猪抵抗素(resistin)表达载体的构建、表达及表达产物的纯化鉴定

用PCR方法扩增到抵抗素基因(RSTN)并将其亚克隆至pET-32a(+)表达载体,获得重组质粒pET-RSTN.将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL-21(DE3)感受态细胞,用IPTG诱导表达.SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,重组resistin蛋白分子量大小约30kDa.对表达条件如温度、IPTG浓度及诱导时间进行优化并用SDS-PAGE检测.结果表明,30℃、4h、IPTG浓度为1mmol/L时,可溶性重组resistin的含量最高.表达产物经Western blot检测证实是Resistin蛋白,并用镍离子亲和层析的方法获得纯化的Resistin蛋白.     

猪抵抗素(resistin)的原核表达及表达产物的纯化鉴定

用PCR方法扩增到抵抗素基因(Resistin, RSTN)并将其亚克隆至pET-32a(+)表达载体,获得重组质粒pET-RSTN。将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL-21（DE3）感受态细胞,用IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,重组resistin蛋白分子量大小约30kDa。对表达条件如温度、IPTG浓度及诱导时间进行优化并用SDS-PAGE检测。结果表明,30℃、4h、IPTG浓度为1mmol/L时,可溶性重组resistin的含量最高。表达产物经Western blot检测证实是Resistin蛋白,并用镍离子亲和层析的方法获得纯化的Resistin蛋白。     

结核分枝杆菌H37Ra株HspX蛋白的表达条件优化、纯化和鉴定

以结核分枝杆菌H37Ra菌株基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增获得HspX基因,通过DNA无缝克隆技术将其克隆至pET28a质粒中,构建重组表达质粒pET28a-HspX。将pET28a-HspX转化至大肠埃希菌表达菌株BL21(DE3),采用不同温度、IPTG浓度和时间诱导HspX蛋白表达。使用Ni-IDA亲和层析柱纯化目的HspX蛋白,透析去除咪唑,通过Western blot检测HspX抗原特异性。最终确定表达重组蛋白HspX的最佳诱导条件为：诱导温度37℃、IPTG浓度0.2 mmol/L、诱导时间8 h。结果表明,获得了高纯度和被特异性识别的可溶性Hsp X蛋白,为未来Hsp X蛋白用于结核病诊断试剂和疫苗奠定基础。     

三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达

从三角酵母中提取总RNA ,反转录后进行PCR扩增得到D 氨基酸氧化酶 (D AminoAcidOxidase ,DAAO)基因 ,经测序可知 ,与文献中三角酵母的DAAO基因序列的同源性在 99%以上。将DAAO基因用NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切后 ,与相同酶切的大肠杆菌表达载体pET 2 8a连接 ,转化大肠杆菌TOP 1 0F′,并筛选得到重组质粒pET DAAO ,转化BL2 1 (DE3)感受态细胞 ,得到重组大肠杆菌BL2 1 (DE3) pET DAAO。对重组大肠杆菌中的D 氨基酸氧化酶进行了诱导表达 ,考察了诱导温度、菌浓度、诱导剂IPTG用量以及溶氧等因素对酶活的影响。结果表明 ,在 2 8℃、菌浓度 (OD6 0 0 ) 1 0、IPTG浓度 1mmol L时 ,DAAO酶活最高达 2 3 3U mL。研究进一步显示 ,用廉价无毒的乳糖可以替代IPTG进行诱导 ,当乳糖浓度为 2mmol L ,DAAO酶活可达 2 2 7U mL。经过补料分批培养和乳糖诱导 ,DAAO酶活可以达到 1 75U mL。     

酿酒酵母RAVE复合物的155kD亚基Rav1p的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达纯化

以酿酒酵母基因组DNA为模板,根据CenBank上公布的酿酒酵母Ravlp基因(rav1)序列和表达裁体特性设计 特异性引物,PCR扩增得到4 074 bp的DNA片段,将PCR产物和原核表达栽体pET28a(+)同时进行双酶切;双酶切后的PCR产物和表达栽体进行连接,构建成重组质粒pET28a-ravl.再将pET28a-ravl转化到BL21( DE3)感受态细胞中.经IPTG 16℃低温诱导40h表达His-tag融合的Ravlp.诱导后的菌体进行超声波破碎,然后用GE healthcare公司的AKTA蛋白纯化仪和His Trap HP I mL亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白.SDS-PAGE电泳分析和Western blot分析显示在155 kD有明显的条带,成功实现了Ravlp在大肠杆菌中的表达纯化.     

结核分枝杆菌ESAT-6蛋白的重组表达及膜定位研究

从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增出ESAT-6基因,克隆入pET21a(+)载体.将成功构建的pET21a(+)-ESAT-6重组质粒转化入感受态BL21(DE3)中,经诱导表达后,使用SDS.PAGE和Western blot鉴定.超声破碎后发现目的蛋白以可溶性表达形式存在,经过Ni-NTA柱和DEAE-Seph...     

拟南芥中柯浩体蛋白Atcoilin的克隆、表达及纯化

旨在制备柯浩体的标志蛋白——Atcoilin蛋白,利用pET-28a与目的基因构建重组表达质粒,经DNA测序证实插入序列与设计完全一致后,将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用IPTG进行诱导表达,产物用SDS-PAGE及Western blotting分析鉴定。通过分别改变IPTG的浓度、培养时间、培养温度等来优化Atcoilin蛋白的表达条件。表达出的重组蛋白经过镍柱、分子筛进行纯化。结果显示,原核表达载体pET28a-At1g13030成功构建,可在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,得到相应的重组蛋白经Western blotting鉴定正确。在IPTG浓度为0.7 mmol/L,18℃培养20 h的条件下,目的蛋白表达量最高。经过SDS-PAGE分析鉴定,过镍柱、分子筛后得到的重组蛋白纯度较高。     

构建羰基还原酶基因工程菌生物转化产l-麻黄碱

以筛选得到的Morganella morganii J-8细菌的基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增得到目的基因mdlh2。核苷酸序列测定结果表明,基因全长1046bp。以pET28a（＋）为表达载体,构建重组质粒pET28a（＋）-mldh2,并在E．coli BL21（DE3）中表达。利用表达产物进行生物转化,发现其具有催化底物1-苯基-2-甲氨基丙酮（简称MAK）产l-麻黄碱的活力。进一步考察了诱导时间和IPTG浓度对重组菌表达的羰基还原酶的影响,37℃下用0．5mmoL／L的IPTG诱导4h,重组羰基还原酶的酶活达到0．2U／mg蛋白,转化液中l-麻黄碱质量浓度达到45mg／L。     

白鹅催乳素基因的克隆及诱导表达条件的优化

摘要: 运用RT-PCR方法, 从白鹅脑垂体总RNA中扩增得到了催乳素(Prolactin, PRL)基因编码区序列cDNA, 并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上。DNA序列分析表明, PRL cDNA包括终止密码子在内的长度为690 bp,编码230个氨基酸残基的蛋白质, 与皖西白鹅的有所差异, 二者碱基同源性在99.57%, 氨基酸同源性达99.56%。将PRL基因编码区序列cDNA定向克隆到表达载体pET-32a (+)中, 构建表达质粒pET-32a(+)-PRL。该质粒的BL21 (DE3)转化菌在IPTG的诱导下可表达PRL基因融合蛋白, IPTG终浓度1 mmol/L, 37℃, 诱导4 h表达量最高, 表达量约占菌体总蛋白的28.96%。     

LbCpf1基因的原核表达、纯化与体外切割检测

目的:为获得具有体外切割活性的LbCpf1蛋白。方法:将毛螺菌科细菌ND2006(Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006)的LbCpf1基因编码区连接至pHis*6(IV),构建原核表达质粒CRISPR-LbCpf1-6*His。将该重组质粒转化BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,IPTG诱导目的蛋白表达,经镍柱亲和层析纯化、透析除盐和凝胶电泳检测等步骤获得重组蛋白,进行体外切割试验鉴定重组蛋白切割活性。结果:双酶切鉴定和测序结果表明成功构建重组质粒CRISPR-LbCpf1-6*His,经转化后获得含有重组质粒CRISPR-LbCpf1-6*His的BL21(DE3)蛋白表达菌株。将菌株接种于37℃,160 r/min,IPTG终浓度为0.5 mmol/L的条件下诱导5 h,最终镍柱纯化除盐后的LbCpf1蛋白终浓度可达400 ng/μl,在体外适宜条件下,该重组蛋白可与成熟的crRNA结合切断标靶DNA。结论:获得的高纯度LbCpf1蛋白具有体外切割活性,可用于后续基因编辑研究。     

Initiation by a Eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Requires Looping of the Template End and Is Influenced by the Template-tailing Activity of an Associated Uridyltransferase

A conserved family of eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) initiates or amplifies the production of small RNAs to provide sequence specificity for gene regulation by Argonaute/Piwi proteins. RDR-dependent silencing processes affect the genotype-phenotype relationship in many eukaryotes, but the principles that underlie the specificity of RDR template selection and product synthesis are largely unknown. Here, we characterize the initiation specificity of the Tetrahymena RDR, Rdr1, as a heterologously expressed single subunit and in the context of its biologically assembled multisubunit complexes (RDRCs). Truncation analysis of recombinant Rdr1 revealed domain requirements different from those of the only other similarly characterized RDR, suggesting that there are subfamilies of the RDR enzyme with distinct structural requirements for activity. We demonstrate an apparently obligate Rdr1 mechanism of initiation in which the template end is looped to provide the hydroxyl group priming the synthesis of dsRNA. RDRC subunits with poly(U) polymerase activity can act on the template end prior to looping to increase the duplex length of product, thus impacting the small RNA sequences generated by the RDRC-coupled Dicer. Overall, our findings give new perspective on mechanisms of RDR initiation and demonstrate that non-RDR subunits of an RDRC can affect the specificity of product synthesis.     

Small RNAs from cereal powdery mildew pathogens may target host plant genes

Small RNAs (sRNAs) play a key role in eukaryotic gene regulation, for example by gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi). The biogenesis of sRNAs depends on proteins that are generally conserved in all eukaryotic lineages, yet some species that lack part or all the components of the mechanism exist. Here we explored the presence of the RNAi machinery and its expression as well as the occurrence of sRNA candidates and their putative endogenous as well as host targets in phytopathogenic powdery mildew fungi. We focused on the species Blumeria graminis, which occurs in various specialized forms (formae speciales) that each have a strictly limited host range. B. graminis f. sp. hordei and B. graminis f. sp. tritici, colonizing barley and wheat, respectively, have genomes that are characterized by extensive gene loss. Nonetheless, we find that the RNAi machinery appears to be largely complete and expressed during infection. sRNA sequencing data enabled the identification of putative sRNAs in both pathogens. While a considerable part of the sRNA candidates have predicted target sites in endogenous genes and transposable elements, a small proportion appears to have targets in planta, suggesting potential cross-kingdom RNA transfer between powdery mildew fungi and their respective plant hosts.     

Omnipotent RNA

The capability of polyribonucleotide chains to form unique, compactly folded structures is considered the basis for diverse non-genetic functions of RNA, including the function of recognition of various ligands and the catalytic function. Together with well-known genetic functions of RNA – coding and complementary replication – this has led to the concept of the functional omnipotence of RNA and the hypothesis that an ancient RNA world supposedly preceded the contemporary DNA–RNA–protein life. It is proposed that the Woese universal precursor in the ancient RNA world could be a cell-free community of mixed RNA colonies growing and multiplying on solid surfaces.     

The promise of cryo-EM to explore RNA structural dynamics

Conformational dynamics are essential to macromolecular function. This is certainly true of RNA, whose ability to undergo programmed conformational dynamics is essential to create and regulate complex biological processes. However, methods to easily and simultaneously interrogate both the structure and conformational dynamics of fully functional RNAs in isolation and in complex with proteins have not historically been available. Due to its ability to image and classify single particles, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has the potential to address this gap and may be particularly amenable to exploring structural dynamics within the three-dimensional folds of biologically active RNAs. We discuss the possibilities and current limitations of applying cryo-EM to simultaneously study RNA structure and conformational dynamics, and present one example that illustrates this (as of yet) not fully realized potential.     

RNA空间编码探析

RNA空间结构同线性结构一样包含着重要的生物信息。RNA空间编码蕴含了RNA功能信息。RNA空间编码具有简并性、通用性、动态性、重叠性、间隔性和方向性等性质。本文对RNA空间编码的概念和性质进行了初步探讨。     

RNA polymerase II acts as an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase to extend and destabilize a non‐coding RNA

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a well‐characterized DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, which has also been reported to have RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. Natural cellular RNA substrates of mammalian Pol II, however, have not been identified and the cellular function of the Pol II RdRP activity is unknown. We found that Pol II can use a non‐coding RNA, B2 RNA, as both a substrate and a template for its RdRP activity. Pol II extends B2 RNA by 18 nt on its 3′‐end in an internally templated reaction. The RNA product resulting from extension of B2 RNA by the Pol II RdRP can be removed from Pol II by a factor present in nuclear extracts. Treatment of cells with α‐amanitin or actinomycin D revealed that extension of B2 RNA by Pol II destabilizes the RNA. Our studies provide compelling evidence that mammalian Pol II acts as an RdRP to control the stability of a cellular RNA by extending its 3′‐end.     

Genome 3'-end repair in dengue virus type 2

Genomes of RNA viruses encounter a continual threat from host cellular ribonucleases. Therefore, viruses have evolved mechanisms to protect the integrity of their genomes. To study the mechanism of 3′-end repair in dengue virus-2 in mammalian cells, a series of 3′-end deletions in the genome were evaluated for virus replication by detection of viral antigen NS1 and by sequence analysis. Limited deletions did not cause any delay in the detection of NS1 within 5 d. However, deletions of 7–10 nucleotides caused a delay of 9 d in the detection of NS1. Sequence analysis of RNAs from recovered viruses showed that at early times, virus progenies evolved through RNA molecules of heterogeneous lengths and nucleotide sequences at the 3′ end, suggesting a possible role for terminal nucleotidyl transferase activity of the viral polymerase (NS5). However, this diversity gradually diminished and consensus sequences emerged. Template activities of 3′-end mutants in the synthesis of negative-strand RNA in vitro by purified NS5 correlate well with the abilities of mutant RNAs to repair and produce virus progenies. Using the Mfold program for RNA structure prediction, we show that if the 3′ stem–loop (3′ SL) structure was abrogated by mutations, viruses eventually restored the 3′ SL structure. Taken together, these results favor a two-step repair process: non-template-based nucleotide addition followed by evolutionary selection of 3′-end sequences based on the best-fit RNA structure that can support viral replication.