中国红豆属植物的叶表皮形态学

用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了红豆属(Ormosia)35种的叶表皮形态,这些植物的叶上下表皮细胞为不规则形或多边形,垂周壁有平直、弓形、浅波状或深波状,表皮细胞形状和垂周壁在种间有一些差异。气孔仅存在于下表皮,形状为椭圆形或卵形,以平列型为主;此外还有其他类型的气孔,如长脐红豆、海南红豆等的气孔为不规则形、不等型;少数种类如亮毛红豆、茸荚红豆等的气孔不明显。气孔外拱盖光滑,呈浅波状、波状或不明显,气孔内拱盖光滑、近光滑、浅波状或不明显;蜡被近光滑、颗粒状、鳞片状、条纹状或结网状;多数种具毛被。叶表皮与气孔器特征可作为区分种、变种或亚种的依据。叶表皮微观形态特征支持红豆属成为一个自然类群。     

黑龙江省主要栽培大豆品种(系)对大豆疫霉根腐病的多抗性评价

用下胚轴伤口接种方法接种鉴定黑龙江省60个栽培大豆品种和育成品系对5个具有不同毒力大豆疫霉菌菌株41-4、PMCl、USAR4、PSZJ6和USAR17的抗性.有50个品种(系)抗1个或1个以上茵株或表现中间类型,其中有5个、8个、16个和21个品种(系)分别对4个、3个、2个和1个菌株表现抗性或中间类型.60个品种(系)对5个菌株共产生12种反应模式,其中呈RRSSR反应类型的品种(系)可能含有Rpslα或Rpslc基因,品系农大3861可能含有Rps3c基因,呈SSSSS反应模式的品种(系)可能含有Rps7基因,或不含抗病基因;其它9种反应模式与含有已知单基因品种或单基因组合的反应模式不同,可能具有未知抗病基因.该研究结果表明,黑龙江省具有较丰富的抗大豆疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系),大部分品种(系)的抗性是有效的,可合理地用于大豆生产和抗疫霉根腐病育种.     

Adenosine facilitates the response to HCG, PGE1 or PGE2 and inhibits the response to PGF2 alpha by HCG-stimulated ovine luteal cells in vitro.

Dispersed ovine luteal cells collected on day 7 or 16 postestrus were incubated in vitro with hCG, PGE1 or PGE2 in the presence or absence of adenosine, dipyridamole (inhibitor of adenosine uptake) or PGF2 alpha in two separate experiments. Secretion of progesterone was increased by hCG, PGE1 or PGE2 when incubated with day 7 luteal cells (P less than or equal to 0.05) which was increased further when co-incubated with adenosine (P less than or equal to 0.05). PGF2 alpha alone or in the presence of hCG decreased (P less than or equal to 0.05) the secretion of progesterone by day 7 luteal cells, PGF2 alpha decreased post treatment cell viability with or without hCG (P less than or equal to 0.05) and adenosine reduced (P less than or equal to 0.05) the inhibitory effect of PGF2 alpha on hCG actions and luteal cell viability. Day 16 luteal cells were not functional based on jugular progesterone (P less than or equal to 0.05) and did not respond to hCG, PGE1, or PGE2 in the presence of adenosine or PGF2 alpha (P greater than or equal to 0.05). It is concluded that adenosine enhances the response of functional luteal cells to the luteotropins hCG, PGE1 or PGE2 and adenosine reduces the luteolytic response to PGF2 alpha by hCG-stimulated ovine luteal cells in vitro.     

Studies on experimental growth retardation in sheep. The effect of removal of a endometrial caruncles on fetal size and metabolism.

Experimental intrauterine growth retardation was studied in sheep. Endometrial caruncles (anlagen of maternal cotyledon) were removed before pregnancy and at a second operation, catheters were implanted into the ewe and fetus at 105-135 days of pregnancy. Three groups of fetuses were defined: low birthweight-for-dates (small-caruncle), normal birthweight-for-dates (normal-sized-caruncle) from ewes which had endometrial caruncles removed and the controls. The mean placental weights in these groups were 139 plus or minus 5 g, 283 plus or minus 46 g, 334 plus or minus 22 g respectively. The brains, kidneys and adrenals of the small-caruncle-fetuses were significantly greater in proportion to body weight than in the controls and the appearance of ossification centres was delayed. Arterial oxygen tension was lower and packed cell volume higher in the small-caruncle-fetuses (PaO2 15 plus or minus 0.6 mmHg; packed cell volume 37.3 plus or minus 1.6%) and normal sized caruncles (PaO2 20.7 plus or minus 1.2 mmHg; packed cell volume 35.2 plus or minus 0.7%) than in the controls (PaO2 23.2 plus or minus 0.7 mmHg; packed cell volume 29.8 plus or minus 0.7%). Plasma concentrations of glucose (0.65 plus or minus 0.12 micromol/ml), lactate (0.9 plus or minus 0.1 micromol/ml) and pyruvate (0.08 plus or minus 0.025 micromol/ml) were lower in small-caruncle fetuses than in the control fetuses (glucose 1.05 plus or minus 0.06 micromol/ml, lactate 1.83 plus or minus 0.7 micromol/ml, pyruvate 0.21 plus or minus 0.06 micromol/ml). The corresponding values for the normal-sized-caruncle fetuses were glucose 0.71 plus or minus 0.12, lactate 1.18 plus or minus 0.7 and pyruvate 0.12 plus or minus 0.03 micromol/ml. The plasma concentration of alanine in the small-caruncle-fetuses (0.25 plus or minus 0.09 micromol/ml) was higher than in the normal-sized-caruncle (0.073 plus or minus 0.009 micromol/ml) or control fetuses (0.12 plus or minus 0.013 micromol/ml). The results indicate that fetal growth retardation due to restriction of placental growth after removal of endometrial caruncles is associated with chronic hypoxaemia, polycythaemia and hypoglycaemia. The restriction of nutrient supply probably accounts for the altered pattern of fetal growth but the relative importance of the changes observed remains uncertain.     

Biological interactions among extant and fossil clonal organisms

Biological interactions among clonal marine organisms are an important aspect of their behavior and are important in the construction of biological reefs. The interactions addressed here are among crustose and erect coralline algae, sponges, corals, and bryozoans, and may involve clones of the same species (conspecific), or different species (heterospecific). Conspecific interactions may be either between modules or clones that are produced asexually from one propagule, genetically identical, or between clones that are sexually produced from two or more propagules that may or may not be genetically identical. Juxtaposed genetically identical clones generally fuse whereas non-identical clones may or may not fuse, depending on their relatedness and histocompatibility. Most heterospecific clonal interactions are spatially competitive and result in overgrowths or stand-offs. Clone fission/fragmentation may occur as a result of biotic or abiotic processes that initially degrade but may eventually restore or even enhance ability to gain space and/or nutrients. Self-overgrowths also occur, usually over dead, diseased, or senescent parts of the same clone.     

PGE2 induces its own secretion in vitro by bovine 270-day placenta but not by 200-day placenta.

Two separate experiments were conducted to determine whether prostaglandin (PG) E2 stimulates the secretion of progesterone by 270- or 200-day Brahman placentas in vitro. Secretion of progesterone, PGF2alpha, pregnancy specific protein B, or estradiol-17beta by 270-day Brahman placentas was not affected (p > or = 0.05) by PGE2, during the 4-h incubation period at the doses tested. Indomethacin or meclofenamic acid decreased (p < or = 0.05) 270-day Brahman placental secretion of PGE and PGF2alpha by 98 and 60%, respectively. However, PGE2 induced (p < or = 0.05) its own secretion, but not the secretion of PGF2alpha (p > or = 0.05), by 270-day Brahman placentas, even in the presence of indomethacin or meclofenamic acid at a dose of 100 ng/mL. Also, secretion of 8-Epi-PGE2 by Day 270 Brahman placentas was increased (p < or = 0.05) by PGE2. Secretion of progesterone, estradiol-17beta, or pregnancy specific protein B by 200-day Brahman placentas was not affected by PGE2, 8-Epi-PGE2, PGF2alpha, estradiol-17beta, or trichosanthin during the 4- or 8-h incubation period (p > or = 0.05). Secretion of estradiol-17beta at 8 h was lower (p < or = 0.05) in all treatment groups and did not differ (p > or = 0.05) among the 8-h incubation treatment groups. Secretion of PGE by 200-day Brahman placentas was reduced (p < 0.05) by indomethacin 72 and 82% and by meclofenamic acid 72 and 96%, respectively, at 4 and 8 h when compared to controls. Secretion of PGF2alpha was reduced (p < or = 0.05) 71 and 86% by indomethacin or 89 and 89% by meclofenamic acid at 4 and 8 h, respectively, and did not differ (p > or = 0.05) between 4 and 8 h of incubation. PGE2 did not (p > or = 0.05) induce secretion of PGE above what was added in any treatment group. PGE in culture media was increased (p < or = 0.05) by 8-Epi-PGE2, pregnancy specific protein B, and the 100 ng/mL PGF2alpha dose (p < or = 0.05), but not by PGE2, progesterone, estradiol-17beta, 8-Epi-PGF2alpha, or trichosanthin. Secretion of PGF2alpha by 200-day Brahman placentas was not affected (p > or = 0.05) by 8-Epi-PGE2, progesterone, or estradiol-17beta, but PGF2alpha secretion was increased (p < or = 0.05) by trichosanthin or PGE2, even in the presence of indomethacin or meclofenamic acid. It is concluded that PGE does not affect secretion of progesterone by 200- or 270-day bovine placentas, but, pregnancy specific protein B may regulate placental secretion of PGE. Also, indomethacin and meclofenamic may affect enzymes converting PGH to PGE rather than acting only on cyclooxygenase because indomethacin and meclofenamic acid lowered PGE secretion by 270-day Brahman placentas more than they lowered PGF2alpha. In addition, it is concluded that PGE2 can induce bovine placental secretion of PGE, but this is dependent upon the stage of gestation.     

ROENTGEN DIAGNOSIS OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL HERNIA

The primary radiologic evidence of intra-abdominal hernia is disturbance of normal small intestine arrangement. Loops of intestine are crowded together as if in a bag, giving the appearance of clumping or sacculation. Dilatation and loss of mobility may occur with varying degrees of stasis. Displacement of viscera or pressure deformity may be observed.Studies of the small bowel are necessary to demonstrate these conditions and must be made with the patient in the erect as well as the horizontal position. Repeated studies may be required, and the best time to make them is during an acute attack, as the hernia may be temporarily reduced during a remission.The clinical symptoms are sufficiently characteristic to suggest the diagnosis in most cases. The usual history is of repeated attacks of abdominal pain or discomfort, usually accompanied by distention, varying in periodicity and intensity, with or without nausea or vomiting, and not accompanied by laboratory data or clinical signs indicative of inflammatory disease.Similar or identical clinical and roentgenologic evidence may be produced by torsion of the small bowel or by peritoneal adhesions.The hernia or torsion may reduce spontaneously before or at the time of operation. Therefore, a careful search for abnormal fossae, mesenteric defects or adhesive bands is necessary if herniation or torsion is not found.     

武夷山槠栲林光照、温度和湿度与林隙结构及年龄的回归分析

对武夷山天然槠栲林光照、温度和湿度与林隙结构和年龄的关系进行了回归分析。结果表明：光照、温度及湿度指数均与林隙面积关系不密切;光照指数、温度指数均与1．5m以上植物种密度、平均高和优势度,均与每个林隙的边界木优势度和平均高、单位边界木优势度及林隙年龄都存在显著或极显著负相关关系;湿度指数与1．5m以上植物种密度、平均高和优势度,与每个林隙的边界木优势度和平均高、单位边界木优势度和林隙年龄都存在显著或极显著正相关关系。随着林隙年龄的增大和结构特征的改变,光照指数和温度指数下降,而湿度指数却上升。应根据不同年龄林隙的环境特征进行森林经营。     

New approach to the study of hormone-protein interaction using the microcalorimetric method.

Binding enthalpies of various hormones to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C have been determined by direct microcalorimetry. The observed enthalpies of binding of progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone and estriol to BSA were found to be -13.24 plus or minus 0.11 -10.31 plus or minus 0.02, -2.37 plus or minus 0.46, -17.64 plus or minus 0.32 and -17.14 plus or minus 0.36 kcal/mol of hormone, respectively. under the same experimental conditions the enthalpies of binding of progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone and estriol to HSA were found to be -23.94 plus or minus 0.32, -18.88 plus or minus 0.49, -11.14 plus or minus 0.02, -9.88 plus or minus 0.14 and -20.85 plus or minus 0.39 kcal/mol of hormone, respectively.     

Regulation of intracellular pH

The approach that most animal cells employ to regulate intracellular pH (pH(i)) is not too different conceptually from the way a sophisticated system might regulate the temperature of a house. Just as the heat capacity (C) of a house minimizes sudden temperature (T) shifts caused by acute cold and heat loads, the buffering power (beta) of a cell minimizes sudden pH(i) shifts caused by acute acid and alkali loads. However, increasing C (or beta) only minimizes T (or pH(i)) changes; it does not eliminate the changes, return T (or pH(i)) to normal, or shift steady-state T (or pH(i)). Whereas a house may have a furnace to raise T, a cell generally has more than one acid-extruding transporter (which exports acid and/or imports alkali) to raise pH(i). Whereas an air conditioner lowers T, a cell generally has more than one acid-loading transporter to lower pH(i). Just as a house might respond to graded decreases (or increases) in T by producing graded increases in heat (or cold) output, cells respond to graded decreases (or increases) in pH(i) with graded increases (or decreases) in acid-extrusion (or acid-loading) rate. Steady-state T (or pH(i)) can change only in response to a change in chronic cold (or acid) loading or chronic heat (or alkali) loading as produced, for example, by a change in environmental T (or pH) or a change in the kinetics of the furnace (or acid extrudes) or air conditioner (or acid loaders). Finally, just as a temperature-control system might benefit from environmental sensors that provide clues about cold and heat loading, at least some cells seem to have extracellular CO(2) or extracellular HCO(3)(-) sensors that modulate acid-base transport.     

Polyphasic typing of Cryptosporidium baileyi: a suggested model for characterization of cryptosporidia

The present study was undertaken to characterize the oocyst morphology, host specificity, organ location, virulence, and sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA, 70-kDa heat shock protein, and oocyst wall protein genes of Cryptosporidium baileyi, and to compare this strain with other Cryptosporidium species. This study also aims to serve as a model for polyphasic (phenetic and genetic) characterization of Cryptosporidium species and strains. On the basis of these results, further genetic and phenetic characterization of an avian isolate is needed if the difference between the length or width, or both, of oocysts of an isolate and of C. baileyi is > or = 10% or if the difference between the oocyst shape index of the isolate and of C. baileyi is > or = 3% (or both). The isolate is infectious for mammals or lower vertebrates, or the host range is narrow, i.e., infectious only for some bird species; after oral or intratracheal inoculation, the parasites are not located in the cloaca and in the bursa of Fabricius or the respiratory tract; clinical disease or weight gain reduction can be observed after oral inoculation; the genetic distance for the examined gene between C. baileyi and the isolate is similar in magnitude to that observed between most closely related Cryptosporidium species.     

Experimental study of changes in osteoblastic shape induced by calcitonin and parathyroid extract in an organ culture system

Summary Neonate rat endocranial osteoblasts were cultured on their bone surfaces in control medium (CC) or medium to which either parathyroid extract (PTE) or calcitonin (CT) had been added for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h. Some were cultured for 24 h in CC, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CT or PTE medium; or for 24 h in PTE, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CC or CT; or 24 h in CT and 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in CC. The dorsal ruffling of the cells in CC was found to be suppressed by later culturing with PTE and the disoriented cells reorganized to form arrays of parallel cells. The effects of PTE were also reversed by CC or CT: the osteoblasts in the second culture (CC) lost elongation and order, and proceeded through a proliferative phase before exhibiting the ruffling form similar to a single CC 24 h culture. PTE-cultured osteoblasts showed an increase in cell overlap and contact so that a more competent barrier was formed separating the bone from the medium. In control or CT medium, however, intercellular gaps were greater than in vivo.We are grateful for the expert technical assistance of Elaine Bailey, for laboratory facilities kindly provided by Dr. Martin Evans, and for financial support from the Medical Research Council     

伞形科山芹属叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电镜技术对伞形科山芹属(Ostericum Hoffm.)9种2变种(21居群)植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察分析。结果显示:山芹属植物叶片上表皮表面均较平滑,细胞轮廓清晰或不清晰,若细胞轮廓可见则为多边形与不规则形;初级蜡质纹饰为较密集的粗(细)条状,部分种类具有单层或双层脊状二级纹饰或有颗粒状或分枝状附属结构;下表皮亦有类似蜡质条状纹饰,均匀分布或集中在气孔周围或凹凸部位,气孔器形状多为椭圆形(偶见梭形),内外拱盖表面粗糙或光滑。上述研究表明,山芹属叶片微形态特征具有良好的种内稳定性和种间多样性,尤其是初级纹饰的宽度及排列密度、二级纹饰以及气孔器形状等特征,可为山芹属植物种间和种下的近缘类群亲缘关系与分类修订提供形态学依据。     

Sexual effects on parasite infection

Males and females differ physiologically, but they also do different things. Thus, we when we note sex differences in average rates of parasite prevalence, incidence or intensity of infection, or in clinical outcome, we may attribute such differences either to the different physiology, or to different activities, or to some combination of differences between the sexes. Hence the subject of this month's debate-to explore the question of ‘why do certain males or females have higher or lower incidence or prevalence or severity of parasitic infection?’ Don Bundy opens with a discussion of the epidemiological patterns, while Jim Alexander and Bill Stimson explore some of the physiological effects of sex and sex hormones on the host's immune response to infection.     

Persistence and prevention of aluminium- and paraquat-induced adaptive response to methyl mercuric chloride in plant cells in vivo

Induction and persistence of adaptive response by aluminium (Al), 1 or 10 microM, and paraquat (PQ), 5 or 10 microM, against genotoxicity of methyl mercuric chloride (MMCl), 1.26 microM, a standard environmental genotoxin, was investigated in root meristem cells of Allium cepa. Subsequently, three metabolic inhibitors, namely, 3-aminobezamide (3-AB, 10 or 100 microM), an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) implicated in DNA repair and/or apoptosis, cycloheximide (CH, 0.1 or 1 microM), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 100 microM or 1mM), an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis were tested for their ability to prevent the adaptive response induced by conditioning doses of Al, 10 or 100 microM; and PQ, 5 or 100 microM, against MMCl-challenge, 1.26 or 100 microM, in root meristems of A. cepa or embryonic shoots of Hordeum vulgare, respectively. The findings demonstrated that once triggered, the Al- or PQ-adaptive response to MMCl could persist for at least 48h in root meristems of A. cepa. Furthermore, the adaptive response could effectively be prevented by 3-AB, to a lesser degree by CH, and the least by BSO, suggesting primarily the involvement of PARP and implicating DNA repair in the underlying mechanisms of adaptive response in plant cells in vivo.     

Symposium on diarrhea. 2. Clinical diagnosis of the causes of diarrhea.

Elucidation of the cause of diarrhea is facilitated by considering which of three principal determinants are of relevance in a particular case. These determinants relate to the onset (whether diarrhea is acute or chronic), to infection or an absence ofinfection and to the presence in the stool of blood or mucus, or both. Diagnosis is also facilitated by taking an accurate and full history, conducting a physical examination, performing sigmoidoscopy and, with proper care, attempting a therapeutic diagnosis. Findings from investigations should then enable one to arrive at a diagnosis. The diagnosis can be reached in an orderly fashion by classifying the types of diarrhea into eight categories: with respect to the acute or chronic onset a case of diarrhea may be noninfectious, without blood or mucus in the stool; noninfectious, with blood or mucus, or both; infectious, without blood or mucus; and infectious, with blood or mucus in the stool.     

Lack of effect of dopaminergic antagonists in a rodent model of peritoneal sepsis

Central nervous system dopaminergic mechanisms have been implicated in the cytokine response to stress and sepsis. We here describe the effects of haloperidol or clozapine in the treatment of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Male Wistar rats were subjected to the CLP procedure were treated with haloperidol or clozapine and plasma cytokines, myeloperoxidase activity, markers of organ injury and survival was analyzed. The addition of haloperidol or clozapine to basic support did not diminished hepatic, renal, pancreatic or muscular damage observed after sepsis. Neither haloperidol, nor clozapine, modulates pro and antiinflammatory cytokines after sepsis induction. In addition, haloperidol treatment did not diminished myeloperoxidase activity in the kidney, lung or liver, or altered BALF markers of lung damage or inflammatory infiltration. Our data did not support a role of haloperidol or clozapine as an immunomodulator agent in the treatment of sepsis in an animal model of peritonitis.     

The effects of mechanically-induced stress in plants — a review

Mechanically-induced stress (MIS) occurs naturally in plants as the aerial parts are moved, usually by wind, but also by such agents as rain and animals. It can be induced indoors by various actions such as rubbing or bending the stem or shaking or brushing the entire shoot. The most noticeable effect of MIS is a reduction in stem, leaf or petiole length invariably resulting in plants which are smaller and more compact than unstressed controls. However, the response of other variables can often differ between species and there may be either increases or decreases in stem or petiole diameter, root: shoot weight ratio, chlorophyll content or drought resistance. Why species should differ in this way, and what is the endogenous control mechanism for MIS responses, are inanswered questions. Ethylene, which increases as a result of MIS in several species may cause some MIS responses such as increased stem diameter, epinasty or a change in sex expression. However, evidence suggests that MIS retardation of extension growth may equally be due to lower or supraoptimal auxin levels or lower gibberellin levels.The uses in the field of the growth promoter gibberellin or the growth retardant chlormequat chloride (CCC) appear to be examples of respectively reversing or stimulating MIS growth response. MIS may be applied indoors if short compact plants are needed, either for aesthetic purposes as with floral crops, or if hardier and more manageable plants are needed, such as seedlings for transplanting in the field. Much more research is needed to estimate the importance of MIS in the field and to assess how such knowledge may be used to improve crop yield.     

Mycolyl glycolipids stimulate macrophages to release a chemotactic factor

We have previously reported that mycolyl glycolipids from Nocardia rubra such as glucose or trehalose mycolates induced granuloma formation in mice. The structure of the carbohydrate moiety of the mycolyl glycolipids influenced the granuloma forming activity profoundly. Here, we have examined the macrophage-chemotactic activity in the culture supernatants stimulated with various glycolipids differing in carbohydrate moiety (trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate, or TDM; glucose monomycolate, or GM; mannose monomycolate, or MM; and fructose monomycolate, or FM). A distinctive chemotactic activity was detected with TDM or GM, but, little or none with MM or FM.     

Serologic diagnosis of syphilis; the use of Treponema pallidum immobilization and immune adherence tests

TPI tests were carried out on 4,060 sera. Among 3,934 patients with reactive STS and no history of syphilis, 2,148 or 54.6 per cent had negative reaction to TPI tests, 1,695 or 43.1 per cent had positive reaction and 91 or 2.3 per cent had doubtful reaction. Two hundred and ninety-two or 73.0 per cent of 400 pregnant women with reaction to STS in the absence of a history of syphilis showed negative results by TPI test, 103 or 25.8 per cent had positive results and five or 1.2 per cent had doubtful reaction.Ninety-five or 75.4 per cent of 126 patients with a history of treated syphilis had positive reaction to TPI tests, 20 or 20.2 per cent had negative reaction and nine or 9.1 per cent had doubtful reaction.TPI and TPIA tests were done on 143 sera carefully selected for the study. Among 102 sera subjected to the TPI test, 46 or 100 per cent of these positive were also positive by TPIA tests, while 52 or 94.5 per cent of 55 TPI-negative sera were also nonreactive by TPIA test. One serum gave doubtful TPI test reaction and positive TPIA test reaction.