吉林省农业气象干旱灾害的风险分析及区划

利用1961-2010年吉林省50个站气候观测资料、1981-2010年干旱灾情和农业经济资料,基于灾害风险系统分析理论、农田水分平衡法和综合灾害风险指数法,在分析干旱对吉林省农业影响致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体脆弱性和防旱减灾能力的基础上,应用加权综合法得到不同单元的综合风险度指数;基于GIS技术,开展了干旱对吉林省农业影响的风险区划.结果表明:致灾因子危险性的高值区分布在西部的白城和松原大部分地区,孕灾环境敏感性的高值区分布在白城地区、松原地区、四平地区北部和通化地区南部,承灾体脆弱性的高值区主要分布在经济较发达的松原大部分地区、长春大部分地区、四平地区等,防旱减灾能力的高值区分布在松原、长春、四平、吉林和通化市区及其周边地区.考虑各因子的综合风险度,干旱对吉林省农业影响的风险可分为高风险、次高风险、中等风险、次低风险和低风险5个等级,其中,高、次高风险主要分布在吉林省中西部的白城、松原、长春和四平地区.     

基于标准化土壤湿度指数的滦河流域农业干旱评价

干旱是造成农业生产损失的主要灾害之一,及时、准确地监测农业干旱对于降低作物生产损失具有重要意义.本研究基于土壤含水量历史时间序列数据构建了标准化土壤湿度指数,分析了滦河流域2002-2019年干旱时空分布变化规律,并对农业干旱进行定量评价.结果表明:研究期间,滦河流域内大部分栅格单元土壤含水量在时间上以正态分布为主,少...     

西南地区不同植被类型归一化植被指数与气候因子的相关分析

基于中国西南地区1982—2006年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)遥感数据集和气象数据,运用GIS技术对年均气温、年降水量和干旱指数进行插值,分析了西南地区不同植被类型(沼泽、灌丛、草丛、草原、草甸、针叶林、阔叶林、高山植被、栽培植被)NDVI的年际变化及其与气候因子的相关性.结果表明:研究期间,西南地区NDVI、年均气温、年降水量总体呈上升趋势,其中,年均气温的上升趋势达极显著水平,干旱指数则呈下降趋势;在9种植被类型中,沼泽和草丛NDVI呈下降趋势,且草丛的下降趋势达显著水平,其他7种植被类型的NDVI均呈上升趋势,且针叶林、草甸和高山植被的NDVI上升趋势达显著水平,灌丛NDVI呈极显著上升趋势.9种植被类型所在地区的年均气温均显著上升;年降水量的变化均不显著;沼泽、草丛和栽培植被所在地区的干旱指数呈上升趋势,草甸和高山植被所在地区的干旱指数显著下降,其他4种植被类型所在地区的干旱指数呈不明显的下降趋势.研究区灌丛和针叶林NDVI与年均气温呈显著正相关,灌丛和草甸NDVI与干旱指数呈显著负相关.在保持其他2个气候因子不变的情况下,针叶林、阔叶林、高山植被NDVI与年均气温的相关性最大,草丛NDVI与年降水...     

Variation in the nitrotoxin concentration of 13 species ofAstragalus (fabaceae) over a 6-year period

The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in nitrite production in the leaves of various species ofAstragalus over a 6-y period. It was discovered that in drought years the nitrate concentration in leaves was consistently higher than in wet years or those of edequate moisture. Among the plant examined,A. Hallii contained the greatest quantity in drought years (30–35 mg NO₂/g leaf, dry wt basis) andA. aesclepiadoides had no detectable amounts in wet years. A two-way analysis of variance showed NO₂ concentrations to be significantly different (p<0.0001) in the two climatic years.     

Variation in domoic acid concentration in king scallop (Pecten maximus) from fishing grounds around the Isle of Man

Domoic acid (DA), the toxin responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) can accumulate in king scallop Pecten maximus leading to extensive fishery closures. Approximately 59% of the total value of all fish and shellfish landed in the Isle of Man in 2004 comprised king scallop, hence the economy of the Manx marine sector is particularly susceptible to impacts from this biotoxin. Scallop from fishing grounds around the Isle of Man were sampled in October 2003, June 2004 and October 2004 to determine levels of inter-animal and spatial variability in DA concentration and factors that might influence toxin concentration such as scallop size and water depth. Mean DA concentrations in hepatopancreas ranged from 296.3 μg g⁻¹ to below the detection limit, in gonad from 27.8 μg g⁻¹ to below the limit of detection and in adductor muscle from 7.3 μg g⁻¹ to below the limit of detection. High levels of inter-animal variability of DA concentration in hepatopancreas were recorded; CVs ranging from 16.1% to 70.0%. DA concentrations above 20 μg g⁻¹ were recorded in gonads on all three sampling dates. Scallops from fishing grounds on the east of the Isle of Man were significantly less contaminated than those from the west and southwest. A significant positive correlation between DA concentration and shell length was recorded in some sites, but there was no relationship with water depth. The high inter-animal, spatial and seasonal variability in toxin concentration highlighted the importance of understanding field variability for the development of reliable sampling and management protocols.     

1986-2019年黄土高原干旱变化特征及趋势

干旱作为极端气候事件之一,其频率和强度的变化影响到区域水资源,而干旱半干旱区植物生长的主要限制因素是水分,因此,研究黄土高原干旱时空特征及未来变化趋势对当地的生态环境具有重要意义.本研究基于1986-2019年降水和温度逐月格点数据,计算标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)和干旱发生频率,并运用Mann-Kendall检验...     

The function and adaptive significance of tristyly in Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae)

Darwin proposed that the adaptive significance of tristyly is to promote insect-mediated pollination among floral morphs with anthers and stigmas at equivalent levels (legitimate pollination). Strong pollen trimorphism in Pontederia cordata enables an evaluation of this hypothesis. In an investigation of pollen flow patterns in different parts of the North American range of the species, legitimate pollination of some morphs was observed in all but one population investigated. However at only one site (Ft. McCoy, Florida) was Darwin's hypothesis confirmed for the three floral morphs. The long-styled morph most frequently exhibited legitimate pollination, the mid-styled morph was intermediate, and the short-styled morph rarely experienced legitimate pollination.
Temporal variation in pollen flow was observed during the flowering season of P. cordata . Total stigmatic pollen loads decreased as the density of inflorescences and activity of pollinators declined. In spite of variable total loads the legitimate component was relatively constant in the long- and mid-styled forms, while in the short-styled form this measure increased as the season progressed. Little variation was detected between stigmatic samples collected at different times during a single day.
Legitimate pollination may be inhibited by local foraging of pollinators and the spatial segregation of floral morphs. At Paugh Lake (Ontario) over 75% of all bumble bee flights are among the five nearest neighbours of a particular inflorescence. In the same population, there is a probability of over 70% that the nearest three neighbours of an inflorescence are of the same floral morph. Despite these influences, legitimate pollination occurs in P. cordata , suggesting substantial pollen carryover.     

Development of gastric proteases in fetal pigs and pigs from birth to thirty six days of age. The effect of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH).

Development of the synthesis and secretion of gastric proteases was studied in 55 Large White x Landrace pigs from 22 days before birth (93 days gestation) to 36 days of age. The pigs came from eight litters and were 0.4 - 13.5 kg body weight. Littermate pairs were treated with either saline or adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from three days of age. Secretion of protease activity (milk-clotting and general proteolytic activity) was investigated in anaesthetized pigs by a gastric perfusion technique using intravenous infusion of pentagastrin at dose rates of 4 and 8 micrograms/h per kg body weight. In addition, concentrations of protease zymogens (prochymosin, pepsinogen A, progastricsin) were measured in fundic tissue extracts by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Prochymosin was present in fundic tissue at 22 days before birth, reached peak concentrations at birth and decreased in concentration during the subsequent 36 days. Pepsinogen A and progastricsin were absent or present in trace amounts in the first week after birth, but thereafter concentrations of both zymogens increased rapidly. Development of the pentagastrin-stimulated secretion of protease activity reflected the changes of zymogen concentrations in fundic tissue. Chronic treatment of pigs with ACTH from three days of age significantly increased the concentration of prochymosin in fundic tissue at 9-11 days and the concentrations of pepsinogen A and progastricsin at 34-36 days of age. Hormones such as ACTH and glucocorticoids may therefore play a regulatory role in the ontogeny of porcine gastric proteases.     

The adaptive significance of alpine melanism in the butterfly Parnassius phoebus F. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Summary The adaptive significance of alpine melanism, the tendancy for insects to become darker with increased elevation and latitude, was investigated using the butterfly Parnassius phoebus. The effects on temperature dependent activity of five components of overall wing melanism, as well as size, were examined. The components of wing melanism examined were the transparency of the basal hindwing and distal fore-wing areas, the width of the black patch in the basal hind-wing area and the proportion of black to white scales in that area, and the proportion of the distal fore-wing covered by predominantly black scaling.The body temperature of dead specimens was correlated with air temperature, solar radiation, the width of the black patch at the base of the wings, and the proportion of black to white scales at the base of the wings. The minimum air temperatures and solar radiation levels required for initiation of flight did not vary with wing melanism of P. phoebus, in contrast to the results found for Colias butterflies by Roland (1982). However, under environmental conditions suitable for flight initiation, males with a higher proportion of black to white scales in the basal area of the hind-wing, and wider basal black patches, spent a greater proportion of time in flight at low air temperatures and low insolation. Increased basal wing melanism was also associated with increased movement of males within a population. In contrast, melanism in the distal area of the wings has no effect on activities which are dependant on body temperature. The amount of time spent feeding did not vary with differences in wing melanism. I suggest that in dorsal basking, slow-flying butterflies (Parnassius) basal wing color affects body temperature primarily during flight (rather than while basking), such that butterflies with darker wing bases cool down less rapidly because they absorb more solar radiation during flight.     

Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of extended diapausing individuals of Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with reference to an adaptive significance of its bimodal emergence pattern

Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandraceae) and exhibits 1‐year (yr) and 2‐yr type life history patterns. Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of 2‐yr to 1‐yr type individuals of I. yukawai were studied from 1977 to 1994 and in 2008, 2009 and 2014. An analysis of geographical variation at 13 different census fields indicated that the proportion of 2‐yr type individuals significantly increased with the decrease of mean annual temperature reflected by altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. However, a multiple regression analysis indicated that the annual variation in the proportion was not correlated with temperature, gall density, abundance of host resources or parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids. Thus, we eliminated the effects of these external factors that have been thought to determine the annual variation. We need to take alternative intrinsic factors, instead of external factors, into consideration to explain the annual variation. The fall of galled leaves occasionally caused a higher mortality of 2‐yr type individuals than those of 1‐yr type. Nevertheless, 2‐yr type individuals exist. We considered that the existence of 2‐yr type individuals of I. yukawai has an adaptive significance to diversify risks against catastrophic events such as the serious shortage of host buds and high percentage of parasitism that happen more frequently than the high mortality caused by the fall of galled leaves.     

Pollen flow, population composition, and the adaptive significance of distyly in Linum tenuifolium L. (Linaceae)

The function of distyly as a device promoting inter-morph pollination was proposed by Darwin over a century ago, though only recently have experimental studies been undertaken to test this hypothesis. These studies are unrealistic since they assume regular spatial distribution of morphs within a population and fail to consider intra-flower pollination in assessing distyly's effects. Pollen flow in two populations of Linum tenuifolium L. was investigated using a fluorescent-dye marker technique. One population was dimorphic and self-incompatible; the other was monomorphic and self-compatible. In both populations pollen dispersal was leptokurtic with over 75% of grains detected within 5 m from the source. Intra-flower pollinations comprised a large proportion of individual stigma loads (42% for the dimorphic form; 49% for the monomorphic form). Total stigmatic loads for the dimorphic population showed equal proportions of pin and thrum pollen on both long-style and short-style stigmas, though variation in individual loads was marked. Values ranging from 34.2 to 61.5% legitimate pollen were recorded. The irregular distribution of morphs observed at the dimorphic site will reduce the efficiency of heterostyly as a device promoting intermorph pollination. The reduction in intra-flower pollination suggests adaptive significance of this floral dimorphism in increasing the efficiency of pollen dispersal to the individual.     

Testicular histology of the dusky leaf monkey (presbytis obscura) as it relates to birth pattern in Peninsular Malaysia

The testicular histology of the dusky leaf monkey, Presbytis obscura,is described following a study of material from 16 adult males collected over a 13-month period in Peninsular Malaysia. The histological appearances were similar to those of the other cercopithecines studied so far. No seasonal variation in the height of the seminiferous epithelium was observed, and spermatogenesis was seen in all the adult testes. These findings suggest that males of this species are capable of breeding throughout the year. These results are discussed in relation to field observations of births of this species and to the birth patterns exhibited by other species of langur.     

Impaired male meiosis, morphology and distribution pattern of different cytotypes of Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. (Apiaceae) from the Western Himalayas

Detailed male meiosis, critical morphological observations and distribution pattern of diploid as well as tetraploid cytotypes of the Western Himalayan species, Bupleurum lanceolatum have been evaluated at present. A diploid (n = 8) cytotype is reported from Kashmir, whereas, both diploid (n = 8) and tetraploid (n = 16) cytotypes are available from two districts Kangra and Sirmaur of Himachal Pradesh. Out of these, the tetraploid cytotype makes new addition for the species on a worldwide basis. As per behavior, a tetraploid cytotype is characterized by abnormal meiosis leading to high pollen sterility and size variation of the pollen grains. Morphologically, tetraploids are noted to be luxuriant in comparison to the diploids.     

Variation and Evolution in the Karyotype of Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae) V. Chromosomal Variation in L. sanguinea Maxim.

Abstract In 554 bulbs from 38 populations of Lycoris sanguinea , several chromosomal variations have been discovered. Most of the bulbs have a common karyotype consisting of 22 acrocentric ( A ) chromosomes. Though their frequencies are low, some rearranged chromosomes which are aberrant have been found. The aberrants are as follows: 1. Subtelocentrics ( ST ); 2. Telocentrics ( T' ); 3. Metacentrics ( M' ); 4. Very small acrocentrics (a); 5. Very small metacentrics (m); 6. Acentric fragments ( Ac ); and 7. Dicentrics ( Di ) chromosome. All can be easily suspected to be derived from A s. Some aberrations of the satellite chromosomes have been observed also. In addition, a new karyotype composed of 2n=32=31 A + 1 M' chromosomes has been found.     

Variation in Response of Wild Lycopersicon and Solanum spp. against Tomato Powdery Mildew (Oidium lycopersici)

A set of 154 accessions of nine wild Lycopersicon spp. and five accessions of three closely related Solanum spp. were tested for resistance to tomato powdery mildew ( Oidium lycopersici ). Screening revealed valuable sources of resistance, mainly among L. hirsutum, L. pennellii, L. cheesmanii, L. chilense, L. peruvianum and L. parviflorum. L. esculentum (all ssp.) and L. pimpinellifolium expressed high susceptibility to O. lycopersici inoculation. Results of variance and cluster analysis of responses to O. lycopersici coincide with recent taxonomic classification and genetic relationships within genus Lycopersicon .     

Accurate evaluation of the sizes of DNA fragments (from 30 to 4700 kb) in pulse field gel electrophoresis.

Construction of long-range genomic maps by pulse field gel electrophoresis requires optimum resolution of large DNA fragments. Using the transverse-alternating field electrophoresis system, we describe a method to accurately evaluate the sizes of fragments generated by rare-cutter digestions within the 30-4700-kb range. A protocol generating large (greater than 1000 kb) molecules by partial digestion is also reported.