川西亚高山次生桦木林恢复过程中的生物量、生产力与材积变化

采用空间代替时间的样地调查方法,利用异速生长方程和一元材积表计算不同林龄桦木林的生物量、生产力与材积,结果表明,桦木林乔木层及平均单株地上生物量均随林龄增加而增加,在50 a时达到最大;生产力则先增加而后逐渐减少,乔木层30 a时生产力为7.88 t.hm-.2a-1,到40 a和50 a时,分别下降到5.17 t.hm-.2a-1和1.19.thm-.2a-1;单株平均生产力在30 a时达到最大值1.13 kg.a-1,40 a时下降为0.96 kg.a-1,50 a时略有上升。林分蓄积量随林龄增加而增加,平均生长量在50 a达到最大值3.78 m.3hm-2,连年生长量在30 a时达到最大值6.07 m.3hm-2。平均单株材积增长速度随林龄增加而增加,50 a时平均生长量和连年生长量达到最大值。     

福建永春油杉人工林生物量结构特征

对福建省永春县50年生油杉Keteleeria fortunei人工林的生物量进行研究。结果表明,在单株油杉地上部分,树干的生物量最大,为218.29 kg,树叶的生物量最小,仅为15.44 kg;地下部分生物量最大的是直径大于15.0 cm的根桩,达52.84 kg,最小的是小于1.0 cm的毛细根,仅为0.84 kg。油杉林分不同部位生物量分配：树干＞树根＞树皮＞树枝＞树叶。在油杉人工林生态系统中,油杉乔木层生物量为699.57 t·hm-2,林分净生产力为13.99 t·hm-2·a-1,林下植被层生物量为11.22 t·hm-2,凋落物层生物量为5.35 t·hm-2。     

三峡库区植被生物量和生产力的估算及分布格局

三峡工程对三峡库区的生态环境将会产生巨大影响,对库区生物量和生产力的本底研究具有重要的科学意义和历史价值.以108块临时样地及森林资源清查数据为基础,对三峡库区植被生物量和生产力进行估算,结果表明:(1)三峡库区植被总生物量和年生产力分别为1.17×108t、1.77×107t,占全国森林植被的0.91%和3.62%,均高于全国平均水平;(2)三峡库区马尾松林生物总量最多,达到4.14×107t,常绿阔叶林单位面积生物量最高,为85.60t hm-2;(3)竹林的NPP最高,为10.10t a-1 hm-2,柏木林最低,仅为4.21t a-1 hm-2;(4)三峡库区植被平均生物量和NPP均呈现"东高西低,北高南低"的分布格局,与经纬度没有明显相关性;(5)森林植被平均生物量随着海拔上升而增加,在海拔为1500～1800m范围内达到最大值59.05t hm-2,随后迅速下降.(6)NPP随海拔变化呈现"先减后增随后又减"的规律,最大值出现在900～1200m区段,为7.07t a-1 hm-2;(7)库区海拔在300～1500m间的森林植被总生物量和总生产力分别为8.15×107t和10.38×106t a-1,占整个库区的83.58%和83.83%.     

海拔梯度对祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度的影响

以祁连山西水林区青海云杉典型林分为研究对象,按照青海云杉分布界限海拔2500—3300 m,采用梯度格局法,研究祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度沿海拔梯度的空间分布特征,以期为准确估算祁连山青海云杉林碳储量变化影响因素提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)青海云杉林生物量平均值为115.83 t/hm~2,碳密度平均值为60.23 t/hm~2。生物量整体随海拔梯度增加表现为先增加后波动降低的趋势,在海拔2800 m处达到最高值(197.10 t/hm~2),海拔3300 m处达到最低值(7.66t/hm~2),且不同海拔梯度间差异显著。林分各器官生物量分配格局在各海拔处均表现为干根枝叶。(2)土壤有机碳含量平均值为54.80 g/kg,变化范围为31.49—76.96 g/kg。随着土壤层次的增加,除海拔3200 m和3300 m的土壤有机碳含量未表现出规律变化外,其他海拔梯度则均呈现出逐渐降低趋势。土壤有机碳密度在海拔2900 m最高,为245.40 t/hm~2,在海拔2700 m处最低,为130.24 t/hm~2;海拔2500—2700 m表现为平缓降低趋势,在2800 m处急剧上升,且海拔2800—3200 m呈现无显著性轻度波动变化,在海拔3300 m又急剧降低。(3)青海云杉林生态系统平均总碳密度为255.15 t/hm~2,乔木层和土壤层占总碳密度的比例分别为23.61%和76.39%,且不同海拔梯度间存在极显著差异。土壤有机碳密度与海拔、年均降水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全氮呈显著正相关,与年夏季平均气温呈显著负相关;乔木层碳密度与年夏季气温、林分密度、胸高断面积呈显著正相关,与海拔和土壤全氮呈显著负相关。(4)祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度均随海拔梯度变化受水热条件组合的改变而呈现规律变化,以中部海拔区段2800—3200 m碳密度较高。     

长白山北坡土壤氮矿化时空分异特征

利用土壤温度连续观测数据,基于文献报道的土壤氮矿化测定数据,对长白山主要林型的年矿化量进行模拟计算,同时修正了以往利用气温计算造成的偏差以及相关模型中的参数错误.根据长白山各植被带的土壤温度观测数据,对各植被带的矿化量进行估计.位于基带的针阔混交林的矿化量为58.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,红松云冷杉林为34.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,岳桦云冷杉林为28.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,苔原为19.6 kg · hm-2 · a-1.建立了通用于各植被带的土壤矿化对温度(t)的综合回归模型(y=0 038255e(0.1392t)).同时用所建立的综合方程,模拟计算了各海拔高度土壤氮矿化季节变化,并指出海拔每升高100m矿化速率降低2.31 kg · hm-2 · a-1.     

长白落叶松人工林乔木层生物量分布特征及其固碳能力研究

基于8~56 a长白落叶松人工林样地生物量调查数据,建立了长白落叶松林各器官生物量模型,探讨了不同林龄长白落叶松人工林干材、树皮、树枝、树叶、树根的生物量分布与变化规律及单木与林分乔木层的固碳能力。结果表明:随着林龄的增大,长白落叶松人工林林木及各器官生物量均呈现不同程度的增加趋势,单株木生物量由8 a时的0.174 kg增加至56 a时的328.196 kg,林分乔木层生物量由8 a时的0.519 t·hm-2增加至56 a时的251.39 t·hm-2,其中树干所占比例最大,且增幅最大。长白落叶松人工林单木平均碳储量为74.822 kg,56 a林分乔木层碳密度为130.455 t·hm-2,平均碳密度达63.113 t·hm-2,各器官碳储量变化规律明显。长白落叶松人工林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林林分乔木层的年平均固碳量分别为0.087、1.193、1.703、2.124 t·hm-2,固碳量年平均增长率排序为中龄林幼龄林成熟林近熟林。研究认为,长白落叶松人工林单株木及林分各器官生物量随林龄增加具有明显的变化规律,成熟林分固碳水平最高,中龄林分后期固碳潜力最大。     

长白山北坡暗针叶林倒木贮量和分解的研究

对长白山北坡海拔 12 6 0m和 16 2 0m暗针叶林中倒木蓄积、生物量和倒木的分解进行了比较研究 ,结果表明 ,暗针叶林中倒木的蓄积为 180 .87m3·hm-2 ,占林分蓄积的 2 1.83 % .低海拔的倒木蓄积和生物量均比高海拔的低 ,海拔 12 6 0m的倒木蓄积为 5 2 .5 7m3·hm-2 ,生物量为 2 6 .2 1t·hm-2 ;海拔 16 2 0m的倒木蓄积为 193.85m3·hm-2 ,生物量为 5 3 .33t·hm-2 .用单项指数衰减模型对倒木的分解进行模拟可知 ,倒木的分解常数随树种和海拔高度的不同而不同 .冷杉倒木的分解常数比云杉倒木大 ;倒木在低海拔的分解常数比在高海拔的大 ,表明云杉倒木完全分解需要较长的时间 .     

东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶林生物量和能量密度研究

研究了辽东栎 (Quercusliaotungensis)林生物量、能量分配和能量密度过程 ,结果表明 ,辽东栎林的生物量在60～ 2 0 0t·hm- 2 之间 ,乔木层的生物量在 50～ 1 60t·hm- 2 之间 ,在林分中所占比例为 80 %～ 98% ,辽东栎生物量在林分中所占比例从 40 %到 1 0 0 % ,净初级生产力从 5t·hm- 2 ·a- 1 到 2 4t·hm- 2 ·a- 1 。辽东栎群落能量现存密度为 830 0 0kcal·m- 2 ,其中乔木层占 96 .65 %、灌木层占 3 .1 2 %、草本层占 0 .2 3 %。乔木层中各器官能量密度排列顺序是树干 >树根 >树枝 >树叶 ,比例是 4 :3 :2 :1 ,灌木层中 ,各器官能量密度顺序是干 >枝 >根 >叶。最后给出了该类森林生态系统变化的生物量和能量概念模式 ,为下一步建立抽象的数学模型 ,建立可操作能实用的计算机模拟模型打下了基础。     

贡嘎山典型植被地上生物量与碳储量研究

采用典型样地调查和异速生长模型相结合的方法,测定了贡嘎山东坡垂直带谱上常绿与落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、亚高山暗针叶林、高山灌丛4种典型植被类型的地上部分生物量与碳储量.结果表明,(1)随着海拔的升高,植被地上生物量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其生物量分别为:常绿与落叶阔叶混交林233.49 t/hm2、针阔叶混交林524.55 t/hm2、暗针叶林415.81 t/hm2、高山灌丛20.86 t/hm2,而相应的单株树木平均地上生物量分别为320.11 kg、1 140.78 kg、623.15 kg、11.89 kg,显示出与植被垂直带生物量相一致的变化趋势.(2)不同树木器官的含碳率中,以叶片的平均含碳率(48.25％)最高,依次为树枝(4 6.29％)、树干(4 4.65％);海拔从低到高的4个垂直带植被碳储量分别为103.60 t/hm2、245.26 t/hm2、192.99 t/hm2、9.82 t/hm2.研究认为,年平均降水量与地上生物量显著相关,是影响贡嘎山植被垂直带地上生物量分异的重要气候因子.     

云南树干附生苔藓生物量沿纬度及海拔梯度的变化特征

为探讨不同森林群落树干附生苔藓的生物量及其组成沿纬度、海拔梯度的变化格局,采用样地调查法,对云南热带(勐腊县)、亚热带(镇沅县)及亚高山(丽江玉龙县)不同海拔不同森林类型中树干附生苔藓的总生物量、优势组分生物量和不同生活型组分生物量的分布格局进行调查研究。结果表明:(1)随着纬度、海拔的升高,3种代表性森林类型单位面积树干附生苔藓植物的生物量上升,以丽江亚高山针叶林最高(3.57 g·400 cm~(-2));镇沅亚热带常绿阔叶林次之,为2.00 g·400 cm~(-2);勐腊热带森林最低,仅为0.53 g·400 cm~(-2)。(2)3种森林类型树干附生苔藓植物的优势组分中无相同物种。(3)随着纬度、海拔的上升,单位面积附生苔藓植物平均生物量上升,优势种类的相对生物量占比有所下降,勐腊热带森林、镇沅哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林和丽江玉龙雪山亚高山针叶林树干附生苔藓优势组分的生物量分别占总生物量的92.3%、75.6%和85.2%。(4)随着纬度和海拔的上升,3种森林类型树干附生苔藓植物群落不同生活型组分的生物量存在明显的分异规律。细平铺型、扇形和丛集型分别为勐腊热带森林、镇沅哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林和丽江玉龙雪山亚高山针叶林的优势附生苔藓生活型。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.