肌注和口服恩诺沙星在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学比较

在水温(16±0.6)℃条件下, 以20 mg/kg剂量给健康大菱鲆静注、肌注和口服恩诺沙星后, 用高效液相色谱法测定药物浓度,采用DAS2.0药动学软件对血药浓度进行分析,比较了肌注和口服两种给药方式下恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)体内的药代动力学差异。结果显示,肌注和口服恩诺沙星后,在大菱鲆体内的代谢过程均符合一级吸收二室开放模型, 表达方程为C肌注=10.237e-0.702t+6.151e-0.01t-16.388e-25.796t和C口服=3.701e-0.072t+3.534e-0.007t-7.235e-0.364t。与口服给药后药代动力学参数比较, 肌注给药后的t1/2Ka(0.027h)、tmax(0.5h)、t1/2α(0.987h)和t1/2β(68.003h)均小于口服给药(1.904h、4h、9.621h和99.137h),且Cmax(21.7172μg/mL)和F(88.57%)均大于口服给药(5.3594μg/mL、66.42%)。结果表明, 肌注恩诺沙星在大菱鲆体内的吸收、消除均快于口服给药, 且比口服给药吸收完全。在试验条件下, 最佳给药方案为:肌注给药, 按鱼体重每次给药19.05 mg/kg,2天一次, 建议连续给药2-3次;口服给药,按鱼体重每次给药13.92mg/kg,1天一次, 建议连续给药3-5次, 建议休药期分别不低于30d和45d。       

不同水温下氟甲砜霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的药代动力学研究

研究不同水温(18℃和28℃)条件下,单剂量(10mg/kgb·w)强饲氟甲砜霉素,在斑点叉尾鮰(Ictaluruspunc-tatus)体内药代动力学特征.采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法可以同时检测血浆中氟甲砜霉素及其代谢物氟甲砜霉素的浓度.用3p97药代动力学软件处理药时数据.结果表明:在不同水温条件下氟甲砜霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的药时数据均符合一室开放式模型.药时规律符合理论方程C血浆=71921(e-0.036t-e-0.18t)和C血浆=91061(e-0.081t-e-0.301t).18℃和28℃的条件下,主要药代动力学参数:吸收半衰期T1/2ka分别为31845h和21301h,消除半衰期T1/2ke分别为191118h和81519h,达峰时间Tpeak分别为111136h和51953h,最大血药浓度Cmax分别为41074μg/mL和41226μg/mL,曲线下面积AUC分别为1741547(μg/mL)/h和811279(μg/mL)/h,平均驻留时间MRT分别为271581h和121290h,相对表观分布容积V/F(c)分别为11580L/kg和115121L/kg.采用氟甲砜霉素防治斑点叉尾鮰细菌性疾病,建议在18℃左右口服10mg/kg体重剂量的氟甲砜霉素,2d给药1次;在28℃左右口服10mg/kg体重剂量的氟甲砜霉素,1d给药1次.试验过程中在斑点叉尾鮰血浆样品中未检测到氟甲砜霉素的主要代谢物氟甲砜霉素胺.       

达氟沙星在史氏鲟体内药物代谢动力学比较研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定以10mg/kg体重剂量静脉注射和口服给药后史氏鲟血浆中达氟沙星的浓度。该法采用C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水相(15∶85),荧光激发波长和发射波长分别为280nm和450nm,样品用甲醇沉淀蛋白,离心取上清液进样。达氟沙星在0.005-1.0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,本方法的最低检测限为0.005μg/mL。健康鱼单剂量静注达氟沙星(10mg/kg),其药时数据符合无吸收的三室开放模型,方程为C=5.830-5.582t+4.162-1.157t+0.852-0.029t,主要动力学参数如下:t1/2α0.552h;t1/2β22.186h;AUC34.226mg/(L.h);V 10.922L/kg;Vb10.144L/kg;ke 10.317h.Ah感染组的V1减小至0.290L/kg,静注感染组鱼体内达氟沙星的消除没有显著的改变。健康口服组数据结果符合一级吸收二室开放模型,血药浓度和时间方程为C=1.278e-0.073t+0.177e-0.089t-1.455e-0.329t。药动学常数分别为:t1/2ka9.491h,t1/2β78.267h,Tmax6.284h,Cmax0.791mg/mL;α0.073h。但Ah感染改变达氟沙星口服给药后在史氏鲟体内的吸收、分布和消除。分布速率常数降低为0.050/h。消除减慢,消除半哀期延长为93.988h,达峰时间延长为至9.060h,峰浓度降低为0.585mg/mL。口服达氟沙星水溶液,健康及感染组史氏鲟对达氟沙星生物利用度分别为96.503%和94.435%。本实验结果表明达氟沙星在健康史氏鲟体内分布广泛、吸收较完全。感染Ah对达氟沙星在史氏鲟体内的吸收、分布及消除规律均有不同程度的影响,其中口服给药的影响更为显著。达氟沙星可用于史氏鲟感染Ah的治疗。       

烟酸诺氟沙星在松浦镜鲤体内的药动学特征

结合单纯聚集法和二步法,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术研究了分别以10、30、60 mg/kg剂量对松浦镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)口灌烟酸诺氟沙星后,药物在实验鱼血浆中的药动学特征。3种给药剂量下,诺氟沙星在松浦镜鲤血浆中的血药浓度和时间关系均可用一级吸收二室开放模型进行描述,吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)分别为0.165、0.061、0.043 h,消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为18.282、29.969、42.051 h,达峰时间(Tmax)分别为0.333、0.327、0.302 h,达峰浓度(Cmax)分别为4.780、6.247、12.689 mg/L,药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为32.698、53.015、174.998 mg·h/L,表观分布容积(Vd)分别为1.044、4.347、4.561 L/kg。说明随着给药剂量的增加,诺氟沙星的吸收和消除速率均加快,给药剂量对药动学特征有显著影响。     

黄芪甲苷在大鼠体内的药代动力学和组织分布研究

建立了固相萃取-HPLC-MS测定大鼠血浆中黄芪甲苷含量的方法,并对其在大鼠体内的药代动力学和组织分布进行了研究。分别以1,2,4 mg/kg的剂量对大鼠静脉给药,给药后2,10,20,30,60 min和1.5,2,3,4,6,8 h采集血样,同时以2 mg/kg的剂量对大鼠静脉给药,给药后20,60,240 min采集各组织,测定血浆样品和组织样品中的黄芪甲苷浓度。血药浓度-时间曲线按二室模型拟合最佳,t1/2(α)分别为12.36,7.05,15.98 min,t1/2(β)分别为69.14,73.28,95.24 min,AUC分别为277.36,415.36,623.15μg.min/mL,AUC与剂量的线性方程为y=113.64x 173.47(r=0.997),表明黄芪甲苷在大鼠体内呈线性消除。组织分布研究表明黄芪甲苷在体内分布较广。     

中华鳖日本品系体内氟苯尼考药物代谢动力学研究

应用液相色谱-串联质谱技术研究了氟苯尼考在中华鳖日本品系(Pelodiscus sinensis Japanese strain)体内的残留代谢规律.在(25.0±2.0)℃水温下,150只体重为(250±50)g健康中华鳖日本品系连续7d投喂含30 mg/kg氟苯尼考的饲料,分别于最后一次给药后1h、2h、4h、8h、16 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h、144 h、168 h、240 h、360 h采集肝、血液、肌肉和肾样品.样品中氟苯尼考的残留量采用乙酸乙酯提取,正己烷净化,电喷雾负离子多反应监测模式下进行测定,内标法定量,并利用3P97药动学软件进行数据分析.结果表明,氟苯尼考在中华鳖日本品系血液、肌肉、肝和肾中达峰浓度分别为167 μg/kg、188 μg/kg、67.15μg/kg和85.71μg/kg,达峰时间分别为4h、8h、8h和8h,消除半衰期分别为14.9 h、9.4h、29.5 h和13.0h,药动学方程分别为:C血液=210.332e-0.070 6t+ 938.161e-0.0465t,C肌肉=5 642.635e-0.077tt+5 765.891e-00744t,C肝=111.596e-0.0360t+ 4.339e-00235t和C肾=176.509e-0.0654t+ 615.697e-0.0536t.说明氟苯尼考在中华鳖日本品系体内残留代谢较快,建议休药期为15 d.     

盐酸氯苯胍在美国红鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律研究

在水温(28±2)℃、盐度28条件下,盐酸氯苯胍(robenidine hydrochloride,ROBH)按30 mg/kg的剂量口灌实验鱼,用HPLC-MS/MS法研究盐酸氯苯胍在美国红鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示,单剂量口灌给药后,美国红鱼血浆中ROBH的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,药物在血浆中的达峰时间(tp)、血药浓度峰值(Cmax)、药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0-∞))和消除半衰期(t_(1/2β))分别为2.39 h、958.78μg/L、33 247.57μg/(L·h)和19.24 h;ROBH在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的Cmax分别为156.72μg/kg、227.68μg/kg和553.44μg/kg,tp分别为2.0 h、1.5 h、2.0 h;AUC_(0-∞)分别4 664.04μg/(kg·h)、4 897.74μg/(kg·h)、17 228.19μg/(kg·h);t_(1/2β)分别为19.68 h、24.33 h和22.81 h。按30 mg/kg剂量连续5 d口灌给药后,美国红鱼肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的药物消除半衰期(t1/2):24.46 h、35.39 h、39.60 h和33.94 h。若以10μg/kg为最高残留限量,肌肉作为食用靶组织,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不少于7 d。     

硫柳汞SD 大鼠单次静脉注射药代动力学研究

目的:研究硫柳汞在SD大鼠静脉注射后的药代动力学特征。方法:SD大鼠单剂量(高、低2个剂量组)静脉注射硫柳汞,以冷原子吸收测汞法测定不同时间点的血药浓度,用DAS2.0软件获取各剂量组的主要药代动力学参数。结果:硫柳汞在高(30mg/kg)和低剂量(15 mg/kg)的消除半衰期t1/2z分别为171.61±0.33h,,156.54±18.61h;AUC0-144h分别为16748.65±7296.61mg/L*h,9131.94±1406.68 mg/L*h。结论:硫柳汞在大鼠体内的代谢过程呈线性动力学特征,半衰期约在130～170h左右。     

草鱼体内双氟沙星药代动力学研究

为研究双氟沙星（Difloxacin,DIF）在草鱼（Ctenopharynodon idellus）体内的药代动力学以及在各组织中的残留量,采用高效液相色谱法测定在15℃水温状态下单次给草鱼灌喂20 mg/kg剂量的双氟沙星后,得出双氟沙星在各组织以及血液中的药时曲线均都符合二室开放性模型,双氟沙星能够在草鱼体内快速吸收,并且血液及各组织中均有分布,双氟沙星在草鱼体内的药物动力学方程为C=5.056e-0.012t+19.041e-0.011t,其中双氟沙星在血液、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中吸收半衰期（T_1/2α）分别为0.176h、0.562h、4.562h和1.477h,消除半衰期分别为（T_1/2β）69.492h、65.303h、218.412h和163.937h,总体消除率（CL）分别为0.495、11.181、10.789和7.102 L/（h·kg）,药时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为81.550、1277.55、807.470和1432.150 μg/（L·h）。根据相关规定肌肉中双氟沙星最大残留量300 μg/kg为标准,建议休药期26d以上。     

雷诺嗪缓释片在比格犬体内的药代动力学

目的:研究雷诺嗪缓释片在比格犬体内的药物代谢动力学,并与参照制剂比较,为其是否具有缓释特征提供依据。方法:首先建立血浆中雷诺嗪浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱联用检测方法,并考察方法的专属性、准确度、日内日间精密度、回收率、线性范围等。采用随机对照试验设计,将12只比格犬随机分为A、B组,每组6只,分别服用1片雷诺嗪缓释片(500 mg/片)和1片参比制剂雷诺嗪片(500 mg/片),均于给药前和给药后不同时间点采集血样,用已建立的液质联用方法检测血样中雷诺嗪的血药浓度,计算2组比格犬的药代动力学参数。结果:受试组和参照组半衰期t1/2分别为13.3±8.3和2.36±0.92 h,峰浓度Cmax分别为923.9±340.5和3205±1314 ng/mL,达峰时间Tmax分别为1.6±0.38和0.88±0.14 h,曲线下面积AUC0~∞分别为6252.1±2860.3和9916±4305(ng·h)/mL,清除率Cl分别为11.3±9.8和6.39±3.95 L/(kg·h)。受试制剂雷诺嗪缓释片和参比制剂雷诺嗪片的药代特征和血药浓度-时间变化趋势明显不同,受试组血药浓度缓慢上升和下降,峰值较低;而参照组血药浓度峰值显著高于受试组,有明显的突释效应。结论:液质联用检测方法准确可靠,适合体内药代动力学研究;与参比制剂雷诺嗪片相比,受试制剂雷诺嗪缓释片符合缓释片的基本药代动力学特点。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.