海洋破囊壶菌Δ~4-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达

以质粒pGEM-TFAD4为模板,扩增获得1.6kb的Δ4-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因(FAD4)。将FAD4酶切后连接到HindⅢ/XbaⅠ处理过的pYES2.0载体,构建重组表达质粒pYFAD4。转化酿酒酵母缺陷型菌INVScl,通过SC-U选择性培养基筛选阳性克隆子。添加外源脂肪酸C22:5底物,半乳糖诱导表达。气相色谱分析表明阳性克隆子总脂肪酸中出现了二十二碳六烯酸C22:6(占酵母总脂肪含量的41.13%),Δ4-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因在酿酒酵母中得到了表达。     

高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b5还原酶I的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

【目的】鉴定产油微生物高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的功能。【方法】将高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因与人可溶性细胞色素b_5还原酶基因序列比对,去除该基因N端穿膜区域后,与人可溶性细胞色素b_5基因分别在大肠杆菌中异源表达;通过钴离子亲和层析、离子交换和分子排阻色谱等方法对表达产物进行纯化;以2,6-二氯靛酚钠(DCIP)为底物,测定细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的体外活性及其对NADH和NADPH的偏好性;在反应体系中存在NADH时,通过全波长扫描方法检测细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ与细胞色素b_5的相互作用。【结果】高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ被成功可溶表达,经纯化后检测到体外活性:使用NADH时酶活为564.57 U,使用NADPH时为51.97 U;在NADH存在时,细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ能够还原细胞色素b_5,其吸收峰从411 nm偏移至422 nm,并在521 nm和554 nm处吸光值增加。【结论】细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ N端穿膜区域的去除增加了其可溶性,并保持了蛋白质活性;高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因编码的是一种NADH-细胞色素b_5还原酶,其在体外能与细胞色素b_5相互作用。     

高山被孢霉Δ6Ⅱ-脱饱和酶的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

产油微生物高山被孢霉中Δ6脱饱和酶是决定ω3/ω6脂肪酸代谢流的关键酶,该酶对不同底物的催化特性直接决定该菌体内脂肪酸的流向。在已完成基因组测序的高山被孢霉ATCC32222中经注释发现它存在两种Δ6脱饱和酶(Δ6-Ⅰ和Δ6-Ⅱ),选择对其中的Δ6-Ⅱ脱饱和酶进行克隆、表达和功能鉴定。首先以p YES2/NT C质粒为骨架构建了Δ6-Ⅱ脱饱和酶基因(FADS6-Ⅱ)的表达载体(p YES2/NT C-FADS6-Ⅱ),并转化至酿酒酵母中进行诱导表达,进一步通过在重组菌培养基中添加Δ6脱饱和酶的底物来考察Δ6-Ⅱ脱饱和酶对各底物的偏好作用。实验结果表明,在分别添加0.5 mmol/L亚油酸(LA)和0.5 mmol/Lα-亚麻酸(ALA)时,Δ6-Ⅱ脱饱和酶对LA的转化率为42.94%,对ALA没有催化作用。而当底物添加方式改为同时添加LA和ALA时(分别为0.25 mmol/L),Δ6-Ⅱ脱饱和酶对LA的转化率为37.12%,对ALA仍没有催化作用。该实验结果为高山被孢霉中Δ6-Ⅱ脱饱和酶的催化功能研究提供了理论依据。     

高山被孢霉Δ5脱饱和酶基因的分离与验证

花生四烯酸(arachidonicacid)是人体的必需脂肪酸,具有独特的生物活性。Δ5脱饱和酶是花生四烯酸生物合成途径上的关键酶,以二高-γ-亚麻酸为底物,催化其第5位碳脱氢形成花生四烯酸。从花生四烯酸高产菌株高山被孢霉M6(Mortierellaalpina)中通过RT-PCR分离了可能的编码Δ5脱饱和酶完整的cDNA,其大小为1366bp,编码446个氨基酸。推导出的蛋白质含有Δ5脂酰脱饱和酶中保守的特征性结构域,包括该蛋白质N端典型的细胞色素b5结构域,以及3个保守的组氨酸盒。为验证该蛋白质的功能,将该基因片段克隆到穿梭表达载体pPIC9K中,获得的重组载体pPIC9K-D5通过电转化法转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115中,利用G418耐受度筛选出高拷贝数的酵母转化子,在加入外源底物二高-γ-亚麻酸时,利用甲醇诱导酵母转化子表达外源基因。酵母转化子的油脂的气相色谱图谱中出现了一个花生四烯酸的特征峰,进一步对该峰进行气质联谱(GC-MS)分析,证实该峰是花生四烯酸。研究结果表明,从高山被孢霉M6中分离出Δ5脱饱和酶基因。     

实时PCR分析△5脱饱和酶在花生四烯酸合成中的作用

花生四烯酸是人体的必需脂肪酸,具有独特的生物活性。 Δ5脱饱和酶是花生四烯酸生物合成途径中催化二高-γ-亚麻酸脱饱和为花生四烯酸的酶。本研究通过实时定量PCR技术,检测了Δ5脱饱和酶在不同花生四烯酸产量的高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)菌株M10,M6和M23中的mRNA表达水平,以及在高产花生四烯酸菌株M6培养过程中的mRNA表达水平的动态变化,发现Δ5脱饱和酶基因的mRNA表达水平与花生四烯酸的产生之间存在明显的线性关系,表明Δ5脱饱和酶是高山被孢霉中花生四烯酸合成途径中起到了非常重要的作用。     

海洋破囊壶菌△4-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因在酿酒母中的表达

以质粒pGEM-TFAD4为模板,扩增获得1.6 kb的△4-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因(FAD4).将FAD4酶切后连接到Hond Ⅲ/XbaⅠ处理过的pYES2.0载体,构建重组表达质粒pYFAD4.转化酿酒酵母缺陷型菌INVScl,通过SC-U选择性培养基筛选阳性克隆子.添加外源脂肪酸C22:5底物,半乳糖诱导表达.气相色谱分析表明阳性克隆子总脂肪酸中出现了二十二碳六烯酸C22:6(占酵母总脂肪含量的41.13%),△4-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因在酿酒酵母中得到了表达.     

少根根霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆和表达

根据真菌Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶保守的氨基酸序列设计简并引物进行RT PCR ,获得一个 5 93bp的cDNA片段 ,再根据获得的部分序列设计基因特异性引物 ,通过cDNA末端扩增技术 (RACE)获得该cDNA的 3′和 5′序列 ,从而得到全长为 14 82bp的cDNA序列。序列分析结果表明 ,该序列具有一个长度为 1377bp、编码 4 5 8个氨基酸的开放阅读框 ,所编码蛋白质的大小为 5 2kD。与报道的Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶一样 ,推测的氨基酸序列具有膜整合脂肪酸脱氢酶特异性的 3个组氨酸保守区和疏水结构 ,在其氨基酸序列的N 末端具有类似于细胞色素b5的血红素结合区。该序列为一个新的编码Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶的基因 ,为了验证其功能 ,把开放阅读框序列RAD6亚克隆到表达载体 pYES2 0 ,构建重组表达载体pYRAD6 ,并转化到酿酒酵母的缺陷型菌株INVScl进行表达。通过气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱 /质谱 (GC MS)分析表明 ,该序列在酿酒酵母中获得表达。所编码的酶具有Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶活性 ,能将外源性的底物亚油酸转化为γ 亚麻酸 ,γ 亚麻酸的含量占酵母总脂肪酸的 3 85 %。     

雅致枝霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

根据真菌Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因保守的组氨酸Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区附近保守序列设计兼并引物进行RT-PCR,得到雅致枝霉(Thamnidium elegans)As3.2806Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因459bp部分cDNA序列,然后通过快速扩增cDNA末端技术(RACE)向两端延伸得到1504bp的Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因全长cDNA序列。序列分析表明有一个1377bp、编码459个氨基酸的开放阅读框TED6。推测的氨基酸序列与已知其他真菌的Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的氨基酸序列比对,具有3个组氨酸保守区、2个疏水区及N末端细胞色素b5融合区。将此编码区序列亚克隆到酿酒酵母缺陷型菌株INVSc1的表达载体pYES2.0中,构建表达载体pYTED6,并在酿酒酵母INVSc1中异源表达。通过气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)分析表明,该序列在酿酒酵母中获得表达,产生γ-亚麻酸(GLA)的含量占酵母总脂肪酸的7.5%。证明此序列编码的蛋白能将外加的亚油酸转化为γ-亚麻酸,是一个新的有功能的Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因(GenBank,AY941161)。     

小眼虫藻Δ8-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及其在酿酒酵母中的表达

Δ8途径是合成多不饱和脂肪酸的替代途径,Δ8-脂肪酸脱氢酶是该途径的关键酶之一。根据已报道的Δ8-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因设计引物,分别从小眼虫藻基因组DNA和cDNA中扩增得到该基因片段,序列分析表明：结构基因长1 266 bp,编码421个氨基酸;该基因没有内含子,比已经报道的Δ8-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因长6 bp,并且N末端序列也有所不同。利用酿酒酵母的载体pYES2.0构建Δ8-脂肪酸脱氢酶表达载体pYEFD,并转化到营养缺陷型酿酒酵母菌株INVSc1中,在选择培养基中筛选得到酿酒酵母转化菌株YD8。YD8在合适的培养条件下,添加外源底物二十碳二烯酸和二十碳三烯酸并诱导基因表达。脂肪酸甲酯气相色谱分析表明小眼虫藻Δ8-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中获得了高效表达,将二十碳二烯酸和二十碳三烯酸分别转化成二高-γ-亚麻酸和二十碳四烯酸,其底物转化率分别达到了31.2％和46.3％。     

高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆、结构分析及其功能的研究

从高山被孢霉ATCC1 62 66总DNA中扩增出大小为 1 374bp和 1 947bp的两条特异片段 ,序列分析表明后者在细胞色素b5和组氨酸Ⅰ之间含有一大小为 5 73bp的内含子和两条分别为 1 97bp和 82 8bp的外显子。推导的氨基酸二级结构分析表明 ,该基因有两个长的跨膜疏水区和 3个组氨酸保守区。分别根据D6D内含子及组氨酸Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区的序列设计引物 ,制备不同的探针与高山被孢霉的基因组杂交 ,证明在其基因组中确实存在两个Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因 ,其中一个基因含有内含子。把不含有内含子的核基因MAGL6 1克隆到的酿酒酵母表达载体pYES2 0中 ,转化到酿酒酵母INVSc1中。对筛选得到的酵母工程菌株进行脂肪酸GC分析 ,检测到了γ 亚麻酸 ,说明克隆的D6D基因MAGL6 1能在酿酒酵母中进行功能性表达。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.