丛枝菌根真菌在内的土壤真菌对入侵植物紫茎泽兰的正反馈:证据来自野外实验(英文)

【背景】包括紫茎泽兰在内的许多外来植物都能够与新入侵生境的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)形成互利共生,因此菌根真菌如何调节外来植物种的入侵是当前亟待研究的问题。【方法】测定了紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段(紫茎泽兰呈零星丛状分布于本地植物群落中[部分入侵生境]及紫茎泽兰单优群落形成期[入侵生境])的土壤化学性状,而后通过野外试验,采用杀真菌剂处理,研究了包括AMF在内的土壤真菌对紫茎泽兰入侵的反馈作用。【结果】紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤化学性状。施用杀真菌剂降低了紫茎泽兰叶面积、叶片碳、氮、磷、和δ13C含量。【结论与意义】综合分析发现,在紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落中,土壤真菌能够增加紫茎泽兰叶片碳和δ13C含量,但是不能提高紫茎泽兰的光合作用,表明碳和δ13C含量的提高,不是光合作用的结果,而是通过其他机制实现的。因此可以得出,在部分入侵生境中,碳从土壤或临近植物经由菌丝网向紫茎泽兰转移。紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段土壤养分的变化利于紫茎泽兰种群建立,同时利于紫茎泽兰借助真菌(尤其是AMF)从土壤或临近植物转移碳,促进种群扩散,这可能是紫茎泽兰入侵的机制之一。     

丛枝菌根真菌在内的土壤真菌对入侵植物紫茎泽兰的正反馈：证据来自野外实验

包括紫茎泽兰在内的许多外来植物都能够与新入侵生境的丛枝菌根真菌（ AMF）形成互利共生,因此菌根真菌如何调节外来植物种的入侵是当前亟待研究的问题。测定了紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段（紫茎泽兰呈零星丛状分布于本地植物群落中[部分入侵生境]及紫茎泽兰单优群落形成期[入侵生境]）的土壤化学性状,而后通过野外试验,采用杀真菌剂处理,研究了包括AMF在内的土壤真菌对紫茎泽兰入侵的反馈作用。紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤化学性状。施用杀真菌剂降低了紫茎泽兰叶面积、叶片碳、氮、磷、和δ13 C含量。综合分析发现,在紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落中,土壤真菌能够增加紫茎泽兰叶片碳和δ13 C含量,但是不能提高紫茎泽兰的光合作用,表明碳和δ13 C含量的提高,不是光合作用的结果,而是通过其他机制实现的。因此可以得出,在部分入侵生境中,碳从土壤或临近植物经由菌丝网向紫茎泽兰转移。紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段土壤养分的变化利于紫茎泽兰种群建立,同时利于紫茎泽兰借助真菌（尤其是AMF）从土壤或临近植物转移碳,促进种群扩散,这可能是紫茎泽兰入侵的机制之一。     

紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)入侵对土壤微生物群落和理化性质的影响

外来入侵植物与入侵地土壤微生物群落的互作关系是影响外来植物入侵力和生态系统可入侵性的一个重要领域。因此,研究外来植物入侵对入侵地土壤微生物群落及其理化性质的影响不仅可以全面地评估入侵植物对生态系统的影响,而且对于探索外来植物入侵的土壤微生物学机制尤为重要。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)和传统培养相结合的方法研究了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对入侵地土壤微生物群落结构的影响;同时研究了紫茎泽兰入侵对11种土壤理化因子的影响。结果表明紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤微生物群落结构,提高了土壤自生固氮菌、氨氧化细菌和真菌的数量;同时,显著地提高了土壤的有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮、氨态氮和土壤有机碳含量,降低了土壤总钾含量和pH值。土壤微生物不同生理类群的变化与土壤中植物可直接吸收利用养分的变化显著相关。紫茎泽兰在入侵地成功定殖后,可能通过改变土壤微生物群落结构,特别是增加了与土壤养分循环相关的微生物功能类群数量,进而提高了土壤可利用的养分水平,创造对自身生长有利的土壤环境。紫茎泽兰改变土壤微生物群落是其入侵的一部分,这种改变进而加速了土壤养分循环,可能增强了紫茎泽兰的养分吸收,进而促进其生长、竞争和扩张。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰生长与繁殖的影响

【目的】紫茎泽兰是一种世界性的恶性入侵杂草,侵入我国后迅速扩散至多个省市,严重阻碍了当地农、林、牧业的发展。研究丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰生长和繁殖的影响,解析土壤中丛枝菌根真菌在紫茎泽兰入侵、传播和扩散过程中的作用,能为开展紫茎泽兰防控工作提供参考。【方法】通过盆栽实验,测定接种丛枝菌根真菌的紫茎泽兰株高、叶片数、总叶面积、节间距、地径,并统计单株花序数、单花序种子量、种子量、种子千粒重、含水率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等。【结果】丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰的株高、地径有极显著影响(P0.01),接种丛枝菌根真菌后,紫茎泽兰的单株花序数、单花序种子数、总种子量分别增加了5.03、1.51、7.64倍;种子的长度、宽度、含水率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数分别增加了15.24%、23.08%、19.46%、29.22%、391.01%、183.56%(P0.05)。【结论】丛枝菌根真菌可显著促进紫茎泽兰生长,控制丛枝菌根真菌的数量可有效抑制紫茎泽兰生长,并抑制紫茎泽兰花序数、种子量及种子的生命力,降低其扩散蔓延速度。     

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对外来植物入侵反馈机制的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在植物群落竞争演替、物种多样性的形成及群落空间分布格局、植物群落对全球变化的响应中均起着重要的调节作用;同样也能影响外来植物与本地植物的互作,影响外来植物入侵过程中植物群落演替进程,甚至决定入侵的成败。因此,AMF与外来植物共生及其对外来植物入侵的反馈已成为国际上外来植物入侵机制研究的一个热点。本文基于外来植物的入侵过程,从AMF对外来植物生长、外来植物与本地植物竞争关系的影响,以及外来植物入侵对AMF的影响及AMF对入侵的反馈3个方面综述了AMF对外来植物入侵的反馈机制。外来植物可以通过多种途径改变土著AMF的群落结构和功能,而土著AMF也能直接或间接地改变甚至逆转外来植物与入侵地植物的互作关系。未来的研究不仅需要考虑AMF与外来植物共生的菌根特性和对竞争关系的影响,还需要通过大尺度条件下的野外试验及室内补充试验深入探究影响AMF在外来植物与本地植物竞争演替中的作用的生物和非生物因子,以全面解释AMF影响外来植物入侵的反馈机制。     

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对外来植物入侵反馈机制的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在植物群落竞争演替、物种多样性的形成及群落空间分布格局、植物群落对全球变化的响应中均起着重要的调节作用;同样也能影响外来植物与本地植物的互作,影响外来植物入侵过程中植物群落演替进程,甚至决定入侵的成败。因此,AMF与外来植物共生及其对外来植物入侵的反馈已成为国际上外来植物入侵机制研究的一个热点。本文基于外来植物的入侵过程,从AMF对外来植物生长、外来植物与本地植物竞争关系的影响,以及外来植物入侵对AMF的影响及AMF对入侵的反馈3个方面综述了AMF对外来植物入侵的反馈机制。外来植物可以通过多种途径改变土著AMF的群落结构和功能,而土著AMF也能直接或间接地改变甚至逆转外来植物与入侵地植物的互作关系。未来的研究不仅需要考虑AMF与外来植物共生的菌根特性和对竞争关系的影响,还需要通过大尺度条件下的野外试验及室内补充试验深入探究影响AMF在外来植物与本地植物竞争演替中的作用的生物和非生物因子,以全面解释AMF影响外来植物入侵的反馈机制。     

危害严重外来入侵植物—紫茎泽兰

我国地处亚洲东南部 ,地域辽阔 ,具有丰富的物种多样性 (biological diversity) ,但因其所跨越的地理带自然条件较好 ,在适宜本地植物 (native species)生长的同时 ,也为外来物种 (alien species)的传播和扩散提供了条件。如紫茎泽兰 (Eupatorium adenophorum)、飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum)、薇甘菊 (Mikania micrantha)、凤眼莲 (Eichhornia crassipes)、大米草 (Spartinaanglica)和三裂叶豚草 (Ambrosia trifida)等 ,近年来因自然或人为因素引进后 ,现已在我国一些地方形成单优势种群 ,对我国的农业、林业、牧业、生物多样性和自然生…     

丛枝菌根真菌对入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊生长及竞争力的影响

【背景】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能促进植物的养分吸收及生长发育。入侵中国华南地区的外来入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)常分布于养分匮乏的荒地,却能迅速生长并排挤本地植物而快速扩张领地。【目的】探究丛枝菌根真菌是否促进南美蟛蜞菊的生长与竞争能力。【方法】采用南美蟛蜞菊及其同属本地植物蟛蜞菊(Wedelia chinensis)的盆栽对比控制试验,并设置接种及不接种AMF变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、不同磷营养水平以及单种或混种的种植方式3种处理对两种植物的生长及竞争能力进行比较。【结果】AMF均能侵染上述两种植物,并且AMF对南美蟛蜞菊根系的侵染率显著高于其对蟛蜞菊根系的侵染,尤其是在低磷水平下南美蟛蜞菊的菌根侵染率更高,而且AMF的侵染显著促进了低磷水平下南美蟛蜞菊的生长及其对蟛蜞菊的竞争能力。【结论】丛枝菌根真菌能够促进南美蟛蜞菊的生长,增强其对本地植物的竞争优势,该效应很可能对外来植物南美蟛蜞菊的成功入侵产生一定的作用。     

土壤微生物增强了外来植物紫茎泽兰对本地植物种的竞争力

【Background】The soil microbial community plays an important role in plant establishment, growth and nutrition. Invasion success may be linked to plant microbe interactions. 【Method】Under glasshouse conditions, we compared the effect of soil microbial communities to the growth and interactions between the exotic weed Ageratina adenophora and native plants. The microbial communities were from soil invaded by A.adenophora (IS) vs. that dominated by native weeds (NS). 【Result】A.adenophora which received inoculum from IS had higher arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate than that from NS, especially when Medicago falcata or Setaria viridis grew near A.adenophora. Microbial inoculum from IS accelerated the growth of A.adenophora, when planted in polyculture with the native plant S.viridis, but the native species growth was not affected. A.adenophora, receiving an inoculum from IS, inhibited the growth of its two neighboring native species, while no such effect was observed when using inoculum from NS. A.adenophora responded positively to the inoculum taken from IS in all planting combinations, but responded negatively to inoculum from NS both in monoculture and in polyculture with M.falcata. 【Conclusion and significance】Soil microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi present in soil in the rhizosphere of A.adenophora enhanced the competiveness of this invasive weed against native species, which may be an important invasion mechanism of exotic plants.     

入侵植物与丛枝菌根真菌的相互作用

入侵植物的入侵改变了入侵地生物群落的结构,导致生物多样性的丧失.丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为陆地生态系统中土壤微生物普遍的组成部分,它的种类和组成能够影响入侵植物的生长表现.这种真菌与寄主(入侵植物)特殊的关系也暗示了AMF能够影响入侵植物的入侵.反之,入侵植物的入侵同样也会影响AMF的群落结构和功能.本文在简要总结我国入侵植物种类及其危害的基础上,着重探讨了AMF与入侵植物入侵之间的关系,即AMF对入侵植物入侵过程中的作用、入侵植物入侵后如何影响AMF以及两者之间的相互作用机制.     

Effects of leachates of the invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) on soil microbial community

The invasive plant Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) changed soil microbial communities in the invaded area to facilitate its growth and inhibit native plants. However, little is known about the driving forces underlying the alteration of soil biota. Leachates from root and aerial part (stem and leaves) of A. adenophora were mixed into soil to imitate field invasion processes for evaluation of its impact on invasion of soil microbial community. The results indicated that soil microbial community was significantly changed when the soil taken from the newly-invaded area was treated with A. adenophora root and aerial part leachates for 3 and 5 weeks, respectively. The biota of newly invaded soil treated with concentration of 100 mg/mL A.adenophora leachates was much closer to that of heavily invaded soil, but was significantly different from that of control soil (newly invaded soil without treatment). A.adenophora leachates promoted growth of the seven dominant rhizosphere bacterial species in the invaded soil. The effect of A.adenophora leachates on soil biota and dominant rhizosphere bacteria was positively correlated with the concentration of leachates, however, the effect of root leachates was stronger than the aerial part leachates. It is assumed that A.adenophora change soil microbial community via nutritional and chemical communication, which helps it in better colonization of the invaded soil.     

盐渍化土壤根际微生物群落及土壤因子对AM真菌的影响

为探明盐渍化土壤影响下AM真菌与根际土壤间的关系,试验选取宁夏碱化龟裂土、草甸盐土、盐化灌淤土3种类型4个样地上典型植被群落,测定了植物根际土壤养分含量、微生物群落结构、AM真菌侵染率以及孢子密度。结果显示:盐渍化土壤根际微生物碳源利用类型显著不同,对芳香类化合物的代谢能力整体较弱;红寺堡草甸盐土上微生物优势群落为氨基酸代谢类群,惠农盐化灌淤土为多聚化合物代谢群,西大滩碱化龟裂土为碳水化合物代谢群。AM真菌孢子密度与微生物碳源代谢群间的关系比较复杂。其中,惠农样点根际土壤孢子密度与多聚化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关,西大滩地区孢子密度与碳水化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关。土壤有机质、全盐、全氮、碱解氮等土壤肥力因子及土壤中的HCO-3、Na+、Cl-等盐基离子含量能解释AM真菌孢子密度与土壤环境因子之间相互关系的大部分信息。较高的HCO-3浓度促进了AM真菌侵染率的提高,但高盐浓度下Na+和Cl-降低了菌根侵染率。土壤对AM真菌孢子密度、侵染率的影响因土壤盐分组成类型的不同而异。研究结果为深入了解AM真菌多样性,促进宁夏盐碱地的合理开发与利用提供了理论依据。     

桉树种植对林地土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落结构及多样性的影响

桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)种植所产生的生态争议已受到广泛关注。丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, AM真菌)是土壤微生物的重要组成部分,与根系共生后可促进植物的养分运输、提高植物逆境生存能力等。然而,桉树种植对土壤AM真菌群落结构和功能的影响尚不清楚。研究比较了次生林改种桉树后不同年限(2年/5年/10年)的土壤理化性质、AM真菌种类、群落组成及多样性的变化。结果表明,桉树种植显著改变了土壤理化性质,具体表现为2年生和10年生桉树林中土壤pH和有机碳显著降低(P0.05);AM真菌的孢子密度在桉树林土壤中显著低于次生林土壤(其中在5年生土壤中最低);AM真菌的种丰度随种植年份的增加逐渐下降,在10年生桉树林土壤中有所恢复; 5年生桉树的菌根侵染率最高,10年生桉树侵染率最低。AM真菌群落组成和结构发生显著变化,优势种Funneliforms geosporus的丰度在2年生和10年生林地中显著降低;而Septoglomus deserticola的丰度在2年生和10年生林地中显著增加。另外,冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)结果表明,土壤AM真菌群落结构主要受土壤pH值(解释率:89.88%)变化的影响。研究揭示了次生林改种桉树林后土壤AM真菌的群落变化特征,为桉树林的栽培管理和环境修复提供了数据支撑。     

紫茎泽兰种子形态特征和萌发特性与其入侵性的关系

利用纸皿法在不同条件下比较研究了紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)和3种同亚族本地植物种子萌发特性,同时比较了种子大小等形态特性,探讨了种子形态特征和萌发特性与紫茎泽兰成功入侵的关系。紫茎泽兰种子重量、长度、宽度以及冠毛长度均小于3种本地植物;在不同的释放高度下,紫茎泽兰种子的沉降速度低于本地植物。紫茎泽兰种子萌发温度范围广,在亚适宜的低温下,萌发率和萌发指数均高于本地植物白头婆和水泽兰。紫茎泽兰种子萌发对水和盐胁迫响应更强烈,但在适宜条件下,紫茎泽兰种子的萌发率和萌发速度均显著高于3种本地植物。这些特性可能与紫茎泽兰的入侵性有关。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and soil water characteristics of vertisols

The influence of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) on soil water characteristics of fast and slowly wetted vertisol samples was studied. Vertisols characteristically have a low stability to wetting, and the disruption of their larger pores when they swell leads to reduced water infiltration and thereby to runoff. The degree of aggregate breakdown determines the ability of the soil to drain. A vertisol was used in this pot experiment with four treatments: T₁: Pasteurized soil, T₃: Pasteurized soil, with plants, T₄: Inoculated, pasteurized soil, with plants, T₅: Unpasteurized soil, with plants. A treatment using inoculated, pasteurized soil (T₂) was included in a related study (Bearden and Petersen, 2000) comparing aggregate stability, and the present study follows the same numbering to aid in comparison of experiments. After fast, disruptive wetting, the soil inoculated with AM fungi (T₄) was found to have a lower soil water content than did the soils from the other treatments at matric potentials lower than –3.92 kPa. This indicates greater drainage from pores smaller than 75 m for the soil inoculated with AM fungi, and the greater drainage appears to be directly related to a characteristic pore range between 67 and 75 m. The soil without plants (T₁), when wetted fast, had a lower soil water content at matric potentials higher than –3.92 kPa than soils from the other treatments, which indicates less pore volume due to pores larger than 75 m in the treatment without plants. The pore indexes, calculated as the ratio between the slope of the fast and the slope of the slowly-wetted water characteristics, generally had the highest values for the soil inoculated with AM fungi (T₄) from matric potential 0.00 to –0.29 kPa. In this matric potential range, the pore indexes were less than one. The unpasteurized soil with naturally present AM fungi (T₅) generally had the highest pore indexes from matric potential –0.49 to –3.92 kPa, and the pore indexes in this matric potential range were above one. These results indicate the smallest loss of very large pores in the soil inoculated with AM fungi (T₄) and the largest gain of smaller sized pores in the unpasteurized soil (T₅). This suggests that the resistance to breakdown of the largest pores is related to the presence of roots, and that the gain of groups of smaller pores is related to the presence of hyphae.     

城市生态系统中丛枝菌根真菌侵染状况及群落特征

作者采集了北京、青岛、济南、南京、武汉和贵阳6个城市中部分大学校园高羊茅Festuca elata、城内公园大叶黄杨Euonymus japonicus及郊区公园连翘Forsythia suspensa根区土样,测定菌根着生状况和丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）AM真菌孢子密度,形态鉴定AM真菌种类,测定AM真菌种丰度、多样性指数及群落结构等。除从北京中国人民大学校园草坪和南京下马坊公园的大叶黄杨根系上未见丛枝结构外,其他根系样品均观测到典型的丛枝和泡囊结构,丛枝着生率较低,且多为A-型。各城市大多数样品的菌根总侵染率、丛枝着生率和泡囊数分别低于40%、5%和1/mm。北京中国人民大学草坪根系菌根总侵染率显著低于其他城市校区的。除北京香山的连翘和济南山东大学的高羊茅上的种丰度、Shannon指数、以及北京紫竹院公园大叶黄杨上的孢子密度之外,青岛市的3种植物上AM真菌的孢子密度、种丰度和Shannon指数均高于其他城市的。各校园草坪中相同的AM真菌种类较少,但放射球囊霉Glomus radiatum分布频率100%,为校园草坪中的优势种。城市公园以青岛中山公园的AM真菌的孢子密度和种丰度最高;郊区公园以贵阳黔灵山的孢子密度、种丰度和Shannon指数最高,武汉狮子山的种丰度和Shannon指数最低。土壤氮沉降与泡囊数量呈显著负相关,土壤压实程度与泡囊数量呈显著正相关。大叶黄杨根区土壤中AM真菌种丰度与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,Shannon指数与土壤pH呈显著正相关。结论认为,中国不同城市生态系统中AM真菌群落结构差异较大,氮沉降和土壤压实程度对根内泡囊数量具有不同的影响。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and aggregate stability of a vertisol

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on aggregate stability of a semi-arid Indian vertisol was studied in a pot experiment in which Sorghum bicolor (L.) was grown as test plant for 10 weeks. Pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi was studied with pasteurized and unpasteurized soils as references. A part of the soil in each pot was placed in nylon mesh bags to separate effects of roots and hyphae. The sorghum plants were planted outside the mesh bags which permitted AM hyphae to enter while excluding roots. Aggregate stability of the soil was determined by wet-sieving and turbidimetric measurements. Development of the AM fungi was quantified as colonized root length and external hyphal length. Soil exposed to growth of roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed aggregates with larger geometric mean diameter (GMD) in pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi than in pasteurized uninoculated soil. There was no significant difference in GMD of the inoculated, pasteurized soil and the unpasteurized soil. No significant effects of inoculation or plant growth were found in pasteurized soil exposed to hyphal growth only (inside the mesh bags). However, the unpasteurized soil had significantly higher GMD than the pasteurized soil, irrespective of plants and inoculum. Turbidimetric measurements of soil exposed to roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed the highest aggregate stability for the inoculated pasteurized soil. These results demonstrate that AM fungi contribute to the stabilization of soil aggregates in a vertisol, and that the effect is significant after only one growing season. The effect was associated with both AM hyphae and the stimulation of root growth by AM fungi. The contribution from plant roots and AM hyphae to aggregate stability of different size fractions is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.