鲁氏接合酵母海藻糖耦合发酵过程的转录组差异分析

[目的]为探究鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)在海藻糖耦合发酵过程中适应高温胁迫的基因表达差异及内在代谢调节机制。[方法]采用GC色谱仪和Illumina HiSeq^TM高通量测序技术对海藻糖耦合发酵过程(无调控阶段、补料响应阶段、补料与中温刺激耦合响应阶段、补料与高温刺激耦合响应阶段)的生物量、胞内海藻糖含量、基因转录序列等指标进行检测。[结果]转录组测序结果显示，与无调控阶段对比，三个调控响应阶段分别筛选得到1717、522、2038个差异表达基因。海藻糖耦合发酵过程中的鲁氏接合酵母细胞差异表达基因主要富集到次级代谢产物的生物合成、核糖体、氨基酸的生物合成等代谢途径上，高温胁迫条件下(海藻糖高速合成过程)分别涉及158、97、58个差异表达基因，次级代谢主要涉及赖氨酸等氨基酸和嘌呤/嘧啶核苷酸，氨基酸的生物合成主要涉及赖氨酸代谢、半胱氨酸和谷氨酸代谢。[结论]通过转录组分析揭示了鲁氏接合酵母主要通过调控次级代谢产物的生物合成与氨基酸代谢来适应高温热激胁迫。     

鲁氏接合酵母对酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯前体物的代谢

【目的】研究鲁氏接合酵母氮源代谢特性,确定鲁氏接合酵母氮源代谢与酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯前体物瓜氨酸和尿素积累的关系。【方法】通过单一氮源培养、偏好型氮源培养和盐胁迫培养,检测不同条件下鲁氏接合酵母对精氨酸、瓜氨酸和尿素的代谢能力。【结果】通过对鲁氏接合酵母氨基酸利用能力的分析,确定了甘氨酸、丙氨酸和天冬酰胺3种氨基酸为鲁氏接合酵母的偏好型氮源。在偏好型氮源存在时,鲁氏接合酵母对尿素和瓜氨酸的利用并不受到抑制,丙氨酸和甘氨酸还能够促进对二者的利用。鲁氏接合酵母在单一氮源培养条件下不会降解精氨酸而积累尿素和瓜氨酸,反而可以大量利用氨基甲酸乙酯的前体物尿素和瓜氨酸。但在盐胁迫下,鲁氏接合酵母利用尿素和瓜氨酸受到阻遏,从而造成酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯前体物不能被充分利用而积累。【结论】盐胁迫阻遏了鲁氏接合酵母对瓜氨酸和尿素的利用,从而造成酱油发酵过程中耐盐细菌所产生的氨基甲酸乙酯前体物的积累。     

酵母内源性海藻糖代谢调控研究进展

作为一种天然稳定剂的双糖,海藻糖(Trehalose)在逆境下对生物体活性的保护功能既吸引了广泛的研究兴趣,也使其具有良好的应用价值和潜力。本文聚焦重要模式微生物和工业应用微生物酵母,结合组学研究最新进展,从海藻糖代谢途径、应激条件下的海藻糖代谢和转录特征以及提高胞内海藻糖含量策略等方面,对内源性海藻糖研究新进展进行了综述。     

过量表达NADH氧化酶加速光滑球拟酵母合成丙酮酸

[目的]进一步提高光滑球拟酵母(Torulopsis glabrata)发酵生产丙酮酸的生产强度.[方法]将来源于乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)中编码形成水的NADH氧化酶noxE基因过量表达于丙酮酸工业生产菌株T. glabrata CCTCC M202019中,获得了一株NADH氧化酶活性为34.8 U/mg蛋白的重组菌T. glabrata-PDnoxE.[结果]与出发菌株T. glabrata CCTCC M202019相比,细胞浓度、葡萄糖消耗速率和丙酮酸生产强度分别提高了168%、44.9%和12%,发酵进行到36 h葡萄糖消耗完毕.补加50 g/L葡萄糖继续发酵20 h,则使丙酮酸浓度提高到67.2 g/L.葡萄糖消耗速度和丙酮酸生产强度增加的原因在于形成水的NADH氧化酶过量表达,导致NADH和ATP含量分别降低了18.1%和15.8%.而NAD<' 增加了11.1%.[结论]增加细胞内NAD<' 含量能有效地提高酵母细胞葡萄糖的代谢速度及目标代谢产物的生产强度.     

不同渗透压调节剂对Candida krusei生理代谢的影响

比较了氯化钠、氯化钾、甘露醇存在的高渗环境下克鲁氏假丝酵母(Candida kru-sei)的生理代谢。3种渗透压调节剂对C.krusei生理代谢影响有显著差异。与甘露醇相比,氯化钠和氯化钾对细胞生长的影响更为显著,而氯化钾对细胞的毒性则又小于氯化钠。细胞对糖的消耗速率依次为甘露醇>氯化钾>氯化钠。甘油和海藻糖是C.krusei在高渗环境下的主要相容性溶质。氯化钠和氯化钾对甘油合成的促进作用明显高于甘露醇。在0.6mol/L氯化钠、氯化钾、甘露醇存在时,细胞甘油浓度较对照提高了74%、63%、57%;胞内甘油最大含量也分别达到对照的3.1,2.4和1.8倍。高渗环境下胞内海藻糖含量在发酵前期均有所降低,但发酵后期在0.6mol/L氯化钾和甘露醇存在时海藻糖迅速积累,其含量分别达对照的1.6和1.4倍。     

产海藻糖酿酒酵母培养基优化及生理学研究

采用单因子和均匀试验对酿酒酵母产海藻糖的培养基组成进行初步研究,并对发酵过程作了分析。结果表明,培养基组成、碳源浓度以及氮源的浓度比等都对细胞生物量和海藻糖积累有影响。在初步优化培养基条件下,酒酵母产海藻糖的细胞干重8g／L,海藻糖的含量为10％。通过观测发酵过程生理现象的变化,认为海藻糖的产生是对数生长期后期的稳定期,呈现不规律变化。     

热带假丝酵母多倍体变种的细胞色素P450和尿素在烷烃代谢中的作用

建立了可行的细胞色素 P450测定方法。考察了以烷烃为单一碳源的酵母细胞色素P450的一氧化碳差示光谱,峰值约为455nm。观察了烷烃培养的酵母细胞色素 P450在生长期中的消长。比较了十四醇、十四醇添加苯巴比妥、以及正十四烷等三种不同培养条件下酵母细胞色素P450的含量和发酵产物的成份。结果表明,细胞色素 P450为烷烃转化成二元酸所必需。烷烃为单一碳源培养酵母时,培养基中过量尿素(0.2%以上)促进烷烃利用和酵母生长,降低细胞色素 P450生成和二元酸的积累。根据上述实验结果和本研究室以前报道,提出了烷烃代谢调控模式。     

清香型白酒发酵过程中酵母群落结构及其与尿素代谢的关系

【目的】探索清香型白酒发酵过程中酵母群落结构及演变,分析潜在的关键尿素代谢酵母及其环境调控因素,为降低发酵过程中氨基甲酸乙酯的含量提供理论依据。【方法】通过相关性分析明确发酵过程中氨基甲酸乙酯主要前体物质及其代谢微生物类群,利用高通量测序技术解析酵母群落结构组成,并结合偏最小二乘回归分析寻找潜在的关键尿素代谢酵母。采用冗余分析评价发酵过程中环境因素对酵母群落结构的影响。【结果】尿素是清香型白酒发酵过程中氨基甲酸乙酯的主要前体物质,酵母是尿素代谢的主要微生物。高通量测序结果显示,在97%的相似度下进行操作分类单元聚类后,共鉴定出22个酵母种。其中,嗜高压有孢汉生酵母(Hanseniaspora osmophila)、发酵毕赤酵母(Pichia fermentans)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)与尿素合成存在正相关性,库德毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)与尿素降解存在正相关性。酒醅含水量、p H、乙醇和精氨酸是影响发酵过程中酵母群落演替的重要环境因素。【结论】环境因素影响潜在的关键尿素代谢酵母,为降低发酵过程中尿素与氨基甲酸乙酯含量提供理论依据。     

采用代谢组学分析技术分析工业啤酒发酵过程中风味物质生成规律

啤酒风味是保证啤酒品质的关键因素之一。运用代谢组学的方法,分析工业啤酒发酵过程中酵母胞内代谢物和啤酒风味物质的对应关系,从代谢水平上研究风味物质形成过程中的关键影响因素。在啤酒发酵过程中,同时检测风味物质的含量变化和酵母胞内代谢物的变化,对得到海量的、多维的代谢数据采用主成分分析（PCA）和偏最小二乘分析（PLS）的多元统计分析方法进行处理。由PCA分析结果可知：磷酸、海藻糖、琥珀酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸对主成分贡献比较大,说明这些代谢物在不同发酵阶段含量变化显著。由PLS分析结果可知：对啤酒风味影响最大的物质主要为氨基酸,包括丝氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸和天冬酰胺等,这为啤酒中风味物质的调控提供了一定的理论指导。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽联产发酵的环境条件

在5 L发酵罐中,研究pH、搅拌转速和温度等环境条件对产朊假丝酵母CCTCC M209298联产发酵合成S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的影响,发现酵母细胞生长、SAM和GSH合成各自需要最适的pH、搅拌转速和培养温度。以SAM和GSH联产量最大化为目标,获得了较为合适的联产发酵条件:pH 5.0,搅拌转速350 r/min,温度30℃。在此环境条件下,结合不低于35%的溶氧体积分数,分批培养产朊假丝酵母24 h,最终SAM和GSH联产产量可达到579.6 mg/L。     

Separation and simultaneous determination of nalidixic acid, hydroxynalidixic acid and carboxynalidixic acid in serum and urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Separation in capillary electrophoresis is governed by various factors, including buffer type, buffer concentration, pH, temperature, voltage and micelles. Through proper adjustment of these parameters, nalidixic acid and its two major metabolites, 7-hydroxynalidixic and 7-carboxynalidixic, could be separated by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using an electrophoretic electrolyte consisting of 50 mM borate buffer (pH 9) containing 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate and 10% acetonitrile. A linear relationship between concentration and peak area for each compound was obtained in the concentration range 0.15–100 μg ml⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 and detection limits in the 0.2–0.7 ng ml⁻¹ range. Intra- and inter-day precision values of about 0.8–1.2% RSD (n=11) and 1.3–2.0% RSD (n=30), respectively, were obtained. The method has been applied to the analysis of nalidixic acid and its two major metabolites in serum and urine with limits of sensitivity lower than 0.8 ng ml⁻¹.     

酚酸类物质对三七幼苗的化感影响

该文研究了不同浓度的阿魏酸、对香豆酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸5种酚酸类物质对三七幼苗生长和生理的影响。结果表明:处理后,三七幼苗的苗高、根长、可溶性蛋白质含量、根系活力、CAT以及POD活性均有所降低。其中,阿魏酸各处理组幼苗的苗高及POD活性均显著降低,50、100 mg·L~(-1)的对香豆酸以及100 mg·L~(-1)的香草酸处理组幼苗苗高也分别比对照显著降低16.19%、16.67%和29.29%;对香豆酸、丁香酸以及对羟基苯甲酸各处理组幼苗根长均显著低于对照;香草酸处理组幼苗的根系活力也显著低于对照,且幼苗的CAT活性在10、50、100 mg·L~(-1)丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及香草酸处理下也达到了显著降低水平。此外,1 mg·L~(-1)阿魏酸以及100 mg·L~(-1)香草酸处理组幼苗的叶绿素含量也均显著降低;中高浓度的阿魏酸、对香豆酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸增加了三七幼苗的MDA含量,而香草酸在0.1、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1)浓度下显著降低幼苗的MDA含量;丁香酸、香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及中高浓度的对香豆酸增加了三七幼苗的SOD活性,且香草酸各处理组均达到了显著性水平。综上结果表明,5种酚酸类物质对三七幼苗均具有一定的化感抑制作用,但各酚酸物质的作用方式及强度并不完全一致,阿魏酸的化感影响较大,这为进一步研究三七的化感自毒作用提供了一定的理论参考。     

Comparative acid stress response of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium after habituation at different pH conditions

AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of habituation at different pH conditions on the acid resistance of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, and to identify potential differences between the adaptive responses of the three pathogens. METHODS: Stationary phase cells of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, grown in glucose-free media, were exposed to pH 3.5 broth directly or after habituation for 90 min at various pH conditions from 4.0 to 6.0. Survivors at pH 3.5 were determined by plating on tryptic soy agar and incubating at 30 degrees C for 48 h. The kinetics (death rate) of the pathogens at pH 3.5 was calculated by fitting the data to an exponential model. RESULTS: Habituation to acidic environments provided protection of the pathogens against lethal acid conditions. This acid protection, however, was found to be pH dependent. For example, for E. coli O157:H7 an increased acid resistance was observed after habituation at a pH range from 4.0 to 5.5, while the maximum acid tolerance was induced at pH 5.0. Furthermore, the effect of low pH habituation was different among pathogens. For L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, the pH range within which habituation resulted to increased acid resistance was 5.0-6.0, 4.0-5.5 and 4.0-5.0, respectively, while the maximum acid tolerance was induced after habituation at pH 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: Acid stress conditions are common within current food processing technologies. The information on adaptive responses of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium after habituation to different pH environments provided in the present study, could lead to a more realistic evaluation of food safety concerns and to a better selection of processes in order to avoid adaptation phenomena and to minimize the potential for food safety risks.     

Triterpene acids from Salvia and Teucrium species

The pentacyclic triterpene acids ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, micromeric acid, maslinic acid and 3-epi-maslinic acid have been isolated from several Salvia and Teucrium species.     

Temperature regulates tuber-inducing lipoxygenase-derived metabolites in potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Temperature is one of the major environmental factors affecting potato tuberization. It has been suggested that lipoxygenase (LOX) mediates between temperature and tuber induction. In this study, the contents of the LOX-derived metabolites hydroperoxylinolenic acid (HPOT), jasmonic acid (JA), tuberonic acid (TA) and tuberonic acid glucoside (TAG) were analyzed in leaves of potatoes growing at different temperatures. At low, tuber-inducing temperature, endogenous levels of JA, TA and TAG rise, indicating their crucial role in tuber induction. The concentration of 13(S)-HPOT seems not to be directly affected by temperature. Instead, the molecule has only a short half-life in leaves and is readily metabolized.     

氨基酸分析仪测定饲料添加剂——叶酸的方法

用６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸于１１０℃条件下水解饲料添加剂——叶酸,使之游离出谷氨酸,用氢氧化钠中和调节ｐＨ到２,氨基酸分析仪测定谷氨酸含量,经与标准叶酸水解样品比较,计算出叶酸的纯度。该方法重现性好,变异系数ＣＶ＝０．０８％,平均回收率为９８．３４％,浓度与峰面积呈线性相关,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９８７,可随氨基酸分析同时进行,不需改变任何分析条件。     

Effects of flaxseed,raw soybeans and calcium salts of fatty acids on apparent total tract digestibility,energy balance and milk fatty acid profile of transition cows

Oilseeds offer some protection to the access of ruminal microorganisms and may be an alternative to calcium salts of fatty acids (FA), which are not fully inert in the ruminal environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different sources of FA supplementation on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, milk yield and composition, and energy balance (EB) of cows during the transition period and early lactation. We compared diets rich in C18:2 and C18:3 FA. Multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to receive one of the four diets: control (n=11); whole flaxseed (WF, n=10), 60 and 80 g/kg (diet dry matter (DM) basis) of WF during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively; whole raw soybeans (WS, n=10), 120 and 160 g/kg (diet DM basis) of WS during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively; and calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CSFA, n=11), 24 and 32 g/kg (diet DM basis) of CSFA during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively. Dry cows fed WF had higher DM and net energy of lactation (NE_L) intake than those fed WS or CSFA. The FA supplementation did not alter DM and NDF apparent total tract digestibility, dry cows fed WF exhibited greater NDF total tract digestion than cows fed WS or CSFA. Feeding WS instead of CSFA did not alter NE_L intake and total tract digestion of nutrients, but increased milk fat yield and concentration. Calculated efficiency of milk yield was not altered by diets. FA supplementation increased EB during the postpartum period. Experimental diets increased long-chain FA (saturated and unsaturated FA) in milk. In addition, cows fed WS and CSFA had higher C18:1 trans-11 FA and C18:2 cis, and lower C18:3 FA in milk than those fed WF. Furthermore, cows fed CSFA had higher C18:1 trans-11 and cis-9, trans-11 FA than cows fed WS. Although supplemental C18:2 and C18:3 FA did not influence the milk yield of cows, they positively affected EB and increased unsaturated long-chain FA in milk fat.