmol m^?2 s^?1. Under these circumstances, only the modified rectangular hyperbola model was able to fit well the curves of the light response, LCP, LSP, R _D, and light-saturated P _N.     

Cyclitols and carbohydrates in leaves and roots of 13 Eucalyptus species suggest contrasting physiological responses to water deficit

In many tree species, physiological adaptations to drought include the accumulation of osmotically active substances and/or the presence of particular compatible solutes, among them cyclitols. Recently, the cyclitol quercitol was identified in species of Eucalyptus, a diverse genus whose speciation is probably driven by adaptation to water availability. We subjected seedlings of 13 Eucalyptus species from different ecosystems ('mesic' and 'xeric') and different sub-generic taxonomic groups to 10 weeks of water deficit (WD) treatment. Pre-dawn water potentials (psi(pdwn)) and relative water content (RWC) were determined in shoots, and total osmolality, soluble low-molecular-weight carbohydrates and cyclitols were measured in leaves and roots. Responses to water deficit followed two distinct patterns: Eucalyptus species from 'mesic' environments adjusted concentrations of sucrose (through increased levels of sucrose and decreases in RWC) in response to water deficit, whereas 'xeric' species increased concentrations of quercitol (through reductions in RWC). In root tissues, only species from xeric environments contained high levels of quercitol and mannitol, increasing under WD conditions. We suggest that the former (mesic) strategy may be beneficial to respond to short-lasting drought conditions, because sucrose is easily metabolized, whereas the latter (xeric) strategy may relate to an effective acclimation to longer-lasting drought. These physiological response groups are also related to taxonomic groups within the genus.     

Comparative resistance of the soil and the plant to water transport

The resistances to liquid water transport in the soil and plant were determined directly and simultaneously from measurements of soil, root, and leaf water potentials and the flux of water through the soil-plant system to the sites of evaporation in the leaf. For soybean (Merr.) transporting water at a steady rate, water potential differences between soil and root were smaller than between root and leaf over the range of soil water potentials from −0.2 to −11 bars. As soil water was depleted, water flow through the soil and plant decreased to one-tenth the maximum rate, but both the soil resistance and plant resistance increased. The plant resistance remained larger than the soil resistance over the entire range of soil water availability. Previous suggestions that the soil is the major resistance have ignored the increase in plant resistance and/or assumed root densities that were too low.     

田间不同条件下玉米叶片的气孔阻力及与光合、蒸腾作用的关系

以玉米17个自交系和10个杂交种为试材,在田间条件下研究了不同光强、不同叶位、不同生育期、不同源库比例和株间差异状态下的气孔阻力及其与光合(PH)、蒸腾(TR)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)的关系,结果表明,不同自交系之间RS具有显著的差异,相差最大可达2.3倍以上;光照条件变弱、穗叶位差增加、生育期推延和源/库比例改变等均可引起RS值的增加;在各种情况下导致RS变化的同时也引起TR和PH产生相应的变化,RS与TR、PH表现出显著或极显著的负相关,且相关系数r_RS-TR>r_RS-PH;RS与WUE的相关关系在不同的条件下表现出不稳定性.     

Heat production by ruminal bacteria in continuous culture and its relationship to maintenance energy.

Selenomonas ruminantium HD4 and Bacteroides ruminicola B(1)4 were grown in continuous culture with glucose as the energy source, and heat production was measured continuously with a microcalorimeter. Because the bacteria were grown under steady-state conditions, it was possible to calculate complete energy balances for substrate utilization and product formation (cells, fermentation acids, and heat). As the dilution rate increased from 0.04 to 0.60 per h, the heat of fermentation declined from 19 to 2% and from 34 to 8% for S. ruminantium and B. ruminicola, respectively. At slow dilution rates the specific rate of heat production remained relatively constant (135 mW/g [dry weight] or 190 mW/g of protein for S. ruminantium and 247 mW/g [dry weight] or 467 mW/g of protein for B. ruminicola). Since the heat due to growth-related functions was small compared to maintenance expenditures, total heat production provided a reasonable estimate of maintenance under glucose-limiting conditions. As the dilution rate was increased, glucose eventually accumulated in the chemostat vessel and the specific rates of heat production increased more than twofold. Pulses of glucose added to glucose-limited cultures (0.167 per h) caused an immediate doubling of heat production and little increase in cell protein. These experiments indicate that bacterial maintenance energy is not necessarily a constant and that energy source accumulation was associated with an increase in heat production.