Ⅱ型肺泡细胞特异表达SARS冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白转基因小鼠的建立

目的:建立Ⅱ型肺泡细胞特异表达SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)核衣壳蛋白(N蛋白)的转基因小鼠。方法:用分子克隆的方法构建包括肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)启动子、SARS-CoVN蛋白基因、β-半乳糖苷酶(LacZ)报告基因和人生长激素(hGH)polyA的转基因载体pSP-A-N。以显微注射的方法将8.3kb的转基因片段引入小鼠受精卵。通过PCR、Southern印迹和LacZ染色检测子代小鼠中转基因的整合及表达。结果:共注射952枚受精卵,移植至42只假孕母小鼠的输卵管中发育,获得子代小鼠128只,经PCR、Southern印迹鉴定,其中11只小鼠基因组上整合有SARS-CoVN蛋白基因,整合率为8.6%。鉴定结果显示,11只转基因首建者小鼠中有1只表达外源基因并能正常传代。LacZ染色结果表明N蛋白基因在转基因小鼠Ⅱ型肺上皮细胞中特异表达。结论:成功构建了Ⅱ型肺泡细胞特异表达SARS-CoVN蛋白的转基因小鼠,为深入研究该基因的病理生理学效应奠定了基础。     

钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白转基因小鼠的构建和鉴定

目的：将人的钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白（ calpastatin, CAST）外源基因整合到C57BL/6J小鼠中,构建高表达CAST的转基因小鼠模型。方法利用Gateway技术构建pRP．EX3d-EF1A-CAST-IRES-eGFP载体,回收片段后通过显微注射法将目的基因片段注入到C57 BL/6 J小鼠受精卵中,将其胚胎移植至同期发情的假孕受体母鼠输卵管内获得子代小鼠。采用PCR方法鉴定出阳性的转基因小鼠,确定首建鼠,通过与C57BL/6J小鼠回交后互交数代建系。利用RT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测CAST基因和蛋白在各组织中的表达情况。结果将90枚注射受精卵移植到3只假孕鼠中,3只均怀孕,移植成功率100％,产下23只子鼠,经PCR鉴定得到2只转基因阳性首建鼠,阳性率为9％。子代小鼠进行RT-PCR检查显示,CAST基因在转基因小鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑和骨骼肌中均有表达;Western blotting检查显示,CAST蛋白表达在转基因小鼠中显著高于同窝阴性小鼠。结论通过显微注射法成功构建CAST高表达的转基因小鼠,为进一步研究CAST奠定了良好的模型基础。     

抑癌基因PTEN转基因小鼠的构建及表型初步分析

目的:构建抑癌基因PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)的转基因小鼠模型并对其表型进行初步分析。方法:细菌人工染色体(BAC)载体系统构建打靶载体创建PTEN转基因小鼠模型;利用对鼠尾DNA进行PCR检测的方法对出生的F0代小鼠进行基因型鉴定,将阳性F_0代小鼠与野生型小鼠交配繁殖筛选稳定遗传的转基因系。分离并培养小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryo fibroblast,MEF),利用Western blotting检测比较转基因阳性小鼠与同窝野生型小鼠MEF细胞中PTEN的蛋白表达水平,并通过克隆形成实验对比PTEN转基因小鼠与野生型小鼠MEF细胞的增殖能力;取成年小鼠主要组织器官提取蛋白,Western blotting检测PTEN转基因小鼠主要组织的PTEN蛋白表达情况;从小鼠出生后第三周开始统计、分析并制作小鼠的体重生长曲线;此外,还对比了PTEN转基因小鼠与野生型小鼠肺、肝、脾脏的细胞大小与腹腔内的脂肪含量。结论:PTEN转基因小鼠能够存活并稳定遗传;Western blotting结果表明,不论在胚胎期还是成年期,PTEN转基因小鼠体内的PTEN蛋白水平均高于同窝的野生型小鼠,转基因小鼠的PTEN表达水平接近野生型水平的3倍;对PTEN转基因小鼠的整体表型进行初步分析,发现Pten基因在体内过表达后,小鼠的体型显著变小,而细胞大小不变;腹腔内的脂肪含量显著减少。结论:成功构建了PTEN转基因小鼠模型,并获得了生理条件下PTEN过表达的原代细胞系,为研究抑癌基因PTEN的体内生理功能提供了重要的动物模型。     

MTA1转基因小鼠的构建及鉴定

目的将人的MTAl外源基因整合到C57BL／6J小鼠中,构建稳定高表达MTAl的小鼠模型。方法通过RT—PCR方法克隆人的MTAl编码序列,将MTAl插入真核表达载体pcDNA3．1构建pcDNA3．1-MTAl载体,回收片段后利用显微注射技术将目的基因片段注入到受精卵的雄原核中,使用MTAl特异性的引物经PCR鉴定出基因型阳性的转基因小鼠,再利用Western—blot及免疫组化方法检测MTAl在转基因小鼠全身级织表达情况。结果成功构建了MTAl转基因注射片段。在320枚显微注射受精卵中挑选出300枚存活卵移植到10只ICR小鼠假孕受体的输卵管中,10只ICR小鼠均怀孕,移植成功率为100％,共生出子代鼠80只,经PCR检测其中共有9只整合了MTAl基因,整合率为11．25％。经PCR鉴定MTAl整合阳性的F1代小鼠,再经Western—blot和免疫组化分析检测MTAl表达水平在脑、肺、肝、肠等组织中表达明显增高,肾、骨骼肌表达无差异。结论成功构建了脑、肝、肺、结肠高表达MTAl的转基因小鼠,为进一步MTAl研究奠定了良好的研究模型。     

脂肪细胞因子 CTRP4转基因鼠的构建与鉴定

目的：建立人CTRP4基因的转基因小鼠,为脂肪细胞因子CTRP4的体内功能研究奠定基础。方法首先构建人CTRP4的转基因小鼠线性化表达载体,再利用显微注射的方法将载体注射入小鼠受精卵,从而构建人CTRP4的首建鼠（ Founder ）并与野生型小鼠交配繁殖得到F1代阳性小鼠,再通过近亲繁殖与测交的方法,得到CTRP4转基因纯合子小鼠,并通过PCR和western blot 的方法对纯合子小鼠进行鉴定。结果得到人CTRP4转基因小鼠纯合子小鼠两个品系,western blot鉴定该转基因小鼠心脏,肝脏,脑,肾脏等多种组织中均呈现CTRP4高表达。结论成功构建了人CTRP4转基因小鼠纯合子小鼠。     

应用CRISPR/Cas9技术制备Ace2基因敲除小鼠模型及基因型的鉴定

本研究旨在应用CRISPR/Cas9技术高效构建Ace2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)基因敲除小鼠模型,并繁殖、鉴定及验证Ace2基因敲除小鼠。通过构建靶向敲除Ace2基因的载体,体外将Cas9 mRNA和向导RNA (guide RNA, gRNA)显微注射到小鼠受精卵中,通过PCR和TA克隆测序对小鼠Ace2基因的第3至18号外显子删除情况进行检测和鉴定,繁育Ace2基因敲除小鼠并利用qRT-PCR和Western blot方法验证获得的Ace2~(-/Y)小鼠主要脏器中Ace2 mRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果显示,顺利构建表达gRNA载体并体外转录,成功将有活性的gRNA和Cas9 mRNA直接注射入受精卵,获得6只阳性F0代初建鼠,PCR和基因测序鉴定表明成功删除了小鼠Ace2基因的第3至18号外显子;F0代鼠与野生型鼠回交,得到3只阳性F1代鼠,再与野生型鼠相交配得到的后代为F2代,在F2代中选择Ace2~(-/+)雌性杂合子鼠与野生型鼠交配,获得F3代Ace2~(-/Y)雄性纯合子小鼠。qRTPCR和Western blot结果表明,F3代Ace2~(-/Y)小鼠肾脏和肺中未检测到Ace2 mRNA和蛋白表达。本方法通过CRISPR/Cas9技术成功制备了Ace2基因敲除小鼠模型,为进一步研究Ace2基因功能奠定了基础。     

SND1转基因小鼠的构建

目的:构建 SND1 过表达的转基因小鼠模型。方法:利用对小鼠 SND1 基因转录本构建 SND1 过表达载体pInsulator-CAG-3×FLAG-SND1,利用受精卵原核注射技术,将外源线性pInsulator-CAG-3×FLAG-SND1转基因载体注射到受精卵细胞核内,将存活受精卵进行胚胎移植制备 SND1 转基因小鼠,用PCR、RT-PCR技术鉴定转基因小鼠是否构建成功。结果:成功构建过表达 SND1 基因的转基因小鼠模型,为进一步研究 SND1 基因在动物体内的生物学功能奠定基础。     

Dicer1转基因小鼠模型的建立

目的建立Dicer1转基因小鼠模型。方法构建pcDNA3.1-Dicer1转基因构件,经酶切、纯化后通过显微注射方法导入BDF1小鼠受精卵原核并移植到同期受孕的ICR受体母鼠输卵管内。出生后仔鼠用PCR和Southern方法检测鼠尾DNA鉴定基因型,通过免疫组化检测Dicer1基因表达。结果显微注射172枚卵,移植119枚卵于3只受体输卵管中,2只怀孕,共产仔15只,经PCR检测获得6只阳性鼠,Southern检测6只均为阳性。对Southern检测阳性转基因小鼠子代进行RT-PCR检测和免疫组化分析证明Dicer1基因在肝脏、肾脏、肺内均有表达。对腹腔肿胀的转基因阳性1号鼠解剖发现肝脏、脾脏明显增大,胚胎发育异常。结论成功建立Dicer1基因表达的转基因小鼠模型,该模型为进一步研究DICER1基因功能及miRNA的表达及功能等奠定基础。     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达G-CSF的研究

用PCR法从正常中国人脐带血提取总DNA作为模板,扩增出1.5 kb的人G-CSF基因组基因。序列分析证实其正确性。将其插入小鼠乳清酸蛋白(WAP)基因的起始密码子ATG前的KpnⅠ位点,使其受控于2.6kb的WAP调控序列,构建成乳腺表达载体pWGG。回收经EcoRⅠ酶切后的8.7kb片段用于显微注射。共注射1200枚受精卵,移植34受体母鼠,产仔鼠85只。经PCR检测和DNA印迹分析,证实获得两只整合有人G-CSF基因的雄性鼠,整合率为2.37％。建立的转基因鼠系表明,采用ELASA方法对F1代雌鼠乳汁检测,成功地表达出人G-CSF。表达量为120～250ng/ml。这一结果表明转基因的表达具有乳腺特异性。这为在大动物中实施转基因提供了依据。     

携带EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白基因转基因小鼠的制备

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白(LMP)具有致癌活性,构建含金属硫蛋白基因-1(MT-1)调控区和LMP基因的pBR322-MT-LMP质粒,用显微注射法将MT-LMP转基因接种于小鼠受精卵内制备转基因小鼠的动物模型.结果:a.注射后卵的存活率和仔鼠出生率分别为73%和13%;b.转基因鼠尾部组织DNA分析,PCR法证明二只小鼠有LMP基因扩增带,Southern杂交亦显示PCR阳性鼠有特异的LMP杂交信号,这说明LMP基因已整合于鼠基因组,整合率为8%.结果说明,构建携带LMP基因的转基因动物模型已成功.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.