Late Pleistocene and Holocene equid remains from Israel

Equid remains–mostly isolated teeth–from archaeological sites in Israel are described. Particular attention is paid to dental enamel fold morphology and criteria are established tor separating several Old World Quaternary equid species. Eauus hydruntinus , which is here considered a zebra rather than an ass, was present until 12,000 bp in northern Israel, while at the same time E-asinus/hemionus inhabited the arid regions in the south. Inirequent remains of E. caballus are also described. By 4000 years ago ass, probably the domestic form, was present in northern Israel.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene chamois in Italy

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辽宁朝阳龙城马山洞哺乳动物群的性质及时代探讨

系统记述了在2007年从辽宁省朝阳市龙城区马山洞出土的奇蹄目和偶蹄目化石:普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)、马鹿(Cervus(E.)elaphus)、普氏原羚(Proca praprzewalskii)、恰克图转角羚羊(Spirocerus kiakhtensis)、裴氏转角羚羊(Spirocerus peii)和岩羊未定种(Pseudois sp.)。并对马山洞哺乳动物群的性质和年代进行了探讨, 指出马山洞动物群含有的北方种类较多, 与北方区的很多动物群可以比较, 属于典型的北方区动物群。其生态环境为以山地原草地为主, 镶嵌有零散的森林, 属北温带半湿润-半干旱大陆性季风气候, 年平均温度似低于现在。马山洞动物群中绝灭种类不多, 主要为晚更新世的类型, 在组成上与古龙山、小孤山和阎家岗这3地的动物群最相似, 其时代似应为晚更新世中晚期, 其绝对年龄估计在5ka左右。     

The ontogeny of Holocene and Late Pleistocene human postcranial strength

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The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene

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Sexual dimorphism and cultural evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Europe

Dental, cranial and body size data are reviewed for European Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic males and females. Over these three periods there is a substantial decrease in the level of sexual dimorphism. From separate analysis of trends occurring between males and females, it is shown that the major cause for this decrease in sexual dimorphism is gracilization of the males between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Reduction in males is related to shifting technological patterns associated with hunting and changes in the types of animals hunted. Further reduction in sexual dimorphism between the Mesolithic and Neolithic and from the Neolithic to modern European populations is shown to be more closely tied to changes occurring among females. Analysis of changing patterns of sexual dimorphism in Late Pleistocene and Holocene populations of Europe suggests an interrelationship between cultural and biological evolution.     

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Vegetation development and human occupation in the Damascus region of southwestern Syria from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene

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Late Pleistocene to Holocene distributional stasis in scorpions along the Baja California peninsula

The biota of the Baja California peninsula (BCP) assembled in response to a complex history of Neogene tectonics and Quaternary climates. We constructed species distribution models (SDMs) for 13 scorpion species from the BCP to compare current suitable habitat with that at the latest glacial maximum about 21 000 years ago. Using these SDMs, we modelled climatic suitability in relation to latitude along the BCP. Our SDMs suggested that most BCP scorpion distributions have remained remarkably conserved across the latest glacial to interglacial climatic transformation. Three areas of climatic suitability coincide remarkably well with genetic discontinuities in other co‐distributed taxa along the BCP, indicating that long‐term persistence of zones of abrupt climatic transition offer a viable alternative, or synergistic enhancement, to hypotheses of trans‐peninsular seaways as drivers of peninsular divergences. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111 , 450–461.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene pollen stratigraphy at Lago di Vico, central Italy

A new pollen record from Lago di Vico (core V1) provides fundamental new information towards reconstruction of flora and vegetation history in central Italy during the last 90 000 years. The chronological framework is secured by seventeen AMS¹⁴C dates, one⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar date and tephra analyses. At the base of the pollen record, i.e. shortly after the⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar date 87 000±7000 B.P., three phases with significant expansion of trees are recorded in close succession. These forest phases, which stratigraphically correspond to St Germain II (and Ognon?) and precede pleniglacial steppe vegetation, are designated by the local names Etruria I, Etruria II and Etruria III. During the pleniglacial, a number of fluctuations of angiosperm mesophilous trees suggest the presence of tree refugia in the area. The lowest pollen concentration values are recorded at ca. 22 000 B.P. which corresponds with other pollen records from the region. The late-glacial is characterized by an expansion in the arboreal pollen curves that is less pronounced, however, than in other pollen profiles from Italy. The Holocene part of the profile is consistently dominated by deciduous oak pollen. No major changes in arboreal pollen composition are recorded but several marked and sudden declines of the tree pollen concentration suggest that the forest cover underwent dramatic changes. Clear evidence for human impact is recorded only when cultivated crops became important which dates to ca. 2630±95 B.P.     

Changes in the Ostracod Assemblages of the Northeastern Black Sea Shelf during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene

Paleontological Journal - Distribution of 57 ostracod species is investigated in the Quaternary sediment samples from the borehole RBH-16, drilled at the north-eastern Black Sea shelf edge off the...     

Bacterial and Archaeal 16S rRNA Genes in Late Pleistocene to Holocene Muddy Sediments from the Kanto Plain of Japan

Microbial communities in ancient marine sediments composed of clay and silt obtained from the terrestrial subsurface were phylogenetically analyzed based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Chloroflexi and Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group were predominant in bacterial and archaeal clone libraries, respectively. Of 44 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that had close relatives in the database, 30 were close to sequences obtained from marine environments. Some sequences belonged to the candidate groups JS1, ANME-I, and Marine Benthic Group-C, which are typically found in marine sediments. Low chloride concentrations in the sediments suggest that these marine-affiliated sequences may not reflect currently active microbial communities. Our results indicate the existence of long-term preserved DNA or descendants of ancient oceanic microbial components in subsurface muddy sediments in a temperate region, which may reflect indigenous population of paleoenvironments.     

Paleoreconstruction of Pleistocene environments of human habitats in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene near the Charyshskii Naves cave, Central Altai, Russia

The results of the study of the small mammal fauna from the Charyshskii Naves cave (Central Altai, Russia) in the 2003 field season are provided. The dynamics of fossil small mammals was studied and the natural habitats of the ancient man were reconstructed on this basis. Two stages of sedimentation, corresponding to the domination of different biotopes, were recognized.     

Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene lithic industries from Southernmost Patagonia. Discussing technical variability,continuity and innovations

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Late Pleistocene and Holocene distribution of Mytilus edulis in the Barents Sea region and its palaeoclimatic implications

Aim For decades, subfossil shells of the bivalve Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 in Svalbard have been taken as evidence of higher surface temperatures during the early Holocene because the modern northern occurrence of this mollusc was, until recently, in the southern Barents Sea. Here, we elucidate and discuss the spatial and temporal Late Pleistocene and Holocene distribution of the species within the entire Barents Sea region. Location The Barents Sea region. Methods Radiocarbon dates of Mytilus shells from the Barents Sea region and information about the present distribution of the species were compiled, including two new radiocarbon dates from north‐eastern Spitsbergen. The dataset was divided into time slices, each covering 1000 years, and compared with Holocene temperature variations, ocean current systems and present‐day temperature patterns. Results Maps show the Late Pleistocene and Holocene spatial and temporal distribution of Mytilus edulis in the Barents Sea region. M. edulis was already present in northern Norway about 14,000 cal. yr bp . It appeared at western Spitsbergen about 11,000 cal. yr bp , and slowly spread to the rest of the archipelago. The maximum distribution in the region was reached 10,000–7000 cal. yr bp , coinciding with the Holocene climatic optimum. The species gradually disappeared in the late Holocene and became absent from the northern and eastern parts of the region 3000–1000 cal. yr bp . Today, M. edulis lives in the southern part and has begun to recolonize the northern parts. Main conclusions The time slices illustrate strong connections between the ocean current regimes, the climate and the distribution of M. edulis. The species settled in the southern part of the Barents Sea region several thousand years before it spread to the northern part during the Holocene climatic optimum. It may even have been completely absent from the region for a short time during the late Holocene cold period. The Holocene distribution of Mytilus implies that the underlying pattern of coastal sea surface temperatures in the region was very stable.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: a review

In the fossil deposits of the Late Pleistocene ( c . 115 000–11 500 years ago), five felid species are recorded in Europe: the wildcat Felis silvestris , Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx , Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus , leopard Panthera pardus and cave lion Panthera leo spelaea . In the Holocene, Europe was colonized by F. silvestris , L. lynx and L. pardinus as well as the lion Panthera leo . The status of P. pardus in post-glacial Europe is unknown. So far, only sparse records indicate that P. pardus survived into the early Holocene. During the Late Glacial, both L. lynx and L. pardinus occurred on the Iberian Peninsula. However, from the Holocene, only the Iberian lynx is recorded in this region. There are subfossil records that indicate that L. pardinus also occurred in central and western France until c . 3000 years ago. Surprisingly, with reservations on the determination of the bones (by J. Altuna), both lions and cave lions seem to be recorded in the Iberian Peninsula in the Late Glacial. There are published records of the lion P. leo in the northern Iberian Peninsula from the early Holocene. However, its presence in Europe on the basis of subfossil records was proven initially from the Atlantic period. In Ponto-Mediterranean regions of Europe, the lion is recorded from the Atlantic to the younger sub-Atlantic.