退耕还林地桦木林生态系统碳素密度、贮量与空间分布

对退耕还林5年生的桦木林生物量、碳素密度、碳贮量及其空间分布进行测定。结果表明,桦木各器官的碳素密度在0.4519~0.5137gC.g-1,排列顺序为枝>干>叶>根颈>粗根>中根>细根;死地被物层的碳素含量为0.3953gC.g-1,土壤平均碳素密度为0.0150gC.g-1,随土层深度的增加,各层次土壤碳素密度呈逐渐减少的趋势;桦木林生态系统总的碳贮量为127.9298tC.hm-2,其中乔木层为21.9282tC.hm-2,占整个生态系统的17.14%,死地被物为0.3401tC.hm-2,占0.27%,林地土壤(0~60cm)为105.6615tC.hm-2,占82.59%;桦木各器官的碳贮量与其生物量成正比例的关系,树干的生物量最大,其碳贮量也最大,占乔木层碳贮量的57.33%;5年生桦木林年净生产力为8.9912t.hm-2.a-1,有机碳年固定量为4.4537tC.hm-2.a-1。较之退耕前,桦木林生态系统碳贮量增加15.4797t.hm-2。     

亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程中生物量和材积动态研究

研究了近70年不同林龄亚高山人工云杉林的地上部分生物量及材积变化规律．结果表明,20年林龄前的云杉单株生物量增长缓慢,以小枝和叶生长为主,约占50％;20年以后,单株生物量增长加快,以树干积累为主,大体上超过60％;30年后增长速度相对减慢,自40年开始并保持快速增长．云杉种群生物量表现出类似的增长,但林龄在30至50年间增长速度减慢．群落生物量总体上持续增长,但灌木层生物量在初期快速增长,从20年林龄后逐渐减少;草本层生物量则一直减少,到70年时仅占不足0．2％．在近70年人工恢复过程中,云杉单株材积平均生长量和连年生长量都逐渐增大,越在后期生长越迅速;林分蓄积则在30至50年林龄之间有一段连年生长量相对减小的时期．根据树干解析资料,建立了70年人工云杉林的单株材积与胸径和树高的数学模型．     

长白落叶松人工林乔木层生物量分布特征及其固碳能力研究

基于8~56 a长白落叶松人工林样地生物量调查数据,建立了长白落叶松林各器官生物量模型,探讨了不同林龄长白落叶松人工林干材、树皮、树枝、树叶、树根的生物量分布与变化规律及单木与林分乔木层的固碳能力。结果表明:随着林龄的增大,长白落叶松人工林林木及各器官生物量均呈现不同程度的增加趋势,单株木生物量由8 a时的0.174 kg增加至56 a时的328.196 kg,林分乔木层生物量由8 a时的0.519 t·hm-2增加至56 a时的251.39 t·hm-2,其中树干所占比例最大,且增幅最大。长白落叶松人工林单木平均碳储量为74.822 kg,56 a林分乔木层碳密度为130.455 t·hm-2,平均碳密度达63.113 t·hm-2,各器官碳储量变化规律明显。长白落叶松人工林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林林分乔木层的年平均固碳量分别为0.087、1.193、1.703、2.124 t·hm-2,固碳量年平均增长率排序为中龄林幼龄林成熟林近熟林。研究认为,长白落叶松人工林单株木及林分各器官生物量随林龄增加具有明显的变化规律,成熟林分固碳水平最高,中龄林分后期固碳潜力最大。     

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林碳储量及分配格局

利用桂东南桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)主产区5个不同林龄(1a、2a、3a、5a和8a)15个样点45个样地调查数据,分析桂东南尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)人工林的碳格局及其动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)尾巨桉人工林生态系统总碳储量表现为3a林龄(195.25t·hm-2)5a林龄(169.57t·hm-2)8a林龄(166.70t·hm-2)2a林龄(165.00t·hm-2)1a林龄(111.84t·hm-2);不同林龄碳储量分布格局均为土壤层植被层凋落物层,地下部分地上部分;其中植被层为4.87~80.54t·hm-2,占总碳储量的4.36%~48.31%,随林龄的增加而增加;凋落物层为0.92~3.25t·hm-2,占0.82%~1.91%,随林龄增加呈递减趋势;土壤层为3a林龄(162.53t·hm-2,83.24%)2a林龄(141.55t·hm-2,85.79%)5a林龄(112.26t·hm-2,60.22%)1a林龄(106.05t·hm-2,94.82%)8a林龄(84.50t·hm-2,50.69%)。(2)植被层碳储量以乔木层最大(3.10~78.97t·hm-2),占63.64%~99.25%,其中乔木层各器官碳储量以树干最大(1.58~68.84t·hm-2),占乔木层碳储量的50.90%~87.18%,随林龄的增加而增加,枝、叶、根分别占4.97%~12.17%、1.97%~22.36%和5.87%~14.57%,均随林龄而下降。(3)桂东南尾巨桉人工林生态系统年净固碳量平均为11.73t·hm-2·a-1,2a林龄(16.03t·hm-2·a-1)最大,3a林龄的固碳能力也很高,8a林龄年净固碳量与5a林龄持平,高达11.96t·hm-2·a-1,是较好的碳汇林业树种。提高桉树林的生态服务功能、降低其负面效应将有利于桉树人工林生产的发展。     

不同林龄长白落叶松人工林碳储量

基于7—41 a长白落叶松人工林样地生物量调查,探讨了不同发育阶段长白落叶松人工林碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明:随林龄的增大,长白落叶松人工林林木和各器官生物量增加,树干所占比例增加,生物量转换因子(BEF)、根茎比(R)等参数分布正常。林下植被层、倒落木质物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是:乔木层倒落木质物层林下植被层。未成林期、幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林群落的碳储分别为6.585、66.934、90.019、125.103、162.683t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为3.254、58.521、78.086、108.02、138.096 t.hm-2,倒落木质物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为10.859、1.988 t.hm-2。乔木层、倒落木质物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均比率分别为85.99%、2.17%和11.85%。在不同发育阶段群落和乔木层碳储量的年生产力呈先降后升的变化趋势,中龄林的碳储量累积速率高于幼龄林及成熟林,碳素年固定量分别为0.940、3.889、3.615、3.628、3.968 t.hm-2,乔木层年生产力分别为0.465、3.39、3.137、3.133、3.368 t.hm-2。林下植被层年生产力呈"U"形变化,平均值为0.079 t.hm-2。倒落木质物层的年生产力呈线性增长,平均值为0.423 t.hm-2。研究认为长白落叶松人工林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大。     

西双版纳热带次生林生物量的初步研究

 本文采用“空间代替时间”和维量分析的方法研究了西双版纳热带次生林4块不同年龄林分的生物量,并详细分析了热带次生林在演替初期阶段生物量的变化趋势。结果表明：林分总生物量随林龄而增加,5年生林分的总生物量为41.932t·hm-2,10年生林分的总生物量为52.116t·hm-2,14年生林分的总生物量为88.284t·hm-2,22年生林分的总生物量为113.743t·hm-2。林分生物量的层次分配比例以乔木层所占的比例最大,占4/5以上,随林龄而增加;灌木层增长到14年生林分后又下降,草本层随林龄而递减,层间植物则上升。生物量的器官分配比例以干材所占的比例最大,占1/2以上,随林龄而递增;而枝、根和叶的生物量分配比例则随林龄而下降。并建立了4个林分主要优势种及乔木层器官生物量的回归模型。     

中国南方3种主要人工林生物量和生产力的动态变化

基于中国南方杉木、马尾松、桉树3种主要人工林的幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林5个不同年龄各3块1000 m2样地(共计45块)的建立和调查,采用样木回归分析法(乔木层)和样方收获法(灌木层、草本层、地上凋落物)获取不同林型不同林龄径级样木和其它基本数据,探讨了3种人工林各组分各层次林分生物量和生产力的分配特征及随林龄的变化规律,结果表明,林分生物量和生产力与林龄密切相关,增长模型的拟合度均较高,相关显著;杉木、马尾松、桉树人工林的生物量随林龄的增长呈增加趋势,成熟林的生物量分别为192.30、191.53、105.77 Mg/hm2,其中活体植物分别占95.76%—98.39%、75.01%—99.14%、85.60%—97.61%;生物量的层次分配乔木层占绝对优势,并随年龄而增加,其它层次所占比例较小,总体趋势为凋落物草本层灌木层;乔木层的器官分配以干所占比例最高,杉木、马尾松、桉树分别占54.89%—75.97%、49.93%—83.10%、51.07%—98.48%,随年龄的增加而增加,根的比例次之,枝叶所占比例较小,随林龄而下降;灌木层器官分配以枝的相对生物量较大,草本层的地上和地下分配规律不明显;与其它森林类型相比,杉木和马尾松的生物量处于中上游水平,桉树的生物量较低,但3种人工林的生产力均很高,分别为12.37、8.98、21.10 Mg hm-2a-1,均是光合效率高、固碳潜力大的中国南方速生丰产优良造林树种。     

三峡库区植被生物量和生产力的估算及分布格局

三峡工程对三峡库区的生态环境将会产生巨大影响,对库区生物量和生产力的本底研究具有重要的科学意义和历史价值.以108块临时样地及森林资源清查数据为基础,对三峡库区植被生物量和生产力进行估算,结果表明:(1)三峡库区植被总生物量和年生产力分别为1.17×108t、1.77×107t,占全国森林植被的0.91%和3.62%,均高于全国平均水平;(2)三峡库区马尾松林生物总量最多,达到4.14×107t,常绿阔叶林单位面积生物量最高,为85.60t hm-2;(3)竹林的NPP最高,为10.10t a-1 hm-2,柏木林最低,仅为4.21t a-1 hm-2;(4)三峡库区植被平均生物量和NPP均呈现"东高西低,北高南低"的分布格局,与经纬度没有明显相关性;(5)森林植被平均生物量随着海拔上升而增加,在海拔为1500～1800m范围内达到最大值59.05t hm-2,随后迅速下降.(6)NPP随海拔变化呈现"先减后增随后又减"的规律,最大值出现在900～1200m区段,为7.07t a-1 hm-2;(7)库区海拔在300～1500m间的森林植被总生物量和总生产力分别为8.15×107t和10.38×106t a-1,占整个库区的83.58%和83.83%.     

西双版纳橡胶林的生物量及其模型

利用30株不同年龄和径阶的橡胶树样木数据,建立了以胸径(D)和胸径的平方乘以树高(D2H)为自变量的生物量回归模型.根据所建立的生物量回归模型,推算了15个1000 m2不同林龄橡胶林的生物量,并分析了其组成和分配特征及不同林龄生物量的变化趋势.林分的总生物量随林龄而增加,7、13、19、25和47年生橡胶林生物量分别为23.98、66.90、150.37、171.12和250.21 t·hm-2.生物量的器官分配以干材所占的比例最大,占50%以上,并随林龄而递增;枝生物量所占比例也随着林龄的增加而增大;叶和根的生物量所占比例则随林龄呈下降趋势.橡胶林生物量远低于本地区的热带季节雨林和石灰山季雨林,但高于本地区的热带次生林及其他热带地区年龄相近的人工林.     

贡嘎山森林生物量和生产力的研究

对贡嘎山苞槲柯、香桦林,铁杉、槭、桦杉,峨眉冷杉林Ⅰ,峨眉冷杉林Ⅱ和鳞皮冷杉林的生物量和生产力进行了研究。它们的生物量分别是220．082t·hm-2、568．008t·hm－2、544．519t·hm-2、282．558t·hm-2和279．819t·hm－2;它们的生产力分别是9．962t·hm-2·a-1、10．067t·hm－2·a－1、12．936t·hm-2·a-1、4．692t·hm-2·a-1和1．389t·hm-2·a－1。通过对贡嘎山森林生物量和生产力与生态因素的相关分析表明,年降水量是制约森林生物量和生产力的主导因子。     

An Analysis of Vegetation Restoration on Opencast Oil Shale Mines in Estonia

We compared four types of 30‐year‐old forest stands growing on spoil of opencast oil shale mines in Estonia. The stand types were: (1) natural stands formed by spontaneous succession, and plantations of (2) Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), (3) Betula pendula (silver birch), and (4) Alnus glutinosa (European black alder). In all stands we measured properties of the tree layer (species richness, stand density, and volume of growing stock), understory (density and species richness of shrubs and tree saplings), and ground vegetation (aboveground biomass, species richness, and species diversity). The tree layer was most diverse though sparse in the natural stands. Understory species richness per 100‐m² plot was highest in the natural stand, but total stand richness was equal in the natural and alder stands, which were higher than the birch and pine stands. The understory sapling density was lower than 50 saplings/100 m² in the plantations, while it varied between 50 and 180 saplings/100 m² in the natural stands. Growing stock volume was the least in natural stands and greatest in birch stands. The aboveground biomass of ground vegetation was highest in alder stands and lowest in the pine stands. We can conclude that spontaneous succession promotes establishment of diverse vegetation. In plantations the establishment of diverse ground vegetation depends on planted tree species.     

Carbon Accumulation Patterns During Post-Fire Succession in Cajander Larch (Larix cajanderi) Forests of Siberia

Increased fire activity within boreal forests could affect global terrestrial carbon (C) stocks by decreasing stand age or altering tree recruitment, leading to patterns of forest regrowth that differ from those of pre-fire stands. To improve our understanding of post-fire C accumulation patterns within boreal forests, we evaluated above- and belowground C pools within 17 Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi) stands of northeastern Siberia that varied in both years since fire and stand density. Early-successional stands (<20-year old) exhibited low larch recruitment, and consequently, low density, aboveground larch biomass, and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP_tree). Mid-successional stands (21- to 70-year old) were even-aged with considerable variability in stand density. High-density mid-successional stands had 21 times faster rates of ANPP_tree than low-density stands (252 vs. 12?g?C?m^?2?y^?1) and 26 times more C in aboveground larch biomass (2,186 vs. 85?g?C?m^?2). Density had little effect on total soil C pools. During late-succession (>70-year old), aboveground larch biomass, ANPP_tree, and soil organic layer C pools increased with stand age. These stands were low density and multi-aged, containing both mature trees and new recruits. The rapid accumulation of aboveground larch biomass in high-density, mid-successional stands allowed them to obtain C stocks similar to those in much older low-density stands (~8,000?g?C?m^?2). If fire frequency increases without altering stand density, landscape-level C storage could decline, but if larch density also increases, large aboveground C pools within high-density stands could compensate for a shorter successional cycle.     

基于年轮分析的不同恢复途径下森林乔木层生物量和蓄积量的动态变化

基于树木年轮学与标准地调查法, 研究了川西亚高山林区3种恢复森林类型生物量、蓄积量及生产力动态变化特征, 旨在尝试年轮学在森林生长过程反演中的运用, 并探索不同恢复模式下森林生物量和蓄积量的动态变化。结果表明, 不同恢复类型发育至20年以后, 均进入生长加速期, 平均胸径间差异逐渐显著, 人工云杉(Picea asperata)林胸径增长最快, 明显高于天然恢复的次生桦木(Betula spp.)林和次生针阔混交林。在恢复过程中, 次生针阔混交林一直保持最高的林分平均地上生物量与林分蓄积量, 其地上平均生物量一直显著高于人工云杉林(p < 0.05), 在20年以后显著高于次生桦木林(p < 0.05)。与人工云杉林相比, 次生桦木林在25年前具有相对较高的生物量, 而在25年之后则低于人工云杉林。在0-20年桦木林林分蓄积量略高于云杉林, 而20年以后, 云杉林蓄积量则超过桦木林。不同恢复类型的生产力大小对比显示, 30年之前, 次生针阔混交林>次生桦木林>人工云杉林, 30年之后, 针阔混交林生产力仍然最高, 而人工云杉林则超过次生桦木林。川西林区次生针阔混交林恢复模式在生物量和蓄积量积累方面均具有显著优势。     

Aboveground net production and dry matter allocation ofPinus pumila forests in the Kiso mountain range,central Japan

Aboveground net production rates of the subalpine stone pine (Pinus pumila) forests in central Japan were estimated by the summation method; net production was defined as the sum of annual biomass increment and annual loss due to death. In the two pine stands of different scrub heights, P1 (200 cm) and P2 (140 cm), aboveground biomass reached 177 and 126 ton ha⁻¹, respectively. Leaf biomass was about 14 ton ha⁻¹ in each stand. The estimates of aboveground net production during the 2 year period (1987–1989) averaged 4.1 and 3.7 ton ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in P1 and P2, respectively, which were at the lowest among the pine forests in the world. Two indices of efficiency of energy fixation, that is, the ratio of net production to the total radiation during a growing season and the ratio of net production to total radiation per unit of leaf weight, were evaluated. Both efficiency indices for the twoP. pumila stands fell in the range obtained for other Japanese evergreen conifer forests. This suggested that the low annual net production of the stone pine stands were mainly due to a limitation in the length of the growing season. The pine forests were also characterized by a small allocation (about 17%) of aboveground net production into biomass increment, in comparison with other evergreen conifer forest types. Annual net carbon gain in theP. pumila forests was suggested to be largely invested in leaf production at the expense of the growth of woody parts.     

Allocation of carbon in a mature eucalypt forest and some effects of soil phosphorus availability

Pools and annual fluxes of carbon (C) were estimated for a mature Eucalyptus pauciflora (snowgum) forest with and without phosphorus (P) fertilizer addition to determine the effect of soil P availability on allocation of C in the stand. Aboveground biomass was estimated from allometric equations relating stem and branch diameters of individual trees to their biomass. Biomass production was calculated from annual increments in tree diameters and measurements of litterfall. Maintenance and construction respiration were calculated for each component using equations given by Ryan (1991a). Total belowground C flux was estimated from measurements of annual soil CO₂ efflux less the C content of annual litterfall (assuming forest floor and soil C were at approximate steady state for the year that soil CO₂ efflux was measured). The total C content of the standing biomass of the unfertilized stand was 138 t ha^-1, with approximately 80% aboveground and 20% belowground. Forest floor C was 8.5 t ha^-1. Soil C content (0–1 m) was 369 t ha^-1 representing 70% of the total C pool in the ecosystem. Total gross annual C flux aboveground (biomass increment plus litterfall plus respiration) was 11.9 t ha^-1 and gross flux belowground (coarse root increment plus fine root production plus root respiration) was 5.1 t ha^-1. Total annual soil efflux was 7.1 t ha^-1, of which 2.5 t ha^-1 (35%) was contributed by litter decomposition.The short-term effect of changing the availability of P compared with C on allocation to aboveground versus belowground processes was estimated by comparing fertilized and unfertilized stands during the year after treatment. In the P-fertilized stand annual wood biomass increment increased by 30%, there was no evidence of change in canopy biomass, and belowground C allocation decreased by 19% relative to the unfertilized stand. Total annual C flux was 16.97 and 16.75 t ha^-1 yr^-1 and the ratio of below- to aboveground C allocation was 0.43 and 0.35 in the unfertilized and P-fertilized stands, respectively. Therefore, the major response of the forest stand to increased soil P availability appeared to be a shift in C allocation; with little change in total productivity. These results emphasise that both growth rate and allocation need to be estimated to predict changes in fluxes and storage of C in forests that may occur in response to disturbance or climate change.     

Aboveground Net Primary Production and Leaf-Area Index in Early Postfire Vegetation in Yellowstone National Park

Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and leaf-area index (LAI) of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.) saplings and aboveground productivity of herbaceous vegetation components were determined 9 years after the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Measurements were made in four sites representing a wide range of early postfire vegetation present in YNP, including high-density lodgepole pine, low-density lodgepole pine, and two nonforest stands. LAI of the pine saplings and total ANPP (trees plus herbs) generally increased with increasing sapling density, from 0.002 m² m^{− 2} and 0.25 Mg ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} in the infertile nonforest stand (100 pine saplings ha^{− 1}) to 1.8 m² m^{− 2} and 4.01 Mg ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} in the high-density pine stand (62,800 saplings ha^{− 1}). Aboveground herbaceous productivity was not strongly correlated with sapling density, but appeared to be influenced by soil fertility. In the high-density pine stand, tree ANPP and LAI were within the lower range of values reported for similar mature coniferous forests. This finding suggests that at least some ecosystem processes (related to ANPP and LAI) may have nearly recovered after only 9 years of postfire succession, in at least some of the young forests developing after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Received 7 April 1998; accepted 1 December 1998.     

Allometry and biomass of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) in central Korea

Aboveground tree biomass of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) was determined for a natural forest of Korean pine and mixed deciduous trees and seven age classes of plantation forests in central Korea. Regression analyses of the dry weights of stem wood, stem bark, branches, and needles versus diameter at breast height were used to calculate regression equations of the form of log Y = a + b log X. Biomass of Korean pine in the mixed forest was 118 Mg ha(-1), and biomass in the plantations was linearly related to stand age, ranging from 52.3 Mg ha(-1) in 11 to 20-year-old stands to 317.9 Mg ha(-1) in 71 to 80-year-old stands. The proportions of stem wood and stem bark in the total aboveground biomass decreased with stand age while those of branch and needle increased. Specific leaf area of Korean pine ranging from 35.2 to 52.1 cm2 g(-1) was significantly different among crown positions and needle ages; in general, lower crown position and current needles had the greatest surface area per unit dry weight.     

Pattern of carbon allocation across three different stages of stand development of a Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest

The pattern of carbon (C) allocation across different stages of stand development of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forests is poorly documented. In order to understand the effects of stand age on the C pool of the Chinese pine forest ecosystem, we have examined the above- and belowground C pools in three differently aged stands of Chinese pine in the northern mountains of Beijing, China, by plot-level inventories and destructive sampling. Our results suggest that tree branch and foliage biomass should be estimated by age-specific equations. Reasonably accurate estimates of tree stem, tree root, aboveground, and total tree biomass in a Chinese pine forest at different development stages were obtained using age-independent allometric equations from tree diameter only. The ratio of belowground to aboveground tree biomass was relatively constant with stand aging, remaining around 21?%. The contribution of aboveground tree biomass C increased from 21?% of the total ecosystem C in a 25-year-old stand to 44?% in a 65-year-old stand, subsequently falling to 41?% in a 105-year-old stand, while the contribution of mineral soil C decreased from 64?% of the total ecosystem C in 25-year-old stand to 38?% in a 65-year-old stand, subsequently increasing to 41?% in a 105-year-old stand. The C stock of the total ecosystem and its aboveground tree, tree root, forest floor, and mineral soil components continuously increased with stand ageing, whereas the C stock of the understory showed a declining trend and contributed little to the total site C pool.