HOG1 MAPK参与调控亚砷酸钠诱导的酵母细胞凋亡

【目的】本研究探讨了HOG1 MAPK在亚砷酸钠诱导酵母细胞凋亡中的作用。【方法】以酵母野生株BY4741及其HOG1突变株(ΔHOG1)为材料,研究了亚砷酸钠对酵母细胞生长、相对存活率和氧化损伤的影响,并采用流式细胞术检测了亚砷酸钠胁迫下酵母细胞凋亡率、ROS水平和线粒体膜电位的变化。【结果】亚砷酸钠可抑制酵母细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡。在相同处理组中,ΔHOG1对亚砷酸钠更为敏感,表现为细胞存活率降低,凋亡率升高。在亚砷酸钠胁迫过程中,ΔHOG1胞内ROS水平和MDA含量显著高于野生株BY4741,而线粒体膜电位显著低于野生株。【结论】HOG1 MAPK可能通过影响胞内ROS水平和线粒体膜电位的变化调控亚砷酸钠诱导的酵母细胞凋亡。     

渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响

研究了不同磷浓度时渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响。结果表明,不同磷含量时,产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成越多,分泌至胞外和积累于胞内的甘油也越多,其最大甘油合成量存在一个最适渗透压。同样;在相同渗透压下,其最大甘油合成量也存在一个最适磷浓度。在相同磷含量时,渗透压增高能够促进胞内聚磷酸盐积累;当渗透压相同时,培养基中磷含量增加,胞内游离磷和聚磷酸盐均增加。在生长稳定期后期,富磷可以促进胞内游离磷和聚磷酸盐积累显著增加。经分析发现,产甘油假丝酵母胞内积累甘油与聚磷酸盐,可能对克服对数生长期细胞数量少而渗透压胁迫大的困境发挥了极其重要的作用,从而能维持其生长稳定期较高的生物量、细胞存活率和甘油产量。     

限磷对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响

研究了磷酸盐限量对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响。结果表明, 当酵母细胞从适磷或富磷培养基转接入低磷培养基时, 发酵过程中胞内积累的磷逐渐减少; 而当菌体从低磷培养基转接入适磷或富磷培养基时, 发酵过程中胞内聚磷酸盐的积累量迅速增加。当细胞在第14小时和第38小时从适磷培养基转接入低磷培养基时甘油得率分别高达60.9%和61.4%, 而甘油产率则分别为2.03 g/(L·h)和2.23 g/(L·h)。这些现象说明限制发酵培养基中的磷浓度是产甘油假丝酵母高产甘油的必要条件, 并为其反复分批发酵法生产甘油提供了重要依据。     

脂肪酸延长酶缺陷对酵母细胞脂质代谢及油酸胁迫响应的影响

生物医学证据表明,过量的油脂特别是脂肪酸(fatty acids,FA)在非脂肪组织累积会引起脂代谢障碍,引起细胞功能紊乱或坏死。脂肪酸延长酶家族参与脂肪酸代谢,具有真核生物的高度保守性,且与膜脂的代谢密切相关。但脂肪酸延长酶与细胞脂毒效应的关系并不清楚。该文利用模式生物酿酒酵母在脂类代谢研究中性状易于表征、遗传操作便利的优势,通过对比脂肪酸延长酶缺陷型elo1Δ、elo2Δ和elo3Δ与野生型酵母(wild-type,WT)对不同脂肪酸胁迫的响应,发现极长链脂肪酸延长酶基因ELO2和ELO3缺陷后对油酸(oleic acid,OLA)高度敏感;细胞脂滴及中性脂质的代谢对维持细胞脂类平衡起关键作用。研究结果显示,长链脂肪酸的合成缺陷或油酸处理均促进细胞脂滴的形成,同时显著提高细胞中性油脂(TAG)和甾醇酯(SE)合成;采用气相色谱–质谱联用技术分析脂肪酸组成,结果显示,ELO3缺陷,C_(26)脂肪酸基本检测不到,而C_(20)与C_(22)脂肪酸会累积;ELO2缺失后,C_(26)脂肪酸的含量也明显降低。而油酸的处理会增加BY4741胞内总的极长链脂肪酸的比例;elo2Δ和elo3Δ的不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比例增大;相反,过表达脂肪酸延长酶基因,与野生型菌株相比能显著降低细胞油酸的含量。模式生物脂肪酸延长酶对细胞脂质代谢及油酸胁迫响应的研究,为医学脂代谢障碍及细胞脂毒效应研究提供了基础数据。     

酿酒酵母产D-乳酸重组菌的构建与发酵

采用基因工程方法对酿酒酵母进行代谢改造,使酵母产生乳酸代谢途径。将来源于L.mesenteroides和E.coli的D-乳酸脱氢酶基因,分别插入带有G418抗性的酵母穿梭质粒p YX212-kan MX上,电转化酵母,得到2株生产D-乳酸的酿酒酵母重组菌S.cerevisiae WE1510和S.cerevisiae WB1186。进一步摇瓶发酵试验表明:重组菌S.cerevisiae WB1186在YEPD培养基、20 g/L糖、p H 5的条件下生长条件最好,并具有更好的产乳酸能力。经3 L发酵罐条件下验证,S.cerevisiae WB1186分批发酵96 h,最终乳酸积累量达到18.0 g/L;发酵条件为培养基YEPD,接种量10%,溶解氧(DO)30%,转速150 r/min,初始葡萄糖质量浓度10 g/L,控制pH 5.0,通气量3 L/min,OD600最大值转为厌氧发酵。     

酿酒酵母和粟酒裂殖酵母细胞增殖对Ca~(2 )依赖性的比较研究

同样实验条件下Ca~(2 )对S.cerevisiae的增殖没有影响,但能明显促进S.pombe的增殖;Ca~(2 )螯合剂EGTA对S.cerevisiae的增殖没有明显抑制作用,但对S.pombe的增殖有显著的抑制作用,回加Ca~(2 )能够有效消除EGTA的抑制作用;而非特异性螯合剂EDTA虽然对两类酵母细胞的增殖都有抑制作用,但Ca~(2 )却不能消除EDTA的抑制作用,这样就直接指明了两类酵母对胞外Ca~(2 )的依赖性是不一样的。由于S.cerevisiae细胞的增殖速率比S.pombe细胞要快近3倍,且与转化细胞或肿瘤细胞具有类似的细胞增殖不依赖于胞外Ca~(2 )的特性,说明研究胞外Ca~(2 )对这两类酵母细胞增殖不同作用效应的机制,对搞清细胞周期失控与细胞转化之间的关系有重要的意义。     

双层面调控S. cerevisiae碳流促进L-乳酸积累

摘要：【目的】调控Sacchromyces cerevisiae丙酮酸节点碳流分布促进L-乳酸积累。【方法】利用同源重组方法,将来源于Bovine的乳酸脱氢酶基因LDH整合到S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C基因组中,同时敲除丙酮酸脱羧酶基因PDC1,将碳流导向L-乳酸的积累,构建了基因工程菌S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C[LDH]。在此基础上,通过分析丙酮酸节点处关键酶对NADH的Km值不同,而将来源于Streptococcus pneumoniae 的NADH氧化酶(n     

TFP促进粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe) 细胞增殖机理的探讨

采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察的方法,以Fluo-3负载Schizosaccharomyces pombe细胞,荧光强度反映胞质游离Ca^2 浓度,结果表明,在无钙培养基中生长的S．Pombe沈胞内游离Ca^2 浓度低于在含10μmol／L外钙培养基中的S．pombe细胞,而一定浓度三氟拉嗪(TFP)处理过的S．pombe胞内游离钙浓度则有明显增加;用与TFP在对酵母质膜ATPase活性有拮抗效应的无机硫酸盐处理S.pombe细胞,发现可抑制其增殖,通过原子吸收光谱法测得胞内游离钙含量降低。因此认为TFP通过作用于质膜、促进Ca^2 内流刺激裂殖酵母细胞的增殖。     

酿酒酵母NST1基因敲除菌的构建及其对抗氧化的影响

构建一株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)NST1基因缺失菌株并研究其对抗氧能力的影响。以酿酒酵母BY4741中的NST1基因为研究对象,利用Cre-LoxP基因敲除系统将NST1基因与G418抗性基因(kan~r)相替换,实现目的基因的敲除。通过稀释点样实验、荧光电子显微镜检测和荧光定量PCR等技术分析NST1基因在酿酒酵母抗氧化体系中的作用。经过G418抗性筛选和基因组PCR鉴定,成功获得了NST1基因缺失菌株nst1Δ,实验数据显示nst1Δ重组菌胞内ROS增多,并且降低了细胞壁完整性信号通路(CWI)途径下游基因RLM1的表达水平,表明NST1基因的敲除对酿酒酵母BY4741的抗氧化性能有影响。     

不同营养元素限制对圆红冬胞酵母油脂生产的影响

以产油酵母圆红冬胞酵母（Rhodosporidium toruloides）作为研究对象,系统地研究了氮、磷、硫限制对其油脂积累的影响,并在3L生物反应器上考察了R.toruloides在C/P摩尔比为1 133.3时初始葡萄糖浓度对油脂生产的影响。结果表明：氮、磷、硫中任意一种营养元素受限,均能促使R.toruloides在胞内积累高于自身干重60%的油脂;通过改变培养基的组成,可以调节油脂中脂肪酸的构成,使油脂中饱和脂肪酸比例高于70%或不饱和脂肪酸比例高于60%。就油脂生产强度及转化效率而言,磷限制优于氮限制或硫限制。当C/P摩尔比相同时,初始葡萄糖浓度越低越有利于油脂生产。对采用不同原料生产微生物油脂的技术有一定指导意义。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.