The metabolism of steroids in the fatty liver induced by orotic acid feeding.

1. The metabolism of 4-[4-14C]androstene-3,17-dione, 4-[4-14C]pregnene-3,20-dione, 5alpha-[4-14C]androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, [4-14C]cholesterol, 7alpha-hydroxy-4-[6beta-3H]cholesten-3-one, 5beta-[7beta-3H]cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol and [3H]lithocholic acid was studied in the microsomal fraction of livers from control and orotic acid-treated male rats. 2. As a result of the treatment the orotic acid-fed rats had fatty livers and subnormal concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum. 3. The 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxylation of 4-androstene3,17-dione, and the 2alpha-, 2beta- and 18-hydroxylation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, and the 5alpha-reduction of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 4-pregnene-3,20-dione were decreased by 40--50% in orotic acid-fed rats. Other oxidative and reductive reactions of the steroid hormones were not significantly affected. 4. The 12alpha-hydroxylation of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was decreased by about 50%, whereas the 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and the 26-hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol were not significantly decreased. The 6beta-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid was stimulated by 40%. 5. The results are discussed in relation to present knowledge of the heapatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and to the recent findings of an abnormal bile acid metabolism in liver disease.     

Metabolism of bile alcohols in the perfused rabbit liver.

The mechanism and sequence of side chain hydroxylation of cholesterol in bile acid synthesis was studied in the isolated perfused rabbit liver. A comparison was made between the importance of 26- and 25-hydroxylation in cholic acid biosynthesis in the rabbit. The formation of [G-3H]cholic acid was observed when the liver was perfused with 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol, 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-12alpha-triol, and 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol. No [G-3H]chenodeoxycholic acid was detected in the bile. These findings indicate that potential precursors of chenodeoxycholic acid were hydroxylated at position 12alpha either subsequent to or before hydroxylation of the cholesterol side chain. In addition, no other intermediates (tetrahydroxy or pentahydroxy bile alcohols) were found in the bile when these compounds were perfused in the liver. Bile acid precursors were detected in bile when the rabbit liver was perfused with 5beta-[24-14C]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol. The 5beta-[24-14C]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol was hydroxylated in the liver at the 12alpha position to yield the corresponding 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 25-tetrol. The tetrol was further metabolized to a series of pentols (5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 22, 25-pentol; 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23, 25-pentol; 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24, 25-pentol; and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 25, 26-pentol). The major bile acid obtained from the perfusion of the 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol was cholic acid. The experiments indicated that in the rabbit liver 12alpha-hydroxylation can occur after hydroxylation of the cholesterol side chain at either C-25 (5 beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol) or C-26 (5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-26-triol). Apparently, the rabbit can form cholic acid via the classical 26-hydroxylation pathway as well as via 25-hydroxylated intermediates.     

Conversion of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy- and 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-steroids in vitro.

The metabolism of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol (24alpha-ethyl-5-cholestene-3beta,7alpha-diol) has been compared in rat liver subcellular fractions. 7alpha-Hydroxy-beta-sitosterol was shown to be metabolized in the same manner as 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Thus, the following C29 metabolites have been identified: 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydrozy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, and 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alha,7alpha,12alpha-triol. The C29 compounds were generally less efficient substrates. The most pronounced difference was noted for the delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase. Thus, 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was three to four times as efficiently reduced as the C29 analog. The oxidation of the 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-delta5-steroid to the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, the 12alpha-hydroxylation of the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, and the reduction of the 7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-3-oxosteroid to the 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-steroid occurred in up to two times better yields for the C27 steroids.     

Metabolism of potential precursors of chenodeoxycholic acid in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX).

In patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), diminished cholic acid production is associated with incomplete oxidation of the cholesterol side chain and the excretion of C(25)-hydroxy bile alcohols. The aims of this investigation were 1) to provide quantitative information on the pool size and production rate of chenodeoxycholic acid by the isotope dilution technique; and 2) to investigate the possible existence of a block in chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis and explain the absence of chenodeoxycholic acid precursors in CTX. After the injection of [24-(14)C]chenodeoxycholic acid, measurements of chenodeoxycholic acid pool size and production rate in a CTX subject were, respectively, 1/20 and 1/6 as great as controls. Further, three potential precursors of chenodeoxycholic acid, namely [G-(3)H]7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, [G-(3)H]5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,25-triol, and [G-(3)H]5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,26-triol, were administered to the CTX and control subjects and the specific activity curves of [G-(3)H]cholic acid and [G-(3)H]chenodeoxycholic acid were constructed and compared. In the control subjects, the two bile acids decayed exponentially, but in the CTX patient maximum specific activities were abnormally delayed, indicating the hindered transformation of precursor into bile acid. These results show that chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis is small in CTX and that the conversion of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,25-triol, and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,26-triol to both chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid were similarly impaired.     

Hydroxylations in biosynthesis of bile acids. Isolation of a cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver mitochondria catalyzing 26-hydroxylation of C27-steroids

A cytochrome P-450 catalyzing 26-hydroxylation of C27-steroids was purified from liver mitochondria of untreated rabbits. The enzyme fraction contained 10 nmol of cytochrome P-450/mg of protein and showed only one protein band with a minimum Mr = 53,000 upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 showed apparent molecular weight similar to microsomal cytochromes P-450LM4 but differed in spectral and catalytic properties from these microsomal isozymes. The purified cytochrome P-450 catalyzed 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol, 5-cholestene-3 beta,7 alpha-diol, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha-diol, and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol up to 1000 times more efficiently than the mitochondria. The cytochrome P-450 required both ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase for catalytic activity. Microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase could not replace ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase. The cytochrome P-450 was inactive in 7 alpha-, 12 alpha- and 25-hydroxylations of C27-steroids. The results suggest that mitochondrial 26-hydroxylation of various C27-steroids is catalyzed by the same species of cytochrome P-450.     

Quantitative aspects of the conversion of 5 beta-cholestane intermediates to bile acids in man.

The in vivo conversion of several 5 beta-cholestane intermediates to primary bile acids was investigated in three patients with total biliary diversion. The following compounds were administered intravenously: 5 beta-[G-3H]-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol, 5 beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3 alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol, and 5 beta-[24-14C]cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-25-triol. Bile was then collected quantitatively at frequent intervals for the next 21 to 28 h. The administered 5 beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol was found to be efficiently converted to cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in two patients; 61 and 75% of the administered label was found in primary bile acids. The proportion of labeled cholic to chenodeoxycholic acid was 1.20 and 1.02 in the bile of these patients, indicating that the C-26 triol was efficiently converted to cholic acid. The ratio of cholic to chenodeoxycholic acid (mass) in the bile of these patients was 1.23 and 2.32. The 5 beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol intermediate was also efficiently converted (71%) to both primary bile acids. The cholic to chenodeoxycholic acid ratios by mass and label were similar (2.97 versus 2.23). By contrast, the 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol was poorly converted to bile acids in three patients. Following the administration of this compound almost all of the administered radioactivity found in the bile acid fraction was in cholic acid (5 to 19%) and very little (less than 5%) was found in chenodeoxycholic acid. These findings indicate that ring hydroxylation at position 12 is not materially hindered by the presence of a hydroxyl group on the side chain at C-26 in patients with biliary diversion. The labeled C-26-triol which was efficiently converted to both primary bile acids in a proportion similar to that which was observed for the bile acids synthesized by the liver suggests that this 5beta-cholestane derivative may be a major intermediate in the synthesis of both cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids.     

Formation of 5-[17beta-2H]androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol from 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]pregnen-20-one by the microsomal fraction of boar testis

After incubation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]-pregnen-20-one with the microsomal fraction of boar testis, the metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following metabolites were identified: 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-5-[21,21,21-3H]pregnen-20-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol, and 5-[17beta-2H]androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol. The presence of a 2H atom at the 17beta position of 5-androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol was confirmed by oxidizing the steroid with 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni to obtain 17alpha-hydroxy-4-[2H]androsten-3-one and then by oxidizing the latter steroid with chromic acid to obtain nonlabeled 4-androstene-3,17-dione. Among these metabolites, the first three can be interpreted to be synthesized by a well documented pathway, including 17alpha-hydroxylation followed by side chain cleavage as follows: 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]pregnen-20-one leads to 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-2-[21,21,212H]-pregnen-20-one leads to 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one leads to 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol. On the other hand, 5-androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol, which contained a 2H atom at the 17beta position, is not likely to be synthesized via above mentioned pathway in which nonlabeled 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one is formed as the first C19-steroid. It seems that an alternate side chain cleavage mechanism leading from pregnenolone to 17alpha-hydroxy-C19-steroid exists in boar testis.     

Bile acid synthesis in cell culture

Confluent cultures of Hep G2 cells were found to synthesize chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids continually. Chenodeoxycholic acid was synthesized at the rate of 58 +/- 8.6 micrograms/96 h, a rate more than 7-fold greater than that for cholic acid. Addition of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol but not the -3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol was followed by an increase in cholic acid synthesis, thus indicating a relatively low 12 alpha-hydroxylase activity. Endogenous synthesis of monohydroxy bile acid ester sulfates was found, with maximum rates of 135 and 74 micrograms/96 h for lithocholic and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acids, respectively. Incubation of Hep G2 cells in medium containing 25% D2O permitted a comparison of the precursor/product relationship of cholesterol with 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid. The pattern of incorporation of deuterium was in accordance with that expected, thus allowing the conclusion that this monohydroxy bile acid is derived from cholesterol and should be considered together with chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids as a primary bile acid.     

Suitability of primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes for studies of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism

Monolayer cultures of hepatocytes isolated from cholestyramine-fed rats and incubated in serum-free medium converted exogenous [4-14C]cholesterol into bile acids at a 3-fold greater rate than did cultures of hepatocytes prepared from untreated rats. Cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid identified and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography were synthesized by cultured cells for at least 96 h following plating. The calculated synthesis rate of total bile acids by hepatocytes prepared from cholestyramine-fed animals was approximately 0.058 micrograms/mg protein/h. beta-Muricholic acid was synthesized at approximately a 3-fold greater rate than cholic acid in these cultures. Cultured hepatocytes rapidly converted the following intermediates of the bile acid pathway; 7 alpha-hydroxy[7 beta-3H]cholesterol, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-[6 beta-3H] cholesten-3-one, and 5 beta-[7 beta-3H]cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol into bile acids. [24-14C]Chenodeoxycholic acid and [3H]ursodeoxycholic acid were rapidly biotransformed to beta-muricholic acid. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity measured in microsomes of cultured hepatocytes decreased during the initial 48 h following plating, but remained relatively constant for the next 72 h. In contrast, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity appeared to decrease during the first 48 h, followed by an increase over the next 48 h. Despite the apparent changes in enzyme activity in vitro, the rate of bile acid synthesis by whole cells during this time period remained constant. It is concluded that primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes can serve as a useful model for studying the interrelationship between cholesterol and bile acid metabolism.     

Bile acids. LXXIII. Synthesis of analogs of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one as substrates for hepatic steroid 12 alpha-hydroxylase

Analogs of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one were prepared to ascertain structural features necessary for maximal activity of hepatic microsomal 12 alpha-steroid hydroxylase. Methyl 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholane-24-carboxylate derived from chenodeoxycholic acid was oxidized at C-3 with silver carbonate/Celite. The product was hydrolyzed and dehydrogenated with SeO2 to provide 3-oxo-7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholene-24-carboxylic acid. 5 beta-Cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,25-triol and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol were similarly oxidized at C-3 and dehydrogenated to provide 7 alpha,25-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7 alpha,12 alpha,25-trihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, respectively. The products were characterized by thin-layer and gas chromatography, ultraviolet, infrared, proton resonance and mass spectrometry.     

Biosynthesis of cholestanol from bile acid intermediates in the rabbit and the rat

Biliary 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (an intermediate in bile acid biosynthesis) may be 7 alpha-dehydroxylated in the gut and further metabolized to cholestanol (Skrede, S., and Bj?rkhem, I. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 8363-8367). We have now evaluated the quantitative importance of pathway(s) to cholestanol with 7 alpha-hydroxylated C27 steroids as intermediates. After feeding conventionally fed rabbits or rats or germ-free rats with [7 alpha-3H]cholesterol and [4-14C]cholesterol, tissue cholestanol could be isolated with about a 20% lower 3H/14C ratio than present in cholesterol. We conclude that there is a pathway to cholestanol involving 7 alpha-hydroxylated intermediates. Intestinal microorganisms are not essential for this pathway, which accounts for at most 20% of the cholestanol formed in these species. In bile fistula rats, there was also a significant conversion of intraperitoneally injected [7 beta-3H]7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol and [4-14C]7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one into cholestanol. The enzymes involved in the 7 alpha-hydroxylation/dehydroxylation pathway for the biosynthesis of cholestanol are probably located in the liver. Both 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one may be intermediates.     

The role of sterol carrier protein2 and other hepatic lipid-binding proteins in bile-acid biosynthesis.

The ability of different lipid-binding proteins in liver cytosol to affect enzyme activities in bile-acid biosynthesis was studied in whole microsomes (microsomal fractions) and mitochondria and in purified enzyme systems. Sterol carrier protein2 stimulated the 7 alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and the 12 alpha-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol in microsomes and the 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol in mitochondria 2-3-fold. It also stimulated the oxidation of 5-cholestene-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol into 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in microsomes. The stimulatory effect of sterol carrier protein2 was much less with purified cholesterol 7 alpha- and 26-hydroxylase systems than with microsomes and mitochondria. No stimulatory effect of sterol carrier protein2 was observed with purified 12 alpha-hydroxylase and 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase. Sterol carrier protein (fatty-acid-binding protein), 'DEAE-peak I protein' [Dempsey, McCoy, Baker, Dimitriadou-Vafiadou, Lorsbach & Howards (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 1867-1873], ligandin (glutathione transferase B) and serum albumin had no marked stimulatory effects in either crude or in purified systems. The results suggest that sterol carrier protein2 facilitates the introduction of the less-polar substrates in bile-acid biosynthesis to the membrane-bound enzymes in crude systems in vitro. The broad substrate specificity appears, however, not to be consistent with a specific regulatory function for sterol carrier protein2 in bile-acid biosynthesis.     

Synthesis and metabolism of 5beta-[11,12-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol

5beta-[11,12-3H]Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol was synthesized as follows. 5beta-Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12atriol 3,7-diacetate was treated with phosphorus oxychloride in pyridine solution and then the product, 5beta-cholest-11-ene-3alpha,7alpha-diol diacetate, was hydrogenated in acetic acid solution using platinum oxide as a catalyst under an atmosphere of tritium gas. 5beta-[11,12-3H]Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol thus obtained was readily hydroxylated at C-26 by mitochondria in the presence of isocitric acid, magnesium chloride and potassium cyanide.     

Synthesis of deuterium-labeled 17-hydroxyprogesterone suitable as an internal standard for isotope dilution mass spectrometry

A synthesis is reported of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, labeled with four atoms of deuterium at ring C and suitable for use as an internal standard for isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Base-catalyzed equilibration of methyl 3 alpha-acetoxy-12-oxo-cholanate (III) with 2H2O, followed by reduction of the 12-oxo group by the modified Wolff-Kisher method using [2H]diethylene glycol and [2H]hydrazine hydrate afforded [11,11,12,12,23,23(-2)H]lithocholic acid (V). The Meystre-Miescher degradation of the side chain of V yielded 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-[11,11,12,12(-2)H]pregnan-20-one (X). Oxidation of the 3,20-enol-diacetate of X with perbenzoic acid followed by saponification afforded 3 alpha,17-dihydroxy-5 beta-[11,11,12,12(-2)H]pregnan-20-one (XI). Oxidation of XI with N-bromoacetamide yielded 17-hydroxy-5 beta-[11,11,12,12(-2)H]pregnane-3,20-dione (XII). Bromination of XII followed by dehydrobromination yielded 17-hydroxy-[11,11,12,12(-2)H] progesterone (XIV), consisting of 0.3% 2H0-, 1.1% 2H1-, 8.6% 2H2-, 37.1% 2H3-, 52.1% 2H4-, and 0.8% 2H5-species.     

Bile acids. XLVII. 12alpha-Hydroxylation of precursors of allo bile acids by rabbit liver microsomes.

Rabbit liver microsomal preparations fortified with 0.1 mM NADPH effectively promote hydroxylation of [3beta-3H]- or [24-14C]allochenodeoxycholic acid or [5alpha,6alpha-3H2]5alpha-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol to their respective 12alpha-hydroxyl derivatives in yields of about 25 or 65% in 60 min. Minor amounts of other products are formed from the diol. The requirements for activity of rabbit liver microsomal 12alpha-hydroxylase resemble those of rat liver microsomes. Of a number of enzyme inhibitors studied only p-chloromercuribenzoate demonstrated a marked ability to inhibit the reaction with either tritiated substrate. There was no difference in the quantity of product produced from the tritiated acid or the 14C-labeled acid. No clear sex difference was found in activity of the enzyme, nor was an appreciable difference noted in activity of the enzyme between mature and immature animals.     

Hydroxylation of testosterone at carbons 1, 2, 6, 7, 15 and 16 by the hepatic microsomal fraction from adult female C57BL/6J mice.

The metabolism of a mixture of [4-14C]- and [7 beta-2H]testosterone by the hepatic microsomal fraction from adult femal C57BL/6J mice has been investigated. The following metabolites were identified by their mass spectra and by their retention times on gas chromatography on one or two phases: 1epsilon-, 2beta-, 6alpha-, 6beta-, 7alpha-, 15alpha-, 15beta-, 16alpha- and 16beta-hydroxytestosterone; 6alpha-, 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione; and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. A compound tentatively identified as 6- or 7-oxotestosterone was also isolated. 17beta-Hydroxy-4,6-androstadien-3-one, 17beta-hydroxy-1,4-androstadien-3-one and 4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione were identified but are considered to arise non-enzymatically from 7alpha-hydroxytestosterone, 1epsilon-hydroxytestosterone and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, respectively.     

Synthesis of specifically deuterium-labelled pregnanolone and pregnanediol sulphates for metabolic studies in humans.

A synthesis is reported of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate and the disulphate and 3-monosulphate of 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol, labelled specifically with deuterium in high isotopic purity for metabolic studies in humans. Base-catalyzed equilibration of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-25R-spirostan-12-one (hemcogenin, II) with deuterium oxide, followed by removal of the 12-keto group and degradation of the sapogenin side-chain afforded 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-[11,11-2H2]pregn-16-en-20-one (VII). Further deuterium atoms were introduced at the 3alpha and 20beta positions by reductions with sodium borodeuteride and lithium aluminum deuteride, respectively. These reactions led to 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-[3alpha,11,11-2H3]pregnan-20-one (X; isotopic purity 87.2%) and 5alpha-[3alpha,11,11,20beta-2H4]pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol (XIV; isotopic purity 83.9%). The 3-sulphate of the pregnanolone and the 3,20-disulphate of the pregnanediol were prepared directly form the free alcohols, while the 3-monosulphate of the pregnanediol was obtained via 5alpha-[3alpha,11,11,20beta-2H4]pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol 20-acetate (XVII).     

Metabolism of lithocholic acid in the rat: formation of lithocholic acid 3-O-glucuronide in vivo

Milligram amounts of [3 beta-3H]lithocholic (3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic) acid were administered by intravenous infusion to rats prepared with a biliary fistula. Analysis of sequential bile samples by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) demonstrated that lithocholic acid glucuronide was present in bile throughout the course of the experiments and that its secretion rate paralleled that of total isotope secretion. Initial confirmation of the identity of this metabolite was obtained by the recovery of labeled lithocholic acid after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis of bile samples. For detailed analysis of biliary metabolites of [3H]lithocholic acid, pooled bile samples from infused rats were subjected to reversed-phase chromatography and four major labeled peaks were isolated. After complete deconjugation, the two major compounds in the combined first two peaks were identified as murideoxycholic (3 alpha, 6 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic) and beta-muricholic (3 alpha, 6 beta, 7 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic) acids and the third peak was identified as taurolithocholic acid. The major component of the fourth peak, after isolation, derivatization (to the methyl ester acetate), and purification by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), was positively identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance as lithocholic acid 3 alpha-O-(beta-D-glucuronide). These studies have shown, for the first time, that lithocholic acid glucuronide is a product of in vivo hepatic metabolism of lithocholic acid in the rat.     

Substrate-binding ability of Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid polymerase in relation to its protein composition.

The metabolism of [3H]progesterone in the rabbit endometrium and myometrium was studied in vitro. The major metabolities identified were 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-preganan-20-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol. Other minor metabolites tentatively identified were 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one,20alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-3-one and 5beta-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol. The ability of the endometrium to metabolize progesterone on a unit weight bais was about 2.7 times that of the myometrium. The metabolism of [3H]progesterone in the rabbit uterus under the influnce of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone was studied. The ability of the oestradiol-treated rabbit uterus to metabolize progesterone was increased to 3.47 times that of the overiectomized control uterus, whereas the oestradiol-progesterone-treated rabbit uterus metabolized only 1.86 times that of the control. Study of the metabolism of progesterone with uterine subcellular preparations revealed that the 5alpha-reductase enzyme was present mainly in the nuclear fraction; 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was found in the cytosol fraction and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the particulate fraction of the uterus. The metabolic pathways of progesterone in the rabbit uterine tissue are discussed.     

Isolation of 5 alpha-cholestane-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol from bile of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Inefficiency of this steroid as a precursor to cholestanol

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare, inherited disease characterized by defective bile acid biosynthesis as well as by accumulation of cholesterol and cholestanol. The mechanism behind the accumulation of cholestanol is unknown. Using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 5 alpha-cholestane-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol could be identified as a minor component in bile from two such patients. There were no significant amounts of this steroid in bile from control subjects. Most probably, the 5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol found is formed from 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in the liver. 7 alpha-Hydroxy-1-cholesten-3-one, being a normal intermediate in bile acid biosynthesis, is known to accumulate in the liver and bile of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, due to a defect of the mitochondrial 26-hydroxylase. The possibility was tested that (7 beta-3H)-labeled 5 alpha-cholestane-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol could be converted into cholestanol by a direct 7 alpha-dehydroxylation in the intestine. This conversion did not occur in rabbits, however, regardless of whether the labelled steroid was administered orally or intracoecally. It is concluded that 5 alpha-cholestane-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol is of little or no importance as a precursor to cholestanol in rabbits. Most probably, this is also the case in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.