高通量测序分析云南腾冲热海热泉微生物多样性

【背景】云南腾冲热海热泉中蕴含着丰富的极端微生物资源。【目的】揭示云南腾冲热海热泉中微生物物种多样性及群落结构差异,发掘酸性热泉中铁、硫氧化功能微生物。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对3处热泉15个水体样品中微生物16SrRNA基因V4-V5区进行测序及生物信息学分析。【结果】3处热泉中共获得578061条有效序列,聚类为141个可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic unit,OTU),包括19个门66个属。鼓鸣泉(GMQ)、蛤蟆嘴(HMZ)、黄瓜箐(HGQ)3处热泉均以泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)和厚壁菌门(Firmicute)为主。从属水平分析,碱性热泉鼓鸣泉(GMQ)和中性热泉蛤蟆嘴(HMZ)分别注释到37、32个属,优势属均为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和热棒菌属(Pyrobaculum)。酸性热泉黄瓜箐(HGQ)共注释到20个属,优势属为酸杆菌属(Acidibacillus)和酸硫杆状菌属(Acidithiobacillus),此外,具有铁、硫氧化潜力的菌属有喜酸菌属(Acidicaldus)、硫化芽孢杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)、硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)及生金球菌属(Metallosphaera)等,进一步通过硫氧化培养基分离获得了这些菌属中的纯菌株。【结论】云南腾冲热海热泉水体中蕴含丰富的微生物资源,热泉间微生物物种组成差异明显;酸性热泉中存在多种具有潜在铁、硫代谢功能的菌种;未分类类群、非培养类群丰度很高,尤其是蕴藏着可观的古菌资源。     

一种适于微生物多样性分析的青贮饲料总DNA的提取方法

目的:提出一种适于微生物多样性分析的青贮饲料中微生物总DNA的提取方法,并评价其效果.方法:间接法抽提样本的总DNA,通过琼脂糖电泳、紫外吸收及PCR分析DNA质量,DGGE评价提取效果,用PCR扩增目的菌株的特定片段来检测提取方法的灵敏度.结果:两个样本DNA的A260/A280值分别为1.99和1.93,A260/,A230值分别为2.19和1.90,提取的DNA不需纯化便可直接用于16S rRNA基因的扩增,提取方法灵敏度为3cfu/g,DGGE结果表明提取方法可以涵盖样品中的所有微生物.结论:提取的DNA纯度较高,可直接用于下游分子操作,提取方法灵敏度较高,能全面反映样品中的微生物原貌,可用于免培养法研究青贮饲料中的微生物菌群组成.     

PCR扩增循环数对细菌群落多样性测序分析的影响

运用高通量测序技术分析复杂样品中微生物群落组成及变化趋势,已经成为目前微生物研究领域的热点之一。本研究以复杂土壤样品和应用范围较广的瘤胃食糜样品为对象,选取20、25和30三个扩增循环数分别对样品的16S r RNA基因的V3区进行扩增,然后进行文库构建和测序。最后通过数据分析比较不同的扩增循环数对细菌多样性测定结果的影响。结果表明,扩增循环数越多,捕获到的细菌数量和种类越多;但并非循环数越多,群落中的微生物组成比例最优。整体来看,当扩增循环数为25时,样品中物种的数量和组成是最优的。     

一种简单有效且适于土壤微生物多样性分析的DNA提取方法

参照Zhou[11]的方法进行了改进,获得了一种简单、有效的DNA提取方法.此方法操作简单、从大量样品改为小量样品的提取,利用高浓度的PEG沉淀,不作回收纯化,所提DNA片段较大,在23 kb以上,每克土的DNA提取量从3.74～15.28 μg,OD260/OD230比值在0.89～1.21范围内,用真菌和细菌核糖体特异性引物进行PCR扩增,均获得较好的结果,DGGE图谱显示丰富性较高,可用于细菌多样性和真菌多样性的分析.此方法能够从4种不同性质土壤中提取出DNA,但提取盐渍土壤和碱性土壤的效果更好一些,为土壤微生物群落结构的多样性分析奠定良好的基础.     

基于高通量测序研究青藏高原茶卡盐湖微生物多样性

【目的】茶卡盐湖(Chaka Salt Lake,CSL)是青藏高原有名的天然结晶盐湖,具有独特的石盐盐湖矿床,盛产青盐。盐湖卤水环境中存在丰富的嗜盐菌资源和潜在的新种,细菌和古菌的群落结构特征和物种多样性尚不明确。【方法】采用Illumina高通量测序平台对茶卡盐湖水样和底泥混合物中的细菌和古菌群落进行16S r RNA基因(V3-V5区)高通量测序,检测4个样本的群落结构差异和微生物多样性。【结果】获得细菌和古菌总有效序列分别为117 192和110 571条。结果分析表明细菌和古菌的物种注释(Operational taxonomic unit,OTU)数目分别为421和317,获得分类地位明确的细菌种类为14门28纲170属,古菌为5门4纲34属。细菌的优势类群是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),所占比例为68.37%,其次为变形菌门Proteobacteria(20.49%);优势种属依次为芽孢杆菌属Bacillus(41.94%)、海洋芽孢杆菌属Oceanobacillus(8.03%)、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas(7.67%)、盐厌氧菌属Halanaerobium(7.42%)和乳球菌属Lactococcus(7.38%);古菌的优势类群以广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria)为主,优势菌是Halonotius(17.21%)和盐红菌属Halorubrum(16.23%)。【结论】揭示了茶卡盐湖中细菌和古菌的群落结构及物种多样性,为嗜盐菌的开发及后续微生物资源的挖掘提供了理论依据。     

基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析硇洲岛海星共附生微生物多样性

【背景】海星作为海洋生物中的一类比较高级的棘皮类动物,其体内蕴藏着丰富且具有生物活性的共附生微生物资源。【目的】分析湛江硇洲岛海星中共附生微生物的多样性。【方法】采用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术分别对硇洲岛海星进行共附生细菌16SrRNA基因V3-V4区和共附生真菌18S rRNA基因ITS1-ITS2区的测序,并根据测序结果进行OTU聚类分析、α多样性分析及物种分类分析等。【结果】高通量测序获得细菌和真菌Filtered的数目分别为61992和71196个,OTU数目分别为2384和529个。经物种分类分析,共附生细菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其平均相对含量高达77.37%;其次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria);其中优势细菌属为嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus)。共附生真菌主要为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),其相对含量高达92.33%;其次是霉菌门(Fungi)、担子菌门(Basidi...     

16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析水性涂料微生物群落结构及多样性

微生物对水性涂料产品的稳定性起着重要作用,本实验以广东省某涂料厂的水性涂料为研究对象,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术检测其微生物群落结构及多样性。结果表明5个水性涂料样本在97%的相似水平下共获得有效序列总数224 801,涵盖了10门16纲30目46科59属的细菌;物种组成与相对多样性由高到低依次分别为A4、A5、A1、A2和A3;水性涂料样本A1、A2和A3微生物群落结构与聚集规律较为相似,优势菌群均为类芽孢杆菌门、芽胞乳杆菌属和固氮菌;水性涂料样本A5中相对丰度为57.3%的产己酸细菌属于特异菌群。本研究解析了水性涂料中微生物群落结构、相对丰度及多样性,为建立和完善水性涂料中微生物防控体系提供理论支撑。     

基于宏基因组测序的植物叶表微生物富集及DNA提取方法

获得高质量的微生物基因组DNA是进行复杂微生物群落宏基因组学研究的基础和难点。植物叶表是一个微生物多样性丰富的复杂生态系统,这些微生物群落可以调节叶片功能性状,影响植物的适应性。深入了解叶表微生物群落的基本结构和功能原理,有助于在促进植物生长和植物保护方面发挥重要的应用价值。由于叶表严苛的环境,导致富集叶表微生物难度较大,严重限制了高质量叶表微生物基因组DNA的提取。基于现有DNA提取方法,加入表面活性剂Silwet L-77进行前处理,同时循环利用洗脱液,加强叶表微生物的富集,以提高叶表微生物的获取量。结合商业试剂盒方法进行提取得到高纯度、高浓度的基因组DNA。经过质量控制和建库测序验证,DNA质量达到宏基组建库的要求。通过此方法可以提高叶表微生物分离和收集效率的方法,提高叶表微生物DNA提取成功率,为应用高通量测序技术研究叶表微生物组成和其他植物分子生物学研究提供参考。     

基于高通量测序分析桃蚜体内微生物群落结构及多样性

为探明桃蚜Myzus persicae体内微生物群落结构及其种类多样性,采用Illumina HiSeq二代测序技术检测桃蚜体内细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS基因序列的方法,分析取食白菜Brassica pekinensis和甘蓝Brassica oleracea的无翅孤雌桃蚜成虫体内微生物群落结构及多样性。研究结果获得桃蚜体内细菌16S rDNA和真菌ITS1优质序列分别为473 750条和472 980条,并根据序列相似性对其进行聚类分析,分别获得959个和1 424个OTUs。基于OTUs分类结果,共注释鉴定细菌类群26个门、55个纲、128个目、227个科、419属、451种,真菌类群10个门、31个纲、77个目、172个科、343属、441种。其中,在门级水平上,取食白菜和甘蓝的桃蚜体内细菌类群均以变形菌门Proteobacteria内的细菌(占73.11%,80.10%)为优势菌;真菌类群均以子囊菌门Ascomycota真菌(占51.91%,50.98%)为优势菌。在属级水平上,取食白菜和甘蓝的桃蚜体内细菌均以布赫纳氏菌属Buchnera(占60.82%,56.11%...     

Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality DNA. However, DNA extraction from saliva can yield high quality DNA with little to no degradation/fragmentation that is suitable for a variety of DNA assays without the expense of a phlebotomist and can even be acquired through the mail. However, at present, no saliva DNA collection/extraction protocols for next generation sequencing have been presented in the literature. This protocol optimizes parameters of saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for DNA assays with the highest standards, including microarray genotyping and next generation sequencing.     

Bacterial Community and Diversity from the Watermelon Cultivated Soils through Next Generation Sequencing Approach

Knowledge and better understanding of functions of the microbial community are pivotal for crop management. This study was conducted to study bacterial structures including Acidovorax species community structures and diversity from the watermelon cultivated soils in different regions of South Korea. In this study, soil samples were collected from watermelon cultivation areas from various places of South Korea and microbiome analysis was performed to analyze bacterial communities including Acidovorax species community. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed by extracting genomic DNA from 92 soil samples from 8 different provinces using a fast genomic DNA extraction kit. NGS data analysis results revealed that, total, 39,367 operational taxonomic unit (OTU), were obtained. NGS data results revealed that, most dominant phylum in all the soil samples was Proteobacteria (37.3%). In addition, most abundant genus was Acidobacterium (1.8%) in all the samples. In order to analyze species diversity among the collected soil samples, OTUs, community diversity, and Shannon index were measured. Shannon (9.297) and inverse Simpson (0.996) were found to have the highest diversity scores in the greenhouse soil sample of Gyeonggi-do province (GG4). Results from NGS sequencing suggest that, most of the soil samples consists of similar trend of bacterial community and diversity. Environmental factors play a key role in shaping the bacterial community and diversity. In order to address this statement, further correlation analysis between soil physical and chemical parameters with dominant bacterial community will be carried out to observe their interactions.     

Impact of Next Generation Sequencing Techniques in Food Microbiology

Understanding the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger sequencing as the first generation, in recent years there has been an explosion of newly-developed sequencing strategies, which are usually referred to as next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. NGS techniques have high-throughputs and produce thousands or even millions of sequences at the same time. These sequences allow for the accurate identification of microbial taxa, including uncultivable organisms and those present in small numbers. In specific applications, NGS provides a complete inventory of all microbial operons and genes present or being expressed under different study conditions. NGS techniques are revolutionizing the field of microbial ecology and have recently been used to examine several food ecosystems. After a short introduction to the most common NGS systems and platforms, this review addresses how NGS techniques have been employed in the study of food microbiota and food fermentations, and discusses their limits and perspectives. The most important findings are reviewed, including those made in the study of the microbiota of milk, fermented dairy products, and plant-, meat- and fish-derived fermented foods. The knowledge that can be gained on microbial diversity, population structure and population dynamics via the use of these technologies could be vital in improving the monitoring and manipulation of foods and fermented food products. They should also improve their safety.     

用于微生物多样性分析的棉田土壤总DNA的提取

目的：探讨适用于微生物多样性研究的棉田土壤微生物总DNA提取方法。方法：采用4种方法提取不同连作和轮作处理的棉田土壤微生物总DNA,比较其纯度、产率、片段大小,并应用ARDRA技术验证其质量。结果：其中3种方法均可获得23kb的DNA片段,但不同方法提取的DNA的产率和纯度上有明显差异。改良CTAB-SDS法提取的DNA完整性好,得率为24.20μg.g-1干土,纯化后A260/A280和A260/A230为分别为1.80和1.70,纯化回收率可达70.1%,完全适用于后续的PCR分析。结论：采用该法提取棉田土壤总DNA简便而高效。对该法提取获得的棉田土壤微生物总DNA进行ARDRA和DGGE分析,所得图谱能较全面地反映不同处理间微生物多样性及群落结构的差别,为不同栽培体系下棉田土壤微生物的分子生态学研究提供了基础。     

土壤细菌DNA提取及多样性分析的T-RFLP方法

获得高质量的土壤总DNA是土壤细菌生态学的关键步骤之一.实验通过综合应用两个试剂盒(Soilmaster kit和DNA IQTM系统)的优点进行土壤样品总DNA的提取,结果证明该方法是一种快速、有效、灵敏、稳定的土壤DNA提取方法.另外尝试将16S rDNA序列和T-RFLP(Terminal restriction fragment 1ength polymorphism)技术引入土壤细菌DNA群落多样性的研究中,证明T-RFLP是一种有力的土壤细菌多样性分析工具.     

DNA测序技术概述

DNA测序技术作为现代生命科学研究的核心技术之一,自上世纪70年代中期DNA发明以来发展迅速。我们简要综述现有的几代DNA测序技术的原理及其发展历程,并对未来可能出现的第三代测序进行预测。     

二代测序应用于检测GT1-7细胞中KISS1和GnRH启动子的DNA甲基化状态的研究

目的:利用二代测序技术检测GT1-7细胞中KISS1和GnRH基因启动子范围内的甲基化状态,并用金标准的亚硫酸氢盐修饰后的克隆测序作为对照,比较二代测序与金标准克隆测序在研究DNA甲基化检测中的差别。方法:提取GT1-7细胞基因组DNA并进行亚硫酸氢盐处理。进行巢式PCR,将PCR产物进行二代测序。同时采用金标准的亚硫酸氢盐修饰后克隆测序的方法作为对照,对相同批次的PCR产物进行克隆测序。结果:PCR产物二代测序结果表明KISS1和GnRH两个基因的27个CpG甲基化位点信息完整,结果准确。挑取10个克隆进行一代测序结果表明序列无丢失,KISS1和GnRH两个基因的27个CpG甲基化位点信息完整。结论:利用高通量的二代测序技术能够有效的对DNA甲基化的PCR产物进行检测,二代测序和克隆测序都是研究DNA甲基化的有效方法,但前者与克隆测序相比每一个读取序列(reads)都相当于一个单克隆,且二代测序每个区段得到成百上千个reads,因此二代测序结果更加精确。     

Systematic Cross-biospecimen Evaluation of DNA Extraction Kits for Long- and Short-read Multi-metagenomic Sequencing Studies

High-quality DNA extraction is a crucial step in metagenomic studies. Bias by different isolation kits impairs the comparison across datasets. A trending topic is, however, the analysis of multiple metagenomes from the same patients to draw a holistic picture of microbiota associated with diseases. We thus collected bile, stool, saliva, plaque, sputum, and conjunctival swab samples and performed DNA extraction with three commercial kits. For each combination of the specimen type and DNA extraction kit, 20-gigabase (Gb) metagenomic data were generated using short-read sequencing. While profiles of the specimen types showed close proximity to each other, we observed notable differences in the alpha diversity and composition of the microbiota depending on the DNA extraction kits. No kit outperformed all selected kits on every specimen. We reached consistently good results using the Qiagen QiAamp DNA Microbiome Kit. Depending on the specimen, our data indicate that over 10 Gb of sequencing data are required to achieve sufficient resolution, but DNA-based identification is superior to identification by mass spectrometry. Finally, long-read nanopore sequencing confirmed the results (correlation coefficient > 0.98). Our results thus suggest using a strategy with only one kit for studies aiming for a direct comparison of multiple microbiotas from the same patients.     

DNA测序中常见影响因素的研究

对测序中的模板、引物、测序反应条件及测序反应纯化方法和仪器操作等进行研究。结果显示测序模板的纯度影响测序的质量 ,浓度对测序的长度有影响。引物设计时除符合一般设计原则外 ,Tm值最好在5 0℃～ 6 0℃之间 ,且无成串的G、C。改变变性、退火、延伸的时间和温度对特殊DNA模板的序列测定有较好的效果。测序反应产物的纯化有几种方法 ,以 70 %乙醇沉淀法最经济、方便。因此模板的纯度和浓度对测序成功与否起决定作用。最佳反应条件可降低成本 ,提高测序成功率 ,乙醇沉淀法是首选的测序反应产物纯化方法。仪器操作熟练、正确与否也会影响测序结果。     

二代及三代测序技术在遗传学诊断中的应用进展

遗传病的防治是公共卫生领域的重大课题,而明确病因是遗传病防治的重要环节。高通量测序技术（又称二代测序技术）具有高通量、低成本、高准确度的优点,为遗传诊断及咨询提供了直接证据,已成为遗传学检测不可或缺的有力工具;第三代测序也凭借其长读长的独特优势在临床应用中占据一席之地。二代及三代测序技术各有特点,互为补充,临床中针对不同的检测需求有多种类型的测序方案可供选择。基于此,对二代及三代测序技术的原理、分类及其在遗传学诊断中的应用进展做一综述,以期为临床测序方案的选择提供思路和指导。