Pelagic food web processes in an oligotrophic lake

Major pelagic carbon pathways, including primary production, release of extracellular products (EOC), bacterial production and zooplankton grazing were measured in oligotrophic Lake Almind (Denmark) and in enclosures (7 m³) subjected to artificial eutrophication. Simultaneous measurements at three days interval of carbon exchange rates and pools allowed the construction of carbon flow scenarios over a nineteen day experimental period.The flow of organic carbon was dominated by phytoplankton EOC release, which amounted from 44 to 58% of the net fixation of inorganic carbon. Gross bacterial production accounted for 33 to 75% of the primary production. The lower values of EOC release (44%) and bacterial production (33%) were found in the enclosures with added nutrients. The release of recently fixed photosynthetic products was the most important source of organic carbon to the bacterioplankton. Uptake of dissolved free amino acids was responsible for 52 to 62% of the gross bacterial production. Thus, amino acids constituted a significant proportion of the EOC. Zooplankton (< 50 µm) grazing on algae and bacteria accounted only for a minor proportion of the particulate production in May. Circumstantial evidence is presented that suggests the chrysophycean alga Dinobryon was the most important bacterial remover.The results clearly demonstrated EOC release and bacterial metabolism to be key processes in pelagic carbon cycling in this oligotrophic lake.     

Physiology of diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve photosynthetic extracellular release: evidence for a novel coupling between marine bacteria and phytoplankton

The photosynthesis of cellular materials by phytoplankton isaccompanied by release of organic molecules from the algal cellsinto the water. The patterns of carbon fixation in particulateand dissolved pools were investigated in Skeletonema costatumcultured under 12 h light/12 h dark cycles. The short-term production(1–15 min) of particulate organic carbon (POC) and extracellularorganic carbon (EOC) compounds was studied by measuring theuptake of ¹⁴C-labelled sodium bicarbonate and its subsequentincorporation and release into organic compounds. Slightly modifiedtraditional ¹⁴C radiotracer protocols were used, including separationby electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography and detectionby autoradiography. Results indicated that there was a distinctdifference between radiolabelled compounds in the POC and EOCpools. Several metabolites found in the EOC pool were not presentin the POC pool, indicating the active release of these productsfrom the cells into the ambient water during short-term incubations,and indicating that inorganic carbon fixation pathways in marineautotrophs might be partly extracellular.     

Diurnal variations in the contributions of autotrophic picoalgae and heterotrophic bacteria to planktonic production in an upland lake

An investigation of the diurnal variation in contributions toproduction of the autotrophic and heterotrophic components ofthe picoplankton community was carried out during August andSeptember in Llyn Padarn, a mesotrophic upland lake in NorthWales. The picoplankton was separated using 1 µm pore-sizedfilters into the smaller cell sized fraction (<1 µm),the majority of the bacteria and the larger cell sized picoalgae(<3>1 µm), together with some bacteria. The distributionof bacterial heterotrophic activity between these two fractionsof picoplankton was assessed by uptake of [¹⁴C]glucose and differentialfiltration. Thus, the absolute autotrophic production by picoalgaeand the heterotrophic contribution by bacteria to picoplanktoncommunity production via uptake of extracellular organic carbon(EOC) were determined. Rates of picoplankton community productionexhibited diurnal variation with maximum rates of 19.1 mg Cm^–3 h^–1 recorded at 18.00 h at 4 m depth in September.The bacterial contribution to picoplankton community productionincreased markedly between 15.00 and 18.00 h. Rates of absoluteautotrophic production varied less over 24 h than rates of accumulationin bacteria of ¹⁴C-labelled EOC released from the entire phytoplanktoncommunity. Bacteria contributed up to 86–98% of the neworganic carbon within the picoplankton community at the endof the day. The maximum rate of absolute autotrophic productionin the picoplankton was 1.6 mg C m^–3 h^–1 at 18.00h at 1 m in August, and the maximum rate of bacterial accumulationof new organic carbon was 18.5 mg C m^–3 h^–1 at 18.00h in September at 4 m depth. The diurnal pattern of picoplanktoncommunity production involved increasing rates during the daywith a maximum at 18.00 h. Autotrophic processes were dominantin the first 3–6 h of the light cycle and heterotrophicuptake of ¹⁴C-labelled EOC was the major component from 15.00h onwards. Bacterial uptake of newly released EOC by phytoplanktonwas rapid, comprised the majority of picoplankton production,particularly later in the day, and contributed a maximum of60% of the total pariculate primary production in plankton between15.00 and 18.00 h at 4 m in September with a mean contributionof between 6 and 26% over 24 h in these investigations. Theimportance of autotrophic processes in picoplankton communityproduction has been overestimated in previous investigations.Bacteria play a major role in transferring newly produced EOCrapidly from phytoplankton to the picoplankton community. Atthe end of the day, the majority of newly produced organic carbonis in bacterial cells and this production is significant inthe dynamics of carbon production within the entire planktoniccommunity.     

14C-labelling patterns of phytoplankton: specific activity of different product pools

Primary production, release of extracellular products (EOC)and the distribution of ¹⁴C into primary products of photosynthesis(low mol. wt. products, lipids, polysaccarides, and proteins)were investigated during 2 months in spring 1983 in eutrophicLake Hylke, Denmark. After half days in situ incubations, eachfraction was assayed for ¹⁴C activity and the standing stockof carbon. Calculation of specific activity revealed non-equilibriumconditions in all fractions. Since the intracellular fractionsact as precursors of EOC, this means that the release may beseriously underestimated (3–20 times) by assuming isotopicequilibrium between the inorganic carbon pool and the EOC productsin the Extracellular medium. However, measurements of the standingstock of carbon are complicated by inclusion of non-phytoplanktonmaterial, thereby making calculation of specific activity uncertain. Present address: Carbon 14 Centralen, The International Agencyfor ¹⁴C Determination, 11, Agern Allé, DK-2970 Hørsholm,Denmark     

Changes in particulate and dissolved organic matter in nutrient-enriched enclosures from an area influenced by mucilage: the northern Adriatic Sea

This study examined the partitioning of organic matter intoparticulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) pools in nutrient-enriched enclosures containing naturalplankton from the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic), an areaaffected by mucilage. The strategy of nutrient additions wasto introduce a pulse of new nutrients in concentrations thatmimic natural inputs and to survey community structure and organicmatter fluxes long enough so that plankton became nutrient-limited.Maximal bacterial biomass attained roughly double the initialvalue, while autotrophic carbon increased by nearly an orderof magnitude. The microflagellate-dominated community releasedmore DOC per unit biomass (5.5 ± 7.2 to 50.6 ±28.0 µg C µg Chl a^-1 day^-1 versus 3.4 ± 3.4to 10.8 ± 4.6 µg C µg Chl a^-1 day^-1 for diatom-dominatedphytoplankton), POC increase was modest (~300 µg C l^-1)and there was little change in DOC. Organic carbon partitioningduring two experiments in which diatoms prevailed was dominatedby POC (>800 µg C l^-1) in the exponential growth phasewith an increasing contribution of particulate carbohydratesthat paralleled gradual nutrient depletion. Transition to thestationary phase and the decay of autotrophic communities wereaccompanied by the net accumulation of a carbohydrate-rich DOC.     

Comparison of two methods to measure algel release of dissolved organic carbon and the subsequent uptake by bacteria

Two methods were used to compare phytoplankton release and bacterialuptake of extracellular organic carbon (EOC) products. A sizefractionation and an antibiotic method were used simultaneouslyduring several diel in Situ studies in Danish lakes and onecoastal area. Phytoplankton populations were very sensitiveto even small concentrations of antibiotics (1 µg ml^–1).Generally the bacterial activity was inhibited by 50%. In caseswhere the antibiotics did not affect phytoplankton photosynthesis,the two methods agreed reasonably. Bacterial respiration dataobtained with the antibiotic method were in the range of valuesfrom the literature. This supports the conclusion that the partialuncoupling of EOC release and uptake with antibiotics can beused to follow the flux of EOC in situ. The effect on the phytoplanktonmust however, be evaluated in each experiment. The methodologicalproblems of both approaches are discussed.     

Inter-comparison of 14C-labelled bicarbonate solutions prepared by different institutes for measurement of primary productivity in natural waters and monoalgal cultures

An intercomparative study was carried out to investigate possibleeffects on primary productivity measurements when using NaH¹⁴C0₃solutions prepared by different methods. Five different ampoulebatches coded A, B, C, D and E were tested. Three of the batches(A, B and D) had been produced by direct dilution of industriallyproduced NaH¹⁴CO₃, of high specific activity. A and D were dilutedwith distilled water added carrier, whereas no information onhow batch B was diluted could be obtained. Batch E was preparedby trapping ¹⁴CO₂, gas — released by strong HCl from Ba¹⁴CO₃— in sodium hydroxide. In the case of batch C, the processof manufacture was not known. The tests were carried out ondifferent phytoplankton material with low algal density. Twobatches (B and C) showed significant inhibitory effects on P_calc(–5–44%), on the slope of the ascending part ofthe light adaptation curve (), and on P_max. Batch A showed minor,but still significant effects. The four batches A, B, C andD carried rather high amounts of non-volatile rest activity(between 13 and 194 d.p.m./µCi), which made measurementsof the release of extracellular dissolved organic carbon (EOC)almost impossible. This phenomenon,per se, would if uncor-rectedproduce considerably higher per cent EOC release in low-productivewaters, as has been reported by many authors. As to the standardizationof the working solutions, two batches (C and D) showed a pooraccuracy (16 and 18% deviation, respectively) when tested atthe C14C, and two batches (A and B) showed unacceptably highvariability between ampoules of the same batch. The study indicatesthat it is not recom-mendable to use working solutions preparedby direct dilution of industrially produced NaH¹⁴CO₃ of highspecific activity without prior testing of possible effectson algal photosynthesis. It is recommended that the specificactivity of the working solution be measured if it is not exactlyspecified by the manufacturer by a ‘Certificate of Quality’.     

The effect of environmental variables on release of extracellular organic carbon by freshwater macrophytes

The¹⁴C-technique was used to investigate the effect of oxygen, inorganic carbon and light intensity on the release of extracellular organic carbon (EOC) by three submerged macrophytes. At low CO₂ availability and low light intensities the release expressed as a percentage of the total carbon fixation was higher than at more optimal photosynthetic conditions. Oxygen did not influence the release of EOC. As the rates of release generally followed the rates of photosynthesis, it was concluded that release is closely coupled to photosynthesis. Using gel-filtration to separate EOC it was shown that the tested environmental variables did not influence the molecular weight distribution. The release of EOC was low in all species (0.1 to 4% of the total carbon fixation). Due to the low values it is suggested that release of EOC is of no quantitative importance to the carbon budget of the plants.     

Responses in pigmentation and anti-oxidant expression in Arctic Daphnia along gradients of DOC and UV exposure

Responses in carapace melanization and expression of the majoranti-oxidant catalase (CAT) and glutathione transferase (GST)in Arctic Daphnia were assessed in enclosures along a gradientof dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This gradient was createdby adding freeze-dried humic matter to 2 m³ UV-transparent enclosures,yielding final nominal concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mgC l^-1. The UV attenuation was strongly affected by additionsof DOC, and attenuation coefficients at 320 nm increased from3.0 in the control to approximately 3.5 and 11.0 m^-1 in the1 and 10 mg DOC treatments respectively. Most Daphnia showedpronounced carapace melanization, and the absorbance of short-waveradiation through the carapace was strongly related to the degreeof melanization. Nevertheless, the different UV climate in theenclosures did not cause any short-term adaptation in Daphniapigmentation over a 3 week period. The levels of CAT and GSTwere assessed over time in the control and at 10 mg DOC. Theseenzymes displayed opposite patterns, with somewhat lower activitiesof CAT at low DOC (control) relative to 10 mg DOC, while theopposite was found for GST. There was also a significant negativecorrelation between CAT and solar irradiation for GST in bothbags, while no effects were found for GST.     

Potential Importance of Fish Predation and Zooplankton Grazing on Natural Populations of Freshwater Bacteria

The rates of ingestion of natural bacterial assemblages by natural populations of zooplankton (>50 μm in size) were measured during a 19-day period in eutrophic Frederiksborg Slotssø, Denmark, as well as in experimental enclosures (containing 5.3 m³ of lake water). The fish and nutrients of the enclosures were manipulated. In enclosures without fish, large increases in ingestion by zooplankton >140 μm in size were found (up to 3 μg of C liter⁻¹ h⁻¹), compared with values less than 0.3 μg of C liter⁻¹ h⁻¹ in the enclosures with fish and in the open lake. Daphnia cucullata and D. galeata dominated the community of zooplankton of >140 μm. Ingestion rates for zooplankton between 50 and 140 μm decreased after a period of about 8 days, in all enclosures and in the lake, to values below 0.1 μg of C liter⁻¹ h⁻¹. On the last 2 sampling days, somewhat higher values were observed in the enclosures with fish present. The >50-μm zooplankton ingested 48 to 51% of the bacterial net secondary production in enclosures without fish, compared to 4% in the enclosures with added fish. Considering the sum of bacterial secondary production plus biomass change, 35 to 41% of the available bacteria were ingested by zooplankton of >50 μm in the enclosures without fish, compared with 4 to 6% in the enclosures with added fish and 21% in the open lake. Fish predation reduced the occurrence of zookplankton sized >50 μm and thus left a large proportion of the available bacteria to zooplankton sized <50 μm. In fact, there were 4.6 × 10³ to 5.0 × 10³ flagellates (4 to 8 μm in size) ml⁻¹ in the enclosures with fish added as well as in the lake, compared with 0.5 × 10² to 2.3 × 10² ml⁻¹ in the enclosures without fish. This link in the food chain was reduced when fish predation on zooplankton was eliminated and a direct route of dissolved organic matter, via the bacteria to the zooplankton, was established.     

Ectoenzyme activity and bacterial secondary production in nutrient-impoverished and nutrient-enriched freshwater mesocosms

This report presents results on relationships between the kinetics (V_max and K_m) of -glucosidase (GLCase) and aminopeptidase (AMPase) activity, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bacterial secondary production in freshwater mesocosms of differing degrees of eutrophication. These relationships varied in different mesocosms and depended on the trophic status of water and the exudation rates of organic carbon (EOC) by phytoplankton. Close coupling of bacterial production to V_max of GLCase activity was observed only in nutrient-enriched mesocosms. The relationship between GLCase and DOC content was also significant in enriched water. There was no correlation between the V_max, of GLCase and DOC and bacterial production in nutrient-impoverished and control (mesotrophic) enclosures. However, the V_max of AMPase correlated well to DOC and bacterial production in these mesocosms. AMPase activity did not correlate with DOC and bacterial production in nutrient-impoverished mesocosms. There was no relationship between bacterial biomass and enzyme activity in all studied mesocosms. Comparison of the rates of phytoplankton production of EOC and rates of the bacterial organic carbon demand (BOCD) in nutrient-impoverished mesocosms showed that EOC flux constituted, on average, 90% of BOCD. However, in nutrient-enriched mesocosms EOC contributed only, on average, 27% to the BOCD; thus, in these mesocosms, bacteria were probably organic-carbon limited. It is hypothesized that to bypass substrate limitation, bacteria produced GLCase and AMPase. These enzymes had a high specific activity and high affinity to their substrates and efficiently hydrolyzed polysaccharides and proteins, thereby supplying microorganisms with readily utilizable products of enzyme catalysis. Offprint requests to: R.J. Chróst.     

中国北亚热带天然次生林与杉木人工林土壤活性有机碳库的比较

为了了解北亚热带东部地区天然次生林转变成杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林对土壤活性有机碳库的影响, 以浙江省富阳市庙山坞森林生态系统定位研究站杉木人工林和天然次生林为研究对象, 对达到成熟林状态的两种林分类型0-60 cm内各土层土壤活性有机碳含量进行了比较研究。结果表明: 1)天然次生林土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳和轻组有机质含量均高于杉木人工林, 与人工杉木林相比, 增幅分别为19.0%-32.6%、0.8%-30.3%、3.8%-54.1%和6.3%-38.6%, 且在0-10和10-20 cm土层差异显著(p < 0.05) (水溶性有机碳仅在0-10 cm土层差异显著); 2)杉木人工林土壤水溶性有机碳与易氧化碳占总有机碳的比率均高于天然次生林; 3)两个林分土壤水溶性有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质与总有机碳含量均呈现极显著相关, 且天然次生林土壤易氧化碳、轻组有机质与总有机碳的相关系数均大于杉木人工林; 4)土壤有机碳、水溶性有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质与土壤养分(全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、速效钙和速效镁)的相关性均达到显著(p < 0.05)或极显著(p < 0.01)水平。     

Birth, growth and death rates for enclosed populations of calanoid copepods

Rates of birth, growth and death are inferred for enclosed populationsof the marine copepods Pseudocalanus elongates, Acartia clausiand Temora longicomis. The rates are determined by fitting apopulation dynamics model to the time series of developmentalstage abundances observed over 87 days in four 310 m³ enclosures.Two enclosures were treated with ‘produced’ waterfrom North Sea oil production platforms and two were untreatedcontrols. The pollutant mainly affected recruitment to the populations.Development times varied considerably between enclosures, thoughnot in any apparent relation to the pollutant. Mortality wasmost strongly related to the population size of herring larvaeintroduced to all four enclosures. Levels of secondary productionderived from the model were compared with those calculated directlyfrom population densities.     

Impact of Holoshestes heterodon Eigenmann (Pisces: Characidae) on the plankton community of a subtropical reservoir: the importance of predation by Chaoborus larvae

We analyzed the effects of planktivorous Holeshestes heterodon Eigenmann (Characidae) predation on the plankton community of a small subtropical reservoir, using four enclosures (volume about 17.5 m³), open to the sediment, established in the littoral zone. Two enclosures were stocked with fish (mean TL 5.7 cm), at a density of about 4–5 fish m^–3 (approx. 8 g m^–3), whereas two remained fishless. The experiment lasted a little longer than one month. In the fish enclosures, most Crustacea and Chaoborus larvae remained scarce, probably as a result of visually selective fish predation. In both fishless enclosures, Chaoborus larvae became abundant. However, in only one of these did large individuals become relatively numerous; this discrepancy in the demographic structure of the Chaoborus populations between the two fishless enclosures is unexplained. Only in the fishless enclosure without appreciable numbers of large Chaoborus did densities of Crustacea increase greatly. It is suggested that in the enclosure containing large Chaoborus individuals, crustacean populations were prevented from developing due to predation pressure, while the small Chaoborus larvae of the other enclosure could not readily consume these prey. Rotifers were low in abundance in the absence of fish, probably as a consequence of Chaoborus predation. Phytoplankton density increased in all four enclosures, due probably to the lack of water flow. Only in the fishless enclosure with high densities of crustaceans did phytoplankton abundance decrease markedly at the end of the experiment, perhaps because of grazing losses.     

The use of antibiotics to reduce bacterioplankton uptake of phytoplankton extracellular organic carbon (EOC) in the Potomac River estuary

Phytoplankton production and accumulation of extracellular organic carbon (EOC) was tracked during diel intervals in microcosms by inhibiting bacterioplankton assimilation of EOC with streptomycin and kanamycin. Bacterioplankton production (³H-thymidine incorporation) and metabolism (¹⁴C-glucose incorporation) were monitored in samples collected from the Potomac River estuary to determine the effect of the antibiotics. Particulate (i.e., raw water) primary production and EOC (i.e., water passing through 1.0 μm glass fiber filter) production rates were monitored to determine the impact of antibiotics on phytoplankton. In preliminary experiments, neither streptomycin nor kanamycin alone significantly inhibited bacterioplankton activity compared to controls, but when both were present secondary production and metabolism were reduced up to 90%, and remained as such for 45 h. During field evaluations using a streptomycin and kanamycin mixture (50 μM each) particulate primary production and EOC production were not statistically different in control and antibiotic treated samples indicating that the antibiotics did not negatively influence phytoplankton production rates. In the presence of antibiotics dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) and, to a lesser extent, monosaccharides were significantly elevated compared to controls. This study demonstrates that streptomycin and kanamycin are capable of inhibiting bacterioplankton metabolism and uptake of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the samples tested so that the contribution of EOC to the DOC pool and to bacterioplankton metabolism could be measured and assessed.     

清澜港红树林湿地典型群落类型沉积物活性有机碳组分分布特征

滩涂海岸红树林生态系统通常具有较高的土壤养分,尤其是沉积物有机碳含量。海南岛红树林种类丰富且生长较好,通过对红树林沉积物有机碳组分的基础研究有利于提高对红树林湿地固碳能力的评估精度,加深对海洋蓝碳的认识。以清澜港红树林5种典型群落类型为对象,比较分析表层土壤(0—10 cm)总有机碳(TOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量差异及其与土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明：(1)不同群落类型间,土壤TOC、MBC、DOC和EOC含量均值分别为66.76 g/kg、177.08 mg/kg、25.49 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg。对比发现,土壤TOC在角果木群落中含量最高,但各群落间无显著差异;土壤MBC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落和杯萼海桑群落显著高于榄李群落;土壤DOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中海莲群落和角果木群落显著高于其余群落;土壤EOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落显著高于海莲群落和正红树群落。(2)活性有机碳各个组分占总有机碳的比例均值大小依次为EOC>MBC>DOC。土壤EOC、MBC、DOC的...     

Indirect effects of fish on macrophytes in Bays Mountain Lake: evidence for a littoral trophic cascade

Summary We began this experiment to test specific hypotheses regarding direct and indirect effects of fish predation on the littoral macroinvertebrate community of Bays Mountain Lake, Tennessee. We used 24 m² enclosures in which we manipulated the presence and absence of large redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus>150 mm SL), and small sunfish (L. macrochirus and L. microlophus <50 mm SL) over a 16-mo period. Here we report on effects of fish predation on gastropod grazers that appear to cascade to periphyton and macrophytes.Both large redear sunfish and small sunfish maintained low snail biomass, but snails in fish-free controls increased significantly during the first 2-mo of the experiment. By late summer of the first year of the experiment, the difference in biomass between enclosures with and without fish had increased dramatically (>10×). Midway through the second summer of the experiment, we noted apparent differences in the abundance of periphyton between enclosures containing fish and those that did not. We also noted differences in the macrophyte distribution among enclosures. To document these responses, we estimated periphyton cover, biovolume and cell size frequencies as well as macrophyte distributions among enclosures at the end of the experiment. When fish were absent, periphyton percent cover was significantly reduced compared to when fish were present. Periphyton cell-size distributions in enclosures without fish were skewed toward small cells (only 12% were greater than 200 m³), which is consistent with intense snail grazing. The macrophyte Najas flexilis had more than 60 x higher biomass in the fish-free enclosures than in enclosures containing fish; Potamogeton diversifolius was found only in fish-free enclosures. These results suggest a chain of strong interactions (i.e. from fish to snails to periphyton to macrophytes) that may be important in lake littoral systems. This contrasts sharply with earlier predictions based on cascading trophic interactions that propose that fish predation on snails would enhance macrophyte biomass.     

Biogeochemistry of platelet ice: its influence on particle flux under fast ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

An array of four sediment traps and one current meter was deployed under a well-developed platelet layer for 15 days in the Drescher Inlet in the Riiser Larsen ice shelf, in February 1998. Traps were deployed at 10 m (just under the platelet layer), 112 m (above the thermocline), 230 m (below thermocline) and 360 m (close to sea floor). There was a substantial flux of particulate organic material out of the platelet layer, although higher amounts were collected in the traps either side of the thermocline. Material collected was predominantly composed of faecal pellets containing diatom species growing within the platelet layer. The size classes of these pellets suggest they derive from protists grazing rather than from larger metazoans. Sediment trap material was analysed for particulate organic carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus (POC/PON/POP) and '¹³C_POC (carbon isotopic composition of POC). These were compared with organic matter in the overlying platelet layer and the water column. In turn, the biogeochemistry of the platelet layer and water column was investigated and the organic matter characteristics related to inorganic nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silicate, phosphate), dissolved organic carbon/nitrogen (DOC/DON), pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), oxygen and '¹³C_DIC (carbon isotopic composition dissolved inorganic carbon).     

湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段森林土壤活性有机碳库特征

为了解天然次生林保护对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,采用空间替代时间研究方法,对湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段4种林分类型（杉木人工林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林）土壤活性有机碳及其与土壤养分相关性进行研究。结果表明：1）各土层总有机碳（TOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量均表现为：青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林 > 南酸枣落叶阔叶林 > 马尾松+石栎针阔混交林 > 杉木人工林,在0-30cm土层,马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林TOC含量比杉木人工林分别高出13.40%、19.40%和29.91%,MBC含量分别高出15.62%、32.89%和53.33%,DOC含量分别高出8.52%、8.75%和13.76%,EOC含量分别高出32.79%、38.48%和78.30%;2）天然次生林各土层MBC占TOC的比率以南酸枣落叶阔叶林最高,青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林为其次,马尾松+石栎混交林最低,均高于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林15-30cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层DOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而下降,均低于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林0-15cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层EOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而增加,且均高于同一土层杉木人工林;3）土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关性均达到极显著水平,且天然次生林土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关系数随着演替进展而增高,均高于杉木人工林;4）4种林分土壤TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC含量与土壤全N、碱解N、全P、有效P、全K、速效K含量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。     

Inter-specific differences in photosynthetic carbon uptake, photosynthate partitioning and extracellular organic carbon release by deep-water characean algae

1. The effect of light intensity on photosynthesis and the fate of newly fixed organic carbon was compared for three characean algae collected at the same depth (10 m) but differing in their depth distributions. For each species we determined photosynthesis–irradiance (P–E) responses, the partitioning of newly fixed carbon into four intracellular pools (low molecular‐weight compounds, polysaccharides, lipids and proteins) and the extracellular organic carbon (EOC) release at a range of photon flux densities (PFD) 0–60 μmol m^–2 s^–1. 2. The P–E responses differed between the three species, with the light compensation point (E_c) and dark respiration rate highest in the shallowest species (Chara fibrosa), intermediate in the mid‐range species (C. globularis) and lowest in the deepest species (C. corallina). Photosynthetic efficiency (α) and photosynthesis: respiration ratios were lowest in C. fibrosa and highest in C. corallina. 3. In all three species, the low molecular weight pool was the principal photosynthetic product (>60% of fixed C) at 3 μmol m^–2 s^–1 PFD, but its proportional contribution decreased rapidly with increasing irradiance. Polysaccharide rose to become the major product (>35% of fixed C) at saturating PFD (35 μmol m^–2 s^–1). 4. Protein synthesis was saturated at 5 μmol m^–2 s^–1 in all species and was consistently a lower proportion of the fixed carbon in C. corallina than the other species. The fraction incorporated in the lipid pool increased slightly with irradiance but was always less than 10% of fixed C, while the proportion lost as EOC was unaffected by light, being significantly higher in C. fibrosa than the other species. 5. A kinetic experiment with C. fibrosa at 35 μmol m^–2 s^–1 PFD revealed a continued increase in net polysaccharide, protein and lipid synthesis during a 22.5‐h light period, whereas the net size of the low molecular weight pool remained constant. In a subsequent dark period, protein and lipid synthesis continued at the expense of the polysaccharide and low‐molecular‐weight pools. The EOC release rose to a constant low release in the light, then peaked slightly immediately after the dark–light transition before returning to the same rate as in the light. Extrapolating these data over 24 h suggests that the proportion of fixed carbon lost as EOC may be as high as 10% in this species. 6. The interspecific differences in carbon acquisition between the three species reflected their depth distributions, with the deeper species having more efficient photosynthetic metabolism, lower P:R ratios and less EOC release, although no apparent differences in internal partitioning of photosynthate.