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1.
中国省级火电供应生命周期清单分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
应用生命周期评价方法,建立了我国各省区的火电供应生命周期清单。清单分析结果表明,我国各省区单位火电供应的生命周期清单之间,及与全国单位火电供应的生命周期清单之间均存在一定差异,以总能源投入和全球变暖潜值为例进行了分析。在全球变暖潜值方面,我国单位火电供应的平均值为1.05kg/k Wh。云南等15个省区的单位火电全球变暖潜值与全国平均水平相差±10%以上。如果基于全国单位火电供应的平均全球变暖潜值计算各省火电总量全球变暖潜值,与基于各省单位火电全球变暖潜值计算的结果相比,也存在一定的差距。15个省区与基于全国平均值计算的结果相差±10%以上,表明了核算各省区火电清单的必要性。中国省级火电供应生命周期清单为省区级别的材料、产品、产业等生命周期评价提供数据支撑,也为各省区电力节能减排提供了理论基础。 相似文献
2.
Life cycle inventory of medium density fibreboard 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Beatriz Rivela Ma Teresa Moreira Gumersindo Feijoo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(3):143-150
Goal, Scope and Background Wood is the most important renewable material. The management of wood appears to be a key action to optimise the use of resources
and to reduce the environmental impact associated with mankind’s activities. Wood-based products must be analysed considering
the two-fold nature of wood, commonly used as a renewable material or regenerative fuel. Relevant, up-to-date environmental
data are needed to allow the analysis of wood-based products. The main focus of this study is to provide comprehensive data
of one key wood board industry such as the Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF). Moreover, the influence of factors with strong
geographical dependence, such as the electricity profile and final transport of the product, is analysed.
In this work, International Organization for Standardization standards (ISO 14040-43) and Ecoindicator 99 methodology have
been considered to quantify the potential environmental impact associated to the system under study. Three factories, considered
representative of the ‘state of art’, were selected to study the process in detail: two Spanish factories and a Chilean one,
with a process production of around 150,000 m3 per year. The system boundaries included all the activities taking place into the factory as well as the activities linked
to the production of the main chemicals used in the process, energy inputs and transport. All the data related to the inputs
and outputs of the process were obtained by on-site measurements during a one-year period. A sensitive analysis was carried
out taking into account the influence of the final transport of the product and the dependence on the electricity generation
profile.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis LCI methodology has been used for the quantification of the impacts of the MDF manufacture. The process chain can be subdivided
in three main subsystems: wood preparation, board shaping and board finishing. The final transport of the product was studied
as a different subsystem, considering scenarios from local to transoceanic distribution and three scenarios of electricity
generation profile were assessed. The system was characterised with Ecoindicator 99 methodology (hierarchic version) in order
to identify the ‘hot spots’. Damage to Human Health, Ecosystem Quality and Resources are mainly produced by the subsystem
of Wood Preparation (91.1%, 94.8% and 94.1%, respectively). The contribution of the subsystem of Board Finishing is considerably
lower, but also significant, standing for the 5.8% of the damage to HH and 5.5% of the damage to Resources.
Condusions With the final aim of creating a database of wood board manufacture, this work was focused in the identification and characterisation
of one of the most important wood-based products: Medium Density Fibreboard. Special attention has been paid in the inventory
analysis stage of the MDF industry. The results of the sensitive analysis showed a significant influence of both the final
transport of the product and the electricity generation profile. Thus, the location of MDF process is of paramount importance,
as both aspects have considerable site-dependence.
Recommendations and Perspectives Research continues to be conducted to identify the environmental burdens associated to the materials of extended use. In this
sense, future work can be focused on the comparison of different materials for specific applications. 相似文献
3.
Anna Lúcia Mourad Leda Coltro Paula A. P. L. V. Oliveira Rojane M. Kletecke José Paulo O. A. Baddini 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(6):408-413
Goal, Scope and Background A methodological approach for representing agricultural products in terms of life cycle inventory is suggested in this paper.
This approach was developed during the conduction of an LCA study for two perennial crops of important Brazilian exportation
products: green coffee and orange juice, which included tillage cultivation by commercial farms, harvest, as well as product
processing when pertinent.
The published papers on agricultural products LCA usually discuss the final results in terms of LCIA, being not very clear
what methodology or principles were applied on the LCI phase. The aim of this paper is to present a simple methodology that
would be employed by different stakeholders as farmers, environment managers and decision makers for evaluating the environmental
performance of their products.
In recent years, many researchers have tried to make a worldwide effort in order to reach comparable results of LCA studies
developed in different countries. So, the proposed methodology has also the aim of isolating the site-dependency of the results
that are not strictly related to the agricultural production. The time coverage suggested is the period can be considered
as an average for the specific tillage under evaluation, usually two crops, since there is a large variation on the inputs
in every other crop, including the higher and subsequent lower productive periods.
Method The functional unit recommended is 1,000 kg of the specific product, being recommended to distinguish the energy used for
the cultivation from that used by the processing stage. There are several specific considerations to transform the data collected
through the questionnaires in an inventory data set of fertilizers (macro and micro nutrients), correctives, fillers and pesticides
further detailed. Water used for chemicals preparation, in the cleaning and processing stages of the harvested crop is also
considered. Land use refers to the area used land for cultivation divided by the medium life period of the tillage.
The stoichiometric balance is performed based on the elementary composition of the products. An average carbohydrate formula
is established for the products considering the relationship among the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contents of them. The carbohydrate
formula (output) is balanced with carbon dioxide and water (inputs) according to the basic principles of the photosynthesis
reaction. The differences among the mineral composition of the products and the total content of these elements (N, P, K,
Ca, Mg and micronutrients elements) for all the crop inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, correctives) are allocated as outputs
of the system. The pesticides is counted in two forms: grouped in classes (herbicide, fungicide, acaricide, bactericide and
inseticide) and specified by the chemical name of the active ingredient.
Results and Discussion A simplified inventory useful for different purposes is generated with the principles described in this paper. The exact fate
of each pesticide, fertilizer or corrective or assumptions can be further associated to impact categories as nutriphication,
human health, natural resources depletion, ecological toxicity, etc. In this approach the mass balance was focused in the
grain or fruit growth and not in the plant or tree as a whole, considering basically the elementary composition of the product
and the photosynthesis principle. Despite agricultural LCAs performed in different countries have been published, neither
of them considers the carbon capture by the agricultural products during their growth.
Conclusions This method is based on well accepted universal principles of stoichiometry applied to the grain or fruit growth. Minimum
estimations were introduced in this approach, which produces ‘clean inventories’, with comparable results between different
studies. The generated inventory can be gradually improved as the understanding about each emission fate is known, producing
a valid methodology for actual and future knowledge about the fate of tillage emissions. The inventory results of this method
can be employed by different stakeholders as farmers, environment managers, decision makers and traders, with valuable environmental
parameters for evaluating the environmental performance of their products and also for introducing improvements on their systems,
without however to exhibit any particular data. 相似文献
4.
Background, Goal and Scope The research presented here represents one part of GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) efforts to identify and improve the life cycle
impact profile of pharmaceutical products. The main goal of this work was to identify and analyze the cradle-to-gate environmental
impacts in the synthesis of a typical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of a
commercial pharmaceutical product is presented as a case study.
Methods Life cycle inventory data were obtained using a modular gate-to-gate methodology developed in partnership with North Carolina
State University (NCSU) while the impact assessment was performed utilizing GSK’s sustainability metrics methodology.
Results and Discussion Major contributors to the environmental footprint of a typical pharmaceutical product were identified. The results of this
study indicate that solvent use accounts for a majority of the potential cradle-to-gate impacts associated with the manufacture
of the commercial pharmaceutical product under study. If spent solvent is incinerated instead of recovered the life-cycle
profile and impacts are considerably increased.
Conclusions This case study provided GSK with key insights into the life-cycle impacts of pharmaceutical products. It also helped to establish
a well-documented approach to using life cycle within GSK and fostered the development of a practical methodology that is
applicable to strategic decision making, internal business processes and other processes and tools. 相似文献
5.
Kelly G. Canter Dale J. Kennedy Douglas C. Montgomery J. Bert Keats W. Matthew Carlyle 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(1):18-26
A screening methodology is presented that utilizes the linear structure within the deterministic life cycle inventory (LCI)
model. The methodology ranks each input data element based upon the amount it contributes toward the final output. The identified
data elements along with their position in the deterministic model are then sorted into descending order based upon their
individual contributions. This enables practitioners and model users to identify those input data elements that contribute
the most in the inventory stage. Percentages of the top ranked data elements are then selected, and their corresponding data
quality index (DQI) value is upgraded in the stochastic LCI model. Monte Carlo computer simulations are obtained and used
to compare the output variance of the original stochastic model with modified stochastic model. The methodology is applied
to four real-world beverage delivery system LCA inventory models for verification. This research assists LCA practitioners
by streamlining the conversion process when converting a deterministic LCI model to a stochastic model form. Model users and
decision-makers can benefit from the reduction in output variance and the increase in ability to discriminate between product
system alternatives. 相似文献
6.
Georgios Pallas Martina G. Vijver Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg Jeroen Guine 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2020,24(1):193-204
Nanomaterials are expected to play an important role in the development of sustainable products. The use of nanomaterials in solar cells has the potential to increase their conversion efficiency. In this study, we performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) for an emerging nanowire‐based solar technology. Two lab‐scale manufacturing routes for the production of nanowire‐based solar cells have been compared—the direct growth of GaInP nanowires on silicon substrate and the growth of InP nanowires on native substrate, peel off, and transfer to silicon substrate. The analysis revealed critical raw materials and processes of the current lab‐scale manufacturing routes such as the use of trifluoromethane (CHF3), gold, and an InP wafer and a stamp, which are used and discarded. The environmental performance of the two production routes under different scenarios has been assessed. The scenarios include the use of an alternative process to reduce the gold requirements—electroplating instead of metallization, recovery of gold, and reuse of the InP wafer and the stamp. A number of suggestions, based on the LCA results—including minimization of the use of gold and further exploration for upscaling of the electroplating process, the increase in the lifetimes of the wafer and the stamp, and the use of fluorine‐free etching materials—have been communicated to the researchers in order to improve the environmental performance of the technology. Finally, the usefulness and limitations of lab‐scale LCA as a tool to guide the sustainable development of emerging technologies are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Troy R. Hawkins Bhawna Singh Guillaume Majeau‐Bettez Anders Hammer Strømman 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2013,17(1):53-64
Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low‐carbon electricity sources offer the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal transportation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem‐shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional and EVs. We develop and provide a transparent life cycle inventory of conventional and electric vehicles and apply our inventory to assess conventional and EVs over a range of impact categories. We find that EVs powered by the present European electricity mix offer a 10% to 24% decrease in global warming potential (GWP) relative to conventional diesel or gasoline vehicles assuming lifetimes of 150,000 km. However, EVs exhibit the potential for significant increases in human toxicity, freshwater eco‐toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and metal depletion impacts, largely emanating from the vehicle supply chain. Results are sensitive to assumptions regarding electricity source, use phase energy consumption, vehicle lifetime, and battery replacement schedules. Because production impacts are more significant for EVs than conventional vehicles, assuming a vehicle lifetime of 200,000 km exaggerates the GWP benefits of EVs to 27% to 29% relative to gasoline vehicles or 17% to 20% relative to diesel. An assumption of 100,000 km decreases the benefit of EVs to 9% to 14% with respect to gasoline vehicles and results in impacts indistinguishable from those of a diesel vehicle. Improving the environmental profile of EVs requires engagement around reducing vehicle production supply chain impacts and promoting clean electricity sources in decision making regarding electricity infrastructure. 相似文献
8.
农业生命周期评价研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为评价产品系统全链条环境影响的有效工具,生命周期评价(LCA)方法已广泛用于工业领域。农业领域也面临着高强度的资源和环境压力,LCA在农业领域的应用应运而生。旨在综述已有农业LCA研究的基础上,鉴别农业LCA应用存在的问题,并为农业LCA未来的发展提出建议。目前农业LCA存在系统边界和功能单位界定不明晰、缺少区域清单数据库、生命周期环境影响评价模型(LCIA)不能准确反映农业系统环境影响、结果解释存在误区等方面的问题。为了科学准确地衡量农业系统的环境影响,促进农业系统的可持续发展,文章认为农业LCA应该从以下几个方面加强研究,即科学界定评价的参照系、系统边界的扩大及功能单位的合理选取、区域异质性数据库构建与LCIA模型开发、基于组织农业LCA的开发以及对于利益相关者行为的研究。 相似文献
9.
Ricky Speck Susan Selke Rafael Auras James Fitzsimmons 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2016,20(1):18-28
When software is used to facilitate life cycle assessments (LCAs), the implicit assumption is that the results obtained are not a function of the choice of software used. LCAs were done in both SimaPro and GaBi for simplified systems of creation and disposal of 1 kilogram each of four basic materials (aluminum, corrugated board, glass, and polyethylene terephthalate) to determine whether there were significant differences in the results. Data files and impact assessment methodologies (Impact 2002, ReCiPe, and TRACI 2) were ostensibly identical (although there were minor variations in the available ReCiPe version between the programs that were investigated). Differences in reported impacts of greater than 20% for at least one of the four materials were found for 9 of the 15 categories in Impact 2002+, 7 of the 18 categories in ReCiPe, and four of the nine categories in TRACI. In some cases, these differences resulted in changes in the relative rankings of the four materials. The causes of the differences for 14 combinations of materials and impact categories were examined by tracing the results back to the life cycle inventory data and the characterization factors in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods. In all cases examined, a difference in the characterization factors used by the two programs was the cause of the differing results. As a result, when these software programs are used to inform choices, the result can be different conclusions about relative environmental preference that are functions purely of the software implementation of LCIA methods, rather than of the underlying data. 相似文献
10.
Alain Dubreuil 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(5):281-284
Publicly available databases are analysed to demonstrate their relevance to life cycle inventory for energy production in
the Canadian context. Site specific emissions along with sectoral emissions data are combined with production data to construct
an energy production model, which has been applied to air emissions. The allocation procedure leads to reasonable results
for coal, natural gas and electricity. The detailed allocation of the inventory among petroleum co-products is outside the
scope of this study as it requires incorporating knowledge of physical relationship (unit process) or using economic data. 相似文献
11.
Implementing a Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment Methodology with a Case Study on Domestic Hot Water Production 下载免费PDF全文
Didier Beloin‐Saint‐Pierre Annie Levasseur Manuele Margni Isabelle Blanc 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2017,21(5):1128-1138
This work contributes to the development of a dynamic life cycle assessment (DLCA) methodology by providing a methodological framework to link a dynamic system modeling method with a time‐dependent impact assessment method. This three‐step methodology starts by modeling systems where flows are described by temporal distributions. Then, a temporally differentiated life cycle inventory (TDLCI) is calculated to present the environmental exchanges through time. Finally, time‐dependent characterization factors are applied to the TDLCI to evaluate climate‐change impacts through time. The implementation of this new framework is illustrated by comparing systems producing domestic hot water (DHW) over an 80‐year period. Electricity is used to heat water in the first system, whereas the second system uses a combination of solar energy and gas to heat an equivalent amount of DHW at the same temperature. This comparison shows that using a different temporal precision (i.e., monthly vs. annual) to describe process flows can reverse conclusions regarding which case has the best environmental performance. Results also show that considering the timing of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduces the absolute values of carbon footprint in the short‐term when compared with results from the static life cycle assessment. This pragmatic framework for the implementation of time in DLCA studies is proposed to help in the development of the methodology. It is not yet a fully operational scheme, and efforts are still required before DLCA can become state of practice. 相似文献
12.
This study proposes methods to improve data mining workflows for modeling chemical manufacturing life cycle inventory. Secondary data sources can provide valuable information about environmental releases during chemical manufacturing. However, the often facility‐level nature of the data challenges their utility for modeling specific processes and can impact the quality of the resulting inventory. First, a thorough data source analysis is performed to establish data quality scoring and create filtering rules to resolve data selection issues when source and species overlaps arise. A method is then introduced to develop context‐based filter rules that leverage process metadata within data sources to improve how facility air releases are attributed to specific processes and increase the technological correlation and completeness of the inventory. Finally, a sanitization method is demonstrated to improve data quality by minimizing the exclusion of confidential business information (CBI). The viability of the methods is explored using case studies of cumene and sodium hydroxide production in the United States. The attribution of air releases using process context enables more sophisticated filtering to remove unnecessary flows from the inventory. The ability to sanitize and incorporate CBI is promising because it increases the sample size, and therefore representativeness, when constructing geographically averaged inventories. Future work will focus on expanding the application of context‐based data filtering to other types and sources of environmental data. 相似文献
13.
This article examines methods for analyzing allocation in life cycle assessment (LCA); it focuses on comparisons of economic allocation with other feasible alternatives. The International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) guideline 14044 indicates that economic allocation should only be used as a last resort, when other methods are not suitable. However, the LCA literature reports several examples of the use of economic allocation. This is due partly to its simplicity and partly to its ability to illustrate the properties of complex systems. Sometimes a price summarizes complex attributes of product or service quality that cannot be easily measured by physical criteria. On the other hand, economic allocation does have limitations arising, for example, from the variability of prices and the low correlation between prices and physical flows. This article presents the state of the debate on the topic and some hypothetical examples for illustration. A general conclusion is that it is not possible to determine one “best” allocation method. The allocation procedure has to be selected on a case‐by‐case basis and no single approach is suitable for every situation. Despite its limitations, economic allocation has certain qualities that make it flexible and potentially suitable for different contexts. In some situations, economic allocation should not be the last methodological resort. The option of economic allocation should be considered, for example, whenever the prices of coproducts and coservices differ widely. 相似文献
14.
Uncertainty calculation in life cycle assessments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Goal and Background Uncertainty is commonly not taken into account in LCA studies, which downgrades their usability for decision support. One
often stated reason is a lack of method. The aim of this paper is to develop a method for calculating the uncertainty propagation
in LCAs in a fast and reliable manner.
Approach The method is developed in a model that reflects the calculation of an LCA. For calculating the uncertainty, the model combines
approximation formulas and Monte Carlo Simulation. It is based on virtual data that distinguishes true values and random errors
or uncertainty, and that hence allows one to compare the performance of error propagation formulas and simulation results.
The model is developed for a linear chain of processes, but extensions for covering also branched and looped product systems
are made and described.
Results The paper proposes a combined use of approximation formulas and Monte Carlo simulation for calculating uncertainty in LCAs,
developed primarily for the sequential approach. During the calculation, a parameter observation controls the performance
of the approximation formulas. Quantitative threshold values are given in the paper. The combination thus transcends drawbacks
of simulation and approximation.
Conclusions and Outlook The uncertainty question is a true jigsaw puzzle for LCAs and the method presented in this paper may serve as one piece in
solving it. It may thus foster a sound use of uncertainty assessment in LCAs. Analysing a proper management of the input uncertainty,
taking into account suitable sampling and estimation techniques; using the approach for real case studies, implementing it
in LCA software for automatically applying the proposed combined uncertainty model and, on the other hand, investigating about
how people do decide, and should decide, when their decision relies on explicitly uncertain LCA outcomes-these all are neighbouring
puzzle pieces inviting to further work. 相似文献
15.
Roland Hischier Stefanie Hellweg Christian Capello Alex Primas 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2005,10(1):59-67
Goal, Scope and Background In contrast to inventory data of energy and transport processes, public inventory data of chemicals are rather scarce. Chemicals are important to consider in LCA, because they are used in the production of many, if not all, products. Moreover, they may cause considerable environmental impacts. For these reasons, it was one goal of the new ecoinvent database to provide LCI data on chemicals. In this paper, the methods and procedures used for establishing LCIs of chemicals in ecoinvent are presented.Methods Three different approaches are suggested for situations of differing data availability. First, in the case of good data availability, the general quality guidelines of ecoinvent can be followed. Second, a procedure is proposed for the translation of aggregated inventory data (cumulative LCI results) from industry into the ecoinvent format. This approach was used, if adequate unit process data was not available. Third, a procedure is put forward for estimating inventory data using stoichiometric equations from technical literature as a main information source. This latter method was used if no other information was available. The application of each of the three procedures is illustrated with the help of a case study.Results and Conclusion When sufficient information is available to follow the general guidelines of ecoinvent, the resulting dataset is characterized by a high degree of detail, and it is thus of high quality. For chemicals, however, the application of the standard procedure is possible in only a few cases. When using industrial data, the main drawback is the fact that those data are often available only as aggregated data, thus being out of tune with the quality guidelines of ecoinvent and its main aim, the harmonization of LCI data. As a third approach, the use of the stoichiometric reaction equation is used for the compilation of LCI datasets of chemicals. This approach represents an alternative to neglecting chemicals completely, but it contains a high risk to not consider important aspects of the life cycle of the respective substance.Outlook Further work in the area of chemicals should focus on an improvement of datasets, so far established by either of the two estimation procedures (APME method; estimation based on technical literature) described. Besides the improvement of already established inventories, the compilation of further harmonized inventories of specific types of chemicals (e.g. solvents) or of chemicals for new industrial sectors (e.g. electronics industry) are in discussion. 相似文献
16.
Nie Zuoren Di Xianghua Li Guiqi Zuo Tieyong 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(1):47-48
From the very beginning, the research of Material Life Cycle Assessment (MLCA) has been an important part of the ecomaterials
research in China, and large numbers of researchers have been focusing their efforts on it. From 1998, and supported by the
National High-tech Program-863 Projects, the study of some typical materials has been put into practice. Thus far, the first
phase of the project has been finished smoothly. The practical MLCA methods have been developed, and the manufacturing technologies
and processes of the steel and iron, aluminum, cement, ceramic, polymer and construction coatings have been assessed. The
relevant assessment software has been developed. Reference systems are being set up for evaluation by studying typical materials.
In this paper, the main achievements are reviewed. Some other developments of MLCA in China are also introduced. 相似文献
17.
Chie Nakaniwa Thomas E. Graedel 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(2):95-102
Unstable market systems and consumer preferences for virgin oil have inhibited the development of waste oil re-refining in
Japan. In this papery comparative life cycle inventories were developed for re-refining waste oil and for the no-refining
case in which the waste oil is incinerated and needs are supplied with virgin oil. Total energy, CO2, NOx, and SO2 emissions were included during the re-refining and consumption (incineration) stages; all are lower in the case of re-refined
fuel use. In addition, by using a streamlined LCA matrix, we demonstrate that re-refining waste oil can reduce environmental
impacts compared with the case in which virgin oil is chosen. 相似文献
18.
Andreas Ciroth Marcel Hagelüken Guido W. Sonnemann Francesc Castells Günter Fleischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(5):295-300
Goal and Background Geographical and technological differences in Life Cycle Inventory data are an important source for uncertainty in the result
of Life Cycle Assessments. Knowledge on their impact on the result of an LCA is scarce, and also knowledge on how to manage
them in an LCA case study.
Objective Goal of this paper is to explore these differences for municipal solid waste incinerator plants, and to develop recommendations
for managing technological and geographical differences.
Methodology The paper provides a definition of technological and geographical differences, and analyses their possible impacts. In a case
study, the differences are caused intentionally in ‘games’, by virtually transplanting incineration plants to a different
location and by changing parameters such as the composition of the waste input incinerated. The games are performed by using
a modular model for municipal solid waste incinerator plants. In each case, an LCA including an Impact Assessment is calculated
to trace the impact of these changes, and the results are compared.
Conclusions The conclusions of the paper are two-fold: (1) reduce the differences in inventory data where their impact on the result is
high; where it is possible reducing them to a great extent, and the effort for performing the change acceptable; in the case
of incineration plants: Adapt the flue gas treatment, especially a possible DeNOx step, to the real conditions; (2) make use
of modular process models that allow adapting plant parameters to better meet real conditions, but be aware of possible modelling
errors. The paper invites the scientific community to validate the model used for a waste incinerator plant, and suggest putting
up similar models for other processes, preferably those of similar relevance for Life Cycle Inventories. 相似文献
19.
David L. McCleese Peter T. LaPuma 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(4):230-236
1 Background
The U.S. Government has encouraged shifting from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to alternatively fueled vehicles such as electric vehicles (EVs) for three primary reasons: reducing oil dependence, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing Clean Air Act criteria pollutant emissions. In comparing these vehicles, there is uncertainty and variability in emission factors and performance variables, which cause wide variation in reported outputs.2 Objectives
A model was developed to demonstrate the use of Monte Carlo simulation to predict life cycle emissions and energy consumption differences between the ICEV versus the EV on a per kilometer (km) traveled basis. Three EV technologies are considered: lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel metal hydride batteries.3 Methods
Variables were identified to build life cycle inventories between the EVs and ICEV. Distributions were selected for each of the variables and input to Monte Carlo Simulation soft-ware called Crystal Ball 2000®.4 Results and Discussion
All three EV options reduce U.S. oil dependence by shifting to domestic coal. The life cycle energy consumption per kilometer (km) driven for the EVs is comparable to the ICEV; however, there is wide variation in predicted energy values. The model predicts that all three EV technologies will likely increase oxides of sulfur and nitrogen as well as particulate matter emissions on a per km driven basis. The model shows a high probability that volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide emissions are reduced with the use of EVs. Lead emissions are also predicted to increase for lead-acid battery EVs. The EV will not reduce greenhouse gas emissions substantially and may even increase them based on the current U.S. reliance on coal for electricity generation. The EV may benefit public health by relocating air pollutants from urban centers, where traffic is concentrated, to rural areas where electricity generation and mining generally occur. The use of Monte Carlo simulation in life cycle analysis is demonstrated to be an effective tool to provide further insight on the likelihood of emission outputs and energy consumption. 相似文献20.
John Lorenzo Sullivan Andrew Burnham Michael Q. Wang 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2013,17(1):143-153
A model is presented for calculating the environmental burdens of the part manufacturing and vehicle assembly (VMA) stage of the vehicle life cycle. The model is based on a process‐level approach, accounting for all significant materials by their transformation processes (aluminum castings, polyethylene blow molding; etc.) and plant operation activities (painting; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning [HVAC], etc.) germane to VMA. Using quantitative results for these material/transformation process pairings, a percent‐by‐weight material/transformation distribution (MTD) function was developed that permits the model to be applied to a range of vehicles, both conventional and advanced (e.g., hybrid electric, light weight, aluminum intensive). Upon consolidation of all inputs, the model reduces to two terms: one proportional to vehicle mass and a plant overhead per vehicle term. When the model is applied to a materially well‐characterized conventional vehicle, reliable estimates of cumulative energy consumption (34 gigajoules/vehicle) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (2 tonnes/vehicle) with coefficients of variation are computed for the VMA life cycle stage. Due to the more comprehensive coverage of manufacturing operations, our energy estimates are on the higher end of previously published values. Nonetheless, they are still somewhat underestimated due to a lack of data on overhead operations in part manufacturing facilities and transportation of parts and materials between suppliers and vehicle manufacturing operations. For advanced vehicles, the material/transformation process distribution developed above needs some adjusting for different materials and components. Overall, energy use and CO2 emissions from the VMA stage are about 3.5% to 4.5% of total life cycle values for vehicles. 相似文献