细菌菌影在DNA疫苗研究中的作用

免疫应答水平低下是制约DNA疫苗发展的一个障碍。细菌菌影(bacterialghost,BG)是利用φX174噬菌体的裂解蛋白将革兰氏阴性细菌裂解后形成的空腔,它保留了细菌结构的完整性,具有免疫佐剂的特性,可以作为递送载体,靶向性的将DNA疫苗导入到抗原递呈细胞,从而提高DNA疫苗的免疫应答水平,此外,装载核酸疫苗的细菌菌影可以通过多种方式进行免疫,例如,肌肉注射、皮下注射、口服、黏膜免疫等,更是从根本上提高了DNA疫苗的免疫水平,因此可以说BG是一个极具潜力的核酸疫苗递送载体。现就BG的特性及其在DNA疫苗递送载体中应用的最新进展做一综述。     

HIV gag基因修饰在不同载体系统中对免疫效果的影响

目的:了解gag基因修饰前后在不同载体系统中的表达水平差异对免疫效果的影响,为确定HIV疫苗中能诱发较高水平细胞免疫的Gag靶抗原奠定实验基础。方法:将含有优化前后gag基因的HIV-1 DNA(pVRC)疫苗和重组痘苗病毒(rVV)载体疫苗单独或联合免疫BALB/c小鼠,利用IFN-γ酶联免疫斑点法和胞内细胞因子染色检测各组的细胞免疫效果,ELISA检测体液免疫水平,分别比较基因优化前后及在不同载体内的Gag诱发的免疫效果。结果:DNA疫苗中gag基因修饰后细胞免疫反应由472提高至925 SFC/106MNC,抗体滴度随免疫次数增加而提高,基因修饰后第二针的抗体水平由104.2提高至105.3,三针后则没有差别;而以rVV为载体的疫苗基因修饰前后细胞免疫反应(~320 SFC/106MNC)和抗体水平(~104.4)均没有差异。2种疫苗联合免疫均可显著提高Gag修饰前后在小鼠体内的免疫效果,基因修饰后细胞免疫反应由1700提高至2100 SFC/106MNC,抗体水平则没有差别。结论:gag基因修饰明显提高常规DNA疫苗免疫效果,并可进一步提高联合免疫效果,但对rVV疫苗单独免疫效果无明显影响。     

运送DNA疫苗的减毒沙门氏菌载体研究

减毒沙门氏菌通过自然感染的方式高效地将DNA疫苗直接运送给体内的抗原提呈细胞（APCs)如树突细胞（DCs)和巨噬细胞,在粘膜和全身淋巴组织诱发以Th1型应答为主的细胞免疫和体液免疫,APCs尤其是DCs可能在其中起到了关键作用。减毒沙门氏菌已被应用于运送病毒,细菌和肿瘤DNA疫苗并取得一定效果,该途径所诱发的细胞免疫要强于肌注途径接种的相同DNA疫苗,原核表达的重组沙门氏菌和接种蛋白质抗原等免疫方法。本文还对如何增强携带DNA疫苗的重组减毒沙门氏菌的免疫效果作了探讨。     

RNA病毒作为疫苗载体的研究与应用

在目前的疫苗研究中,对新疫苗免疫效果的要求越来越高。减毒或无毒的病毒疫苗载体能够激发高效持久的系统和黏膜免疫,并且具有较高的安全性,为研究新疫苗提供了一条途径。RNA病毒作为疫苗载体,在可操作性和免疫效果方面有着显著的优势,近年来已成为疫苗研究领域的热点。综述了几种RNA病毒载体目前的研究状况及其在疫苗载体方面的应用。     

新的药物传递系统:外泌体作为药物载体递送*

外泌体(exosomes)是细胞分泌的囊泡,在细胞与细胞之间通信中发挥重要作用。由于其固有的长距离通信能力和出色的生物相容性而具有很大的潜力作为药物递送载体,尤其适合递送蛋白质、核酸、基因治疗剂等治疗药物。许多研究表明外泌体可以有效地将许多不同种类的货物递送至靶细胞,因此,它们常被作为药物载体用于治疗。对外泌体作为药物递送系统中面临的外泌体分离,药物装载和靶向治疗应用的进展与挑战作一介绍,以期更好为外泌体药物递送系统开发提供新思路。     

新的药物传递系统:外泌体作为药物载体递送*

外泌体(exosomes)是细胞分泌的囊泡,在细胞与细胞之间通信中发挥重要作用。由于其固有的长距离通信能力和出色的生物相容性而具有很大的潜力作为药物递送载体,尤其适合递送蛋白质、核酸、基因治疗剂等治疗药物。许多研究表明外泌体可以有效地将许多不同种类的货物递送至靶细胞,因此,它们常被作为药物载体用于治疗。对外泌体作为药物递送系统中面临的外泌体分离,药物装载和靶向治疗应用的进展与挑战作一介绍,以期更好为外泌体药物递送系统开发提供新思路。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒重组载体疫苗的研究进展

重组载体疫苗是目前人类免疫缺陷病毒疫苗的研究热点,近几年来不仅在病毒载体和细菌载体选用的种类方面有了新的突破,而且对载体疫苗的组合免疫策略和最佳免疫的选用方面已有全新的认识。本文就用于该病毒重组疫苗的病毒载体(包括痘病毒、α病毒、仙台病毒、甲型流感病毒、腺病毒、狂犬病病毒、疱疹性口炎病毒和单纯疱疹病毒载体)以及细菌载体(包括卡介苗、李斯特单胞茵、沙门茵和布氏杆菌载体)等的研究进展进行综述。     

mRNA疫苗非病毒载体递送系统研究进展*

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情的暴发导致全球迫切需要大量有效的疫苗来应对。mRNA疫苗具有良好的安全性,且研发周期短,成为目前最有潜力的疫苗之一,在传染病和肿瘤研究领域也引发了更多关注。随着技术创新,mRNA不稳定性、翻译效率低等缺点得到较大改善。如何安全高效地将mRNA递送至靶细胞仍是阻碍mRNA研究的一大挑战。综述目前应用于mRNA疫苗体内递送的非病毒载体递送系统,以及mRNA在传染病疫苗和肿瘤疫苗中的应用现状,旨在为mRNA疫苗研发提供参考。     

呼吸道合胞病毒G蛋白基因片段的克隆及高效表达

呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染遍布全球,并可导致严重的疾病,但目前尚无成功的疫苗问世。为寻求可能用于RSV疫苗研制的重组蛋白抗原,我们在克隆RSV-A全长G蛋白基因的基础上,构建了多种共表达载体蛋白和G蛋白片段的表达载体,并从中筛选出能以可溶形式高效表达抗原蛋白的原核表达体系。通过亲和层析纯化了重组蛋白抗原DsbA-G101,将其免疫Balb／c小鼠后获得了相应的抗血清。经ELISA检测表明DsbA-G101具有良好的免疫原性。基于本研究所构建的系列表达载体,可以比较不同的G蛋白片段免疫原性的强弱及载体蛋白的优劣,从中发现最佳的RSV抗原蛋白。     

裂解系统在细菌载体疫苗中的应用

重组细菌载体疫苗因其能够诱导机体产生粘膜免疫、体液免疫和细胞免疫的特点,已经被广泛用作递送保护性抗原和核酸疫苗的载体来预防某些传染病。但是重组到细菌载体疫苗中的保护性抗原和核酸难以穿越细菌细胞壁释放到宿主细胞内发挥作用,残留在动物或畜禽产品中的疫苗菌株还可能造成环境的污染和疫苗菌株的传播。而有效解决这些问题的方法是构建一种细菌自动裂解系统,使疫苗菌株能够在体外培养时正常生长而在体内环境中自动裂解死亡。目前主要应用的细菌裂解系统包括:基于调控延迟肽聚糖合成的裂解系统、基于噬菌体裂解蛋白调控的裂解系统、基于毒素-抗毒素系统(Toxin-antitoxin system)的裂解系统。此外,一种潜在的基于细菌Ⅵ型分泌系统(Type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)的裂解系统也有望成为构建自动裂解菌株的新方法。文中将着重对这几种裂解系统的调控机制进行阐述。     

Gene transfer into chicken embryos by retrovirus vectors

While chickens have many properties that are advantageous for embryological studies, their genetic analysis has been restricted. However, by using retrovirus vector systems in combination with classical techniques of experimental developmental biology, it has recently become possible to analyze the function of genes involved in the development of this organism. Avian retrovirus vectors are unique in that they can be divided into two categories: replication-competent and replication-defective (replication-incompetent). By choosing the vectors correctly, there are many experimental applications of these vectors such as induction of constitutive (or regulated) gene expression in a restricted region of tissues, organs and embryos; cell lineage analysis; and formation of concentration gradients of morphogens in micromass cultures. In this paper, several retrovirus vectors available for the chicken will be introduced and their applications in developmental biology will be reviewed.     

Attraction, acquisition, retention and spatiotemporal distribution of soilborne plant pathogenic fungi by shore flies

Adult shore flies were experimentally shown to be aerial vectors for three soilborne plant pathogens: Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. basilici and Thielaviopsis basicola. Adult insects are attracted to sporulating cultures of the soilborne fungi investigated, as well as infected plant tissues. Shore flies acquired fungal propagules both by ingestion and surface contamination. The minimum acquisition time for propagules of soilborne fungi was 10–20 min and acquisition increased with time to reach 100% frass deposits infestation after 2 h of acquisition. The inoculum potential of the frass deposits was high considering that the number of viable spores deposited by one adult insect in a day was 2.38 × 10⁷, 3.08 × 10⁶ and 8.83 × 10⁶ for V. dahliae, F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici and T. basicola, respectively. Electron microscopy investigation implicated body surface contamination as a means of viable propagule acquisition. Pathogen distribution by adult shore flies was rapid over time at 2.21 cm² per hour per insect. The area over which the pathogen was distributed by adult shore flies increased with the increase in exposure time. The study showed that adult shore flies are efficient in the dispersal of the soilborne plant pathogen T. basicola.     

Acquisition,retention and dispersal of soilborne plant pathogenic fungi by fungus gnats and moth flies

Adult fungus gnats and moth flies were experimentally demonstrated to function as potential above‐ground vectors for three soilborne plant pathogens: Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium acuminatum and Thielaviopsis basicola. The adult insects externally acquired the conidia of the pathogens after exposure to the cultures as confirmed by scanning electron microscope photography. The intestinal contents and frass deposits of larvae exposed to fungal cultures contained viable fungal propagules. Internally infested larvae developed into internally infested pupae; however, the emerging adults were free of fungal structures. Because of the maintenance of a high level of inoculum on the external body surface and the ability of these adult insects to fly, they can be a significant factor in the dispersal of soilborne fungi in greenhouse agriculture. The rate of dispersal of T. basicola by adult fungus gnats was 1.78 cm² h^?1 per insect and by adult moth flies was 1.17 cm² h^?1 per insect. The area over which the pathogen was dispersed by the adult insects increased with the increase in exposure time. The study demonstrated that adult insects are efficient distributors of soilborne plant pathogenic fungal propagules.     

基因治疗的病毒载体系统

病毒载体是基因治疗中应用最为广泛的载体系统。该文就RNA病毒载体、DNA病毒载体和杂合病毒载体的生物学特性、基因组特点以及其在基因治疗中的优缺点进行综述,并对病毒载体系统的发展前景进行了展望。     

Improved short-term engraftment of lentivirally versus gammaretrovirally transduced allogeneic canine repopulating cells

Gammaretroviral vectors require cell division for efficient transduction. Thus, extended cell culture times are necessary for efficient transduction with gammaretroviral vectors, which in turn can lead to stem cell loss and impaired engraftment. Lentiviral vectors transduce nondividing cells and are therefore able to transduce stem cells in short transduction protocols. Here, we compared the short-term engraftment of lentivirally and gammaretrovirally transduced canine allogeneic DLA-matched littermate cells. A reduced conditioning regimen of 400 cGy total body irradiation was used in preparation for clinical studies. Two dogs received a graft of gammaretrovirally transduced CD34-selected cells. CD34(+) cells were prestimulated for 30 h and then exposed twice to concentrated RD114 pseudotype vector. Three dogs received lentivirally transduced CD34-selected cells. Cells were transduced overnight with concentrated VSV-G pseudotype lentiviral vector. The animals in the lentiviral group showed a significantly faster granulocyte recovery. VNTR analysis 40-50 days after transplantation revealed higher donor chimerism for the lentiviral group compared to the retroviral group. These data suggest that short lentiviral transduction protocols may be superior to extended gammaretroviral transduction protocols with respect to engraftment potential of transduced CD34(+) hematopoietic repopulating cells.     

Vectors with rare-cutter restriction enzyme sites for expression of open reading frames in transgenic plants

Cloning of long open reading frames (ORFs) into plant gene expression vectors and transfer of the chimeric expression cassettes into binary vectors is often hampered by the presence of restriction enzyme cleavage sites internal to the open reading frame (ORF) to be expressed. We therefore modified the commonly used expression vector pRT100 [7] and several pGPTV binary vectors [2] by replacing 6 bp restriction sites with 8 bp sequences recognized by rare-cutter restriction enzymes.     

A New Gene Trap Construct Enriching for Insertion Events Near the 5′ End of Genes

The gene trap approach is based on the integration of a gene trap vector into the genome. This can be done either by electroporation of a plasmid construct or by infection with a viral vector. Commonly used viral gene trap vectors have been shown to select for integrations near the 5 end of genes. To date, no plasmid vector with a similar tendency has been reported. In this paper we describe a new plasmid vector, pKC199geo. This vector contained a short splice acceptor fragment from the Hoxc9 gene, a full length lacZ gene, including an ATG, and a reduced activity, mutant neomycin phosphotransferase gene as a selectable marker. This vector enriched the population of trapped genes in our gene trap screen for insertion events in the 5 end of genes. In the two cases examined the -galactosidase activity pattern accurately reflected the endogenous promotor activity.     

Generation of stable retrovirus packaging cell lines after transduction with herpes simplex virus hybrid amplicon vectors

Background

A number of properties have relegated the use of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo‐MLV)‐based retrovirus vectors primarily to ex vivo protocols. Direct implantation of retrovirus producer cells can bypass some of the limitations, and in situ vector production may result in a large number of gene transfer events. However, the fibroblast nature of most retrovirus packaging cells does not provide for an effective distribution of vector producing foci in vivo, especially in the brain. Effective development of new retrovirus producer cells with enhanced biologic properties may require the testing of a large number of different cell types, and a quick and efficient method to generate them is needed.

Methods

Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo‐MLV) gag‐pol and env genes and retrovirus vector sequences carrying lacZ were cloned into different minimal HSV/AAV hybrid amplicons. Helper virus‐free amplicon vectors were used to co‐infect glioma cells in culture. Titers and stability of retrovirus vector production were assessed.

Results

Simultaneous infection of two glioma lines, Gli‐36 (human) and J3T (dog), with both types of amplicon vectors, generated stable packaging populations that produced retrovirus titers of 0.5–1.2×10⁵ and 3.1–7.1×10³ tu/ml, respectively. Alternatively, when cells were first infected with retrovirus vectors followed by infection with HyRMOVAmpho amplicon vector, stable retrovirus packaging populations were obtained from Gli‐36 and J3T cells producing retrovirus titers comparable to those obtained with a traditional retrovirus packaging cell line, ΨCRIPlacZ.

Conclusions

This amplicon vector system should facilitate generation of new types of retrovirus producer cells. Conversion of cells with migratory or tumor/tissue homing properties could result in expansion of the spatial distribution or targeting capacity, respectively, of gene delivery by retrovirus vectors in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

新型大肠杆菌高效表达载体pHsh的构建与应用

在现代生物学和生物技术研究中,通过基因的重组表达获得目标蛋白是一种应用最广泛的方法。因其培养简单、操作方便、遗传背景清楚、克隆表达系统成熟完善,大肠杆菌表达系统通常是人们表达重组蛋白的首选,而表达载体在重组蛋白的生产中起决定作用。pHsh及其衍生质粒是近年发展起来的新型大肠杆菌表达载体,其调控外源基因表达的原理不同于所有其他表达系统,并且具有表达水平高、成本低廉等特点。介绍大肠杆菌表达系统的组成和常用表达载体,并对由pHsh系列载体组成的Hsh表达体系的构建策略、表达调控机制及其使用方法进行综述。Hsh表达体系的建立和发展有望从一个不同的角度帮助解决基因的重组表达中常见的表达水平低、诱导剂成本高、包涵体形成等问题。