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1.
The yellowhammer and pine bunting represent a quite rare case of mass hybridization in a broad secondary contact zone. Previously, it was shown that the two forms did not differ by mitochondrial DNA (Irwin et al., 2009). This result allowed suggesting either a very close evolutionary relationship between these species or a consequence of borrowing the mitochondrial genome due to long-term hybridization. An attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny of these species was made on the basis of cluster analysis performed relative to the song characters and morphological features (male coloration and morphometric characters). The geographical variability of songs in yellowhammers and pine buntings was also investigated. The cladistic analysis included another 5 closely related bunting species: cirl (E. cirlus), chestnut-breasted (E. stewarti), ortolan (E. hortulana), grey-necked (E. buchanani), and Cretzschmar??s bunting (E. caesia). Based on the results of our analysis, the yellowhammer and pine bunting show no sister relationship. They compose the smallest clusters: one with the cirl bunting and the other one with the chestnut-breasted bunting. Thus, in this paper we attempt to prove the hypothesis of a high divergence level between the species and mtDNA introgression from the pine bunting into the yellowhammer following long term hybridization. The analysis of song dialects agrees with the assumption that there existed an ancient hybrid zone between the yellowhammer and the pine bunting in Europe. 相似文献
2.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection was carried out for adventitious rooting and associated propagation traits in a second-generation
outbred Corymbia torelliana × Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata hybrid family (n = 186). The parental species of this cross are divergent in their capacity to develop roots adventitiously on stem cuttings
and their propensity to form lignotubers. For the ten traits studied, there was one or two QTL detected, with some QTL explaining
large amounts of phenotypic variation (e.g. 66% for one QTL for percentage rooting), suggesting that major effects influence
rooting in this cross. Collocation of QTL for many strongly genetically correlated rooting traits to a single region on linkage
group 12 suggested pleiotropy. A three locus model was most parsimonious for linkage group 12, however, as differences in
QTL position and lower genetic correlations suggested separate loci for each of the traits of shoot production and root initiation.
Species differences were thought to be the major source of phenotypic variation for some rooting rate and root quality traits
because of the major QTL effects and up to 59-fold larger homospecific deviations (attributed to species differences) relative
to heterospecific deviations (attributed to standing variation within species) evident at some QTL for these traits. A large
homospecific/heterospecific ratio at major QTL suggested that the gene action evident in one cross may be indicative of gene
action more broadly in hybrids between these species for some traits. 相似文献
3.
Zorana Kurbalija Marina Stamenkovic-Radak Cino Pertoldi Marko Andjelkovic 《Evolutionary ecology》2010,24(4):839-864
A possible effect of interpopulation hybridization is either outbreeding depression, as a consequence of breakdown of coadapted
gene complexes which can increase developmental instability (DI) of the traits, or increased heterozygosity, which can reduce
DI. One of the principal methods commonly used to estimate DI is the variability of fluctuating asymmetry (FA). We analysed
the effect of interpopulation hybridization in Drosophila subobscura through the variability in the wing size and the FA of wing length and width for both sexes in parental, F1 and F2 generations.
The results of the wing size per se in intra- and interpopulation hybrids of D. subobscura do not explicitly reveal the significance of either of the two hypotheses. However, the results of the FA of the wing traits
give a different insight. The FA of wing length and width generally increases in interpopulation crosses in F1 with respect
to the FA in the parental generation, which suggests the possibility that outbreeding depression occurred in the first generation
after the hybridization event. We generally observed that the FA values for the wing length and width of interpopulation hybrids
were higher in F1 and F2 generations, compared to intrapopulation hybrids in same generations. These results suggest that
the association between coadaptive genes with the same evolutionary history are the most probable mechanism that maintains
the developmental homeostasis in Drosophila subobscura populations. 相似文献
4.
Bhavna Gupta B. P. Niranjan Reddy Anil S. Kotasthane 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(1):1-9
Existence of variability in morphological traits and growth rate of mycelium of homokaryotic single basidiospores can be exploited
for the development of inter-strainal hybrids. We isolated 182 single basidiospores from mushroom bodies of P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P. eous and one wild relative of Pleurotus called Hypsizygus
ulmaris. The single spores were isolated using a new technique that is less prone to contamination and more efficient than the common
techniques used by earlier workers. All the isolates showed a varied range of cultural morphology. Mating types of all the
isolates within the species were identified on the basis of hyphal fusion via anastomosis with the tester strains. Four compatible
pairs of isolates with well prominent tuft in the contact zone were selected for dikaryon isolation. Dikaryons were used for
spawn preparation and mushroom cultivation. The dikaryotic isolates with their replicates were evaluated for spawn run period,
yield and biological efficiency. 42 isolates (10 di- and 32 mono-karyotic isolates) were analyzed with RAPD genetic markers.
Phenotypic characters and mating types of all the 42 isolates analyzed genetically were correlated with their genetic polymorphism
data. The isolates showed very large diversity both at the phenotypic and the genotypic level. Available phenotypic and genotypic
data can further help in the selection of monosporous isolates for developing inter-strainal hybrids which can lead to better
prospects for genetic improvement in different species of Pleurotus. 相似文献
5.
Julia C. Ruppell 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(1):73-94
Previous researchers suggested that gibbon song repertoire is genetically determined and song characteristics are useful for
assessing systematic relationships. The southern white-cheeked crested gibbon is regarded as either a subspecies of Nomascus leucogenys or its own species (Nomascus siki). I studied vocal diversity among different wild populations of Nomascus in central Vietnam and southern Laos to assess their taxonomic relationships and to examine whether their vocal patterns
correspond to forms previously described for Nomascus siki. I examined the songs of 7 Nomascus populations in Vietnam and Laos. I analyzed 192 song bouts from different gibbon groups including 173 phrases of 42 females
and 192 phrases of 42 males. Linear discriminant analysis, classification trees, and multidimensional scaling revealed marked
separation of groups in the northern and southern populations. Within the 2 geographic populations, there is little variability
and the vocal characteristics exhibited no apparent cline. I conclude that the northern and southern geographic populations
may represent 2 distinct taxa. I postulate that a taxonal boundary such as large rivers existing between southern Quang Binh
province and northern Thua-Thien Hue province in Vietnam and northern Phou Xang He NBCA and southern Dong Phou Vieng NBCA
in Laos has limited gene flow between the populations. Differing topographic features could also serve as a selective force
for improved sound transmission in a highly territorial species, driving the divergence between the 2 populations. 相似文献
6.
V. V. Rozhnov I. G. Meschersky S. L. Pishchulina L. V. Simakin 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2010,46(4):488-492
Analysis of nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (495 bp) of sables (Martes zibellina) and pine martens (M. martes) from allopatric parts of the species ranges has shown a considerable interspecific genetic distance (>3%). In sympatric
populations of these species in the northern Urals, differences between two species-specific mtDNA lineages are still large;
however, classification of each individual nucleotide sequence with one of the two lineages is not correlated with whether
the given animal is phenotypically a sable, a pine marten, or a potential hybrid (the so-called “kidas”). This indicates a
high degree of reciprocal introgression of the sable and pine marten mtDNA in the northern Urals and suggests that their interspecific
hybridization is common in the sympatric zone. 相似文献
7.
Ondřej Koukol 《Mycological Progress》2010,9(3):369-378
Survey of seven strains determined as Septonema ochraceum (Dothideomycetes, inc. sed.) isolated from pine litter or obtained from public collections revealed three new species, Fusicladium cordae, F. sicilianum (Venturiaceae), Cladophialophora matsushimae (Herpotrichiellaceae) and a cryptic species morphologically identical to Devriesia americana (Teratosphaeriaceae), but phylogenetically distinct. Morphological survey and phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequence data from the nuclear
ribosomal subunit genes indicate a close relationship within three species colonising pine litter needles, F. cordae, F. pini and F. ramoconidii. F. sicilianum is most related to F. rhodense. C. matsushimae represents a species belonging to one of the lineages of the polyphyletic genus Cladophialophora. None of the strains observed can be classified morphologically as S. ochraceum, of which the type material does not exist. 相似文献
8.
Variability of morphological characters and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers is studied in a mixed multispecies
sympatric growth of wild roses in Lugansk province of Ukraine. Several methods of data analysis are used, such as Principal
Coordinates Analysis, cluster analysis (UPGMA), and Bayesian analyses of population structure with the Structure 2.2 and NewHybrids
programs. The results indicate that there are four species growing at the site, viz. R. canina, R. villosa, R. dimorpha, and R. podolica, as well as various hybrids between them. The hybrid nature of the specimens is confirmed by molecular data, however they
are not intermediate between the parental species as to their morphology. The hybrids either coincide morphologically with
one of the parents, or demonstrate novel combinations of diagnostic characters. 相似文献
9.
Wang Minqin Zhao Junsheng Peng Zhenying Guo Wei Wang Yun Wang Le Xia Guangmin 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2008,92(2):121-130
In order to investigate chromosome elimination in symmetric somatic hybridization between Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and Arabidopsis thaliana, protoplasts were isolated from suspension cultures of both A. thaliana and B. scorzonerifolium parents. Biparental protoplasts were mixed at a rate of 1.5:1 and fused with PEG-method. After protoplast fusion, the products
were cultured in the P5 liquid medium for microcallus formation. Single cell lines formed from microcalli after subculturing
on the MB1 (Xia and Chen, Plant Sci 120:197–203, 1996) solid medium. The putative somatic hybrid cell lines were identified
by cytological and molecular analysis. Of the 132 somatic cell lines generated, 16 were identified as somatic hybrids, with
the phenotypes resembled B. scorzonerifolium parent. These hybrids showed a complete set of B. scorzonerifolium chromosome and 0–2 small chromosome(s) of A. thaliana. A few of them showed nuclear and cytoplasmic SSR fragments of A. thaliana. These hybrid cell lines could differentiate to green spots, buds/leaves through complementation of regeneration ability.
The chromosomes elimination of A. thaliana was discussed.
Wang Minqin and Zhao Junsheng contributed equally to the work. 相似文献
10.
The viability of bream, roach, and blue bream F
1hybrids at early stages of their development is analyzed. Viability is controlled according to parameters of the survival
rate at stages from fertilized eggs to yearlings. During embryogenesis, significant stages (blastula—gastrula and hatching)
are revealed by the amount of losses. The viability of hybrids of the first generation (compared to pure species) from the
hatching stage and in the subsequent development constantly increases. At the stage of fingerlings, the viability of F
1hybrids significantly exceeds that of pure species, which points to the heterozygous effect according to the parameters of
hybrid survival for the first generation, which is absent in embryogenesis. 相似文献
11.
The swan obtained by hybridization between Cygnus cygnus and C.olor was delivered to the Moscow Zoo from the Leningrad Zoo in 1989. Between 2002 and 2004, it permanently remained with a female
whooper swan in a large pond. The two swans behaved as a breeding pair, although the sex of the hybrid bird remained unknown.
We observed no courtship displays addressed by the hybrid swan either to the female whooper swan or to other swans living
in the pond. The hybrid swan was exteriorly closer to C. cygnus rather than to C. olor and showed increased aggressiveness. Its threatening behavior was intermediate between parental species in terms of threat
displays and motor activity, although behavioral patterns characteristic of C.olor prevailed. The most frequent sounds in the vocal repertoire of the hybrid swan were close to the vibrant throbbing call of
C.olor in terms of duration and frequency range. In contrast to these sounds, the call of the hybrid swan was noiselike, with distinct
harmonic structure (as in the whooper swan except for extremely narrow interharmonic intervals). These vocal signals of the
hybrid swan were shown to be intermediate between those of the parental species. In addition, the acoustic repertoire of the
hybrid swan included rarely emitted sounds closely resembling elements of vocalizations of both C. cygnus and C. olor. 相似文献
12.
Two closely related grasshopper species Chorthippus albomarginatus and Ch. oschei are known to hybridize in the narrow contact zone at the territory of Ukraine and Moldova. Different isolaton mechanisms providing reproductive isolation between the two species were studied. In choice mating experiments, females of the both species demonstrated a strong assortative mating (80–90% preference for the conspecific males). Comparison of the parental and hybrid viability revealed a reduced hatching and increased larval mortality in F1 and F2 hybrids. In choice mating experiments, the hybrid females mated less assortatively than the parental females. An assymmetry was found in mating preferences and in viability of hybrids. The results demonstrate the existence of pre-and post-mating isolation between Ch. albomarginatus and Ch. oschei. A possible fate of the hybrid zone is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Secondary sex ratio and its variability in relation to some paratypic and genetic factors were studied in the silver fox by analysis of data obtained at the Pushkinskii fur farm (Moscow oblast) in 1980–1989. A total of 17285 whelps were examined. The mean proportion of males over the ten years of observation was 0.536 ± 0.004. No effect of parent age or litter size on this proportion was found. Individual analysis of the progeny of a single parent revealed 44 males and 49 females showing significant deviations from the expected sex ratio (1 ♂: 1 ♀). These results can be used for reconstruction of pedigrees whose progeny yields regular deviations from the expected sex ratio. 相似文献
14.
Shou Gong Zhang Wen Hua Yang Su Ying Han Bo Tao Han Mao Xue Li Li Wang Qi 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2010,6(3):405-412
We studied the parental taxa and the interspecific reciprocal hybrids between Larix leptolepis with Larix gmelinii, using classical cytogenetic methods, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization.
A high frequency (>90%) of complete bivalent formation was observed in reciprocal hybrids. Less than 10% of pollen mother
cells exhibited abnormalities. The most frequent abnormalities were bridges. Multivalent chromosome associations were also
observed in both reciprocal hybrids, suggesting that some chromosome interchange events did occur, and introgressions from
one to the other species were possible. Intergenomic recombination indicates that genes might be readily introgressed into
one species from the other in the genus Larix. Interspecific hybridization may be a potential method for genetic improvement in larch. FISH markers documented that the
recombinant genomes of reciprocal hybrids were strictly additive and stable, indicating that FISH also might be a useful tool
in Larix breeding. 相似文献
15.
Changes in the content of dammarane-type triterpene alcohols in the leaves of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) are studied for the first time along a zonal-climatic transect from the northern to southern borders of the species
areal in the Trans-Ural region. It is shown that populations of northern and southern regions differ concerning the triterpene
content in leaves. A correlation between the content of triterpene alcohols in silver birch leaves and some climatic parameters
is revealed. At the same time, the range of the intrapopulation variability of triterpene content is significantly less than
that of the interpopulation variability, which indicates a high potential of population selection on the basis of this biochemical
parameter. 相似文献
16.
Marcin Sielezniew Izabela Dziekańska Anna M. Stankiewicz-Fiedurek 《Journal of Insect Conservation》2010,14(2):141-149
Phengaris (=Maculinea) arion is an endangered social parasite of Myrmica ants, and for a very long time was considered as specific to Myrmica sabuleti. Previous studies carried out in Poland suggested some discrepancies within this assumption, and therefore a much more intensive
survey was undertaken. The host ant use of P. arion was studied at five sites in different types of biotopes in Poland, i.e. xerothermal grasslands where Thymus pulegioides was used as a larval food plant by the butterfly, and more or less sandy biotopes with Thymus serpyllum. Altogether nine Myrmica species were recorded, and considerable variation in species composition and density of nests was recorded. At four localities
M. sabuleti proved to be the most common ant. A total of 529 Myrmica nests were examined, and only 20 of them contained larvae and pupae of P. arion. Host ants belonged to five different species, i.e. M. sabuleti, Myrmica scabrinodis, Myrmica schencki, Myrmica lobicornis and Myrmica hellenica. Only at one site (NE Poland) was a significant heterogeneity in parasitation rates among Myrmica species detected. M. lobicornis was the most often infested ant there, which may suggest local specialisation of the butterfly. Overall low parasitism rates
may explain the vulnerability of P. arion in Central Europe but further studies are also necessary. 相似文献
17.
Reticulate hybridization is a complicated and creative mechanism in plant evolution that can cause interference in phylogenetic
studies. Based on observations of intermediate morphology, low pollen fertility, and overlapping distributions of putative
parent species, Yang and Wang (Proceedings of the cross-strait symposium on floristic diversity and conservation. National
Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, pp 183–197, 1998) first proposed reticulate hybridization of Alpinia in Taiwan. In the present study, molecular tools were used to explore relationships between four parental species and their
homoploidy hybrids, and the impact of hybridization on phylogeny reconstruction. Based on DNA markers, maternal heritance
of the chloroplast genome, and additivity of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, the present results provide strong
support for the hybridization hypothesis. Co-existence of parental ribotypes within hybrids revealed that these hybridization
events were current, while reciprocal and introgressive hybridization were inferred from chloroplast DNA data. Furthermore,
iterative hybridizations involving more than two parental species may occur in notorious hybrid zones. Ecological, phenological,
and physiological evidence provides insight into why such frequent hybridization occurs in Taiwanese Alpinia. In the phylogenetic tree of the Zerumbet clade reconstructed in this study, the chloroplast sequences from one hybrid species
were not grouped into a subclade, implying instability caused by hybridization. Failure to find morphological apomorphies
and biogeographical patterns in this clade was likely partially due to reticulate hybridization.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
18.
Kirk H Cheng D Choi YH Vrieling K Klinkhamer PG 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2012,8(2):211-219
Hybridization between plant species can have a number of biological consequences; interspecific hybridization has been tied
to speciation events, biological invasions, and diversification at the level of genes, metabolites, and phenotypes. This study
aims to provide evidence of transgressive segregation in the expression of primary and secondary metabolites in hybrids between
Jacobaea
vulgaris and J. aquaticus using an NMR-based metabolomic profiling approach. A number of F2 hybrid genotypes exhibited metabolomic profiles that were outside the range encompassed by parental species. Expression of
a number of primary and secondary metabolites, including jacaronone analogues, chlorogenic acid, sucrose, glucose, malic acid,
and two amino acids was extreme in some F2 hybrid genotypes compared to parental genotypes, and citric acid was expressed in highest concentrations in J. vulgaris. Metabolomic profiling based on NMR is a useful tool for quantifying genetically controlled differences between major primary
and secondary metabolites among plant genotypes. Interspecific plant hybrids in general, and specifically hybrids between
J. vulgaris and J. aquatica, will be useful for disentangling the ecological role of suites of primary and secondary metabolites in plants, because interspecific
hybridization generates extreme metabolomic diversity compared to that normally observed between parental genotypes. 相似文献
19.
Summary
Strobilanthes pothigaiensis, a new species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) allied to S. foliosus T. Anderson from southern Western Ghats, India, is described and illustrated. 相似文献
20.
Andrea Novomeská Vladimír Kováč Stanislav Katina 《Central European Journal of Biology》2010,5(6):888-893
The study on the external morphology of the non-native black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) was carried out on a population from Slovakia, based on triple regression and geometrical analysis. The breakpoints distribution
in distance-based morphometric characters indicated that black bullhead reached its definitive phenotype early in ontogeny.
Ontogenetic changes in external morphology occurred continuously throughout the whole size-range of the sample examined, and
inter-individual morphological variation was very low. Such uniformity may reflect the possible founder effect and/or little
phenotypic plasticity of this non-native population. No sexual dimorphism was observed. This is the first detailed study on
external morphology of the species, and as such it contributes to the assessment of phenotypic plasticity and/or overall morphological
variability of black bullhead’s invasive populations. 相似文献