溶瘤病毒市场及研发格局分析

溶瘤病毒可以感染和破坏癌组织,是一种治疗癌症的新型生物疗法。溶瘤病毒在癌细胞中选择性复制,进而导致癌细胞裂解,释放肿瘤特异性抗原,诱导抗癌免疫反应,充当原位肿瘤疫苗。对病毒进入、复制、诱导和抑制免疫反应机制的深入了解促进了利用病毒治疗人类疾病技术的发展。过去十年溶瘤病毒领域临床试验的进展证实了其对癌症患者的治疗益处,利用溶瘤病毒作为载体治疗特定类型的癌症是肿瘤免疫治疗市场的新增长点。通过全面分析溶瘤病毒免疫治疗市场的细分领域及其市场动态,从关键技术进展、主要企业竞争格局和产品研发进展角度进行分析,并展望溶瘤病毒的发展前景,旨在为相关企业研发方向选择及地区产业决策提供参考。     

我国生物技术研发队伍的比较分析与启示

<正>近年来,生物和医药领域技术迅猛发展,不断取得重大突破,已经成为技术开发的热点和产业竞争的焦点,对经济社会乃至人类自身发展都产生了巨大影响。而研发(RD)投入人员的数量对于生物和医药领域的发展起着举足轻重的作用。本文针对我国生物和医药领域研发投入人员的现状及主要问题进行了梳理总结,希望能为广大的生物和医药领域科技工作者和管理人员提供参考。1我国生物和医药领域RD投入人员现状     

医药生物技术研究与产业化进展

当今世界上许多国家特别是发达国家都把发展生物技术及其产业作为提高本国科技和经济竞争力的重要手段。医药生物技术是生物技术首先取得突破,实现产业化的技术领域,世纪之交的医药生物技术呈现出蓬勃发展态势,美国在医药生物技术领域占据了世界领先地位,各种生物技术产品被广泛应用于医疗,制药等行业,医药生物技术已成为美国高技术产业发展的核心动力之一,近年来,我国的医药生物技术研发和产业化取得了长足的进展,在基因的定位和克隆,体细胞克隆,遗传病的基因诊断技术,基因治疗,肿瘤免疫治疗,抗血管治疗,组织工程,干细胞的研究等方面均取得了可喜成果,逐步缩短了先进国家的差距,本文综述了近年来医药生物技术的领域的研究,开发和产业化现状,并对加速我国医药生物技术及其产业的发展提出了一些建议。     

精准医疗与肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断

以免疫检查点阻断疗法为代表的肿瘤免疫治疗在肿瘤临床治疗中取得了突破性进展,然而肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断仍存在诸多困难。在当前精准医疗大发展的背景下,创新性的技术和方法不断应用到肿瘤免疫治疗的伴随诊断中,对于提高肿瘤免疫治疗的效率具有重要意义。现有研究发现肿瘤微环境PD-L1的表达检测、肿瘤突变和肿瘤变异新抗原分析、肿瘤微环境免疫相关基因表达谱分析等方法与肿瘤免疫治疗效果具有显著相关性,然而其临床应用仍具有一定局限性,导致精准的肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断仍面临诸多挑战。主要介绍了免疫检查点阻断治疗相关伴随诊断领域研究进展,提出肿瘤免疫治疗伴随诊断需要开放式思维,积极引入新技术新方法,拓展多元化分子标识,从而推动肿瘤免疫治疗实现个体化精准应用。     

医药生物技术研究与产业化进展

当今世界上许多国家特别是发达国家都把发展生物技术及其产业作为提高本国科技和经济竞争力的重要手段。医药生物技术是生物技术首先取得突破 ,实现产业化的技术领域 ,世纪之交的医药生物技术呈现出蓬勃发展态势。美国在医药生物技术领域占据了世界领先地位 ,各种生物技术产品被广泛应用于医疗、制药等行业 ,医药生物技术已成为美国高技术产业发展的核心动力之一。近年来 ,我国的医药生物技术研发和产业化取得了长足的进展 ,在基因工程药物和疫苗、单抗导向药物、人工血液代用品、生物芯片的研制 ,疾病相关基因的定位和克隆、体细胞克隆、遗传病的基因诊断技术、基因治疗、肿瘤免疫治疗、抗血管治疗、组织工程、干细胞的研究等方面均取得了可喜成果 ,逐步缩短了与先进国家的差距。本文综述了近年来医药生物技术领域的研究、开发和产业化现状 ,并对加速我国医药生物技术及其产业的发展提出了一些建议。     

PD-L1降解途径与肿瘤免疫治疗

程序性死亡受体配体1 (programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1)是肿瘤免疫检查点阻断治疗中的重要靶点,其在多种细胞中均有表达。肿瘤细胞可通过高表达PD-L1来增强程序性死亡受体1 (programmed death 1, PD-1)抑制信号,从而促进肿瘤免疫逃逸。近年来,以抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体为代表的肿瘤免疫治疗给癌症治疗带来了革命性的变化。然而,肿瘤免疫治疗仅能对部分患者产生持久的疗效,多数患者对肿瘤免疫治疗的应答短暂或没有应答。研究发现, PD-L1的降解对肿瘤免疫治疗应答至关重要。本文综述了PD-L1的溶酶体降解途径、蛋白酶体降解途径及PD-L1降解与肿瘤免疫治疗的相互作用,旨在为进一步增强肿瘤免疫治疗的应答率和应答范围提供研究思路。     

细胞免疫治疗载体技术的现状与展望

近年我国细胞免疫治疗发展迅速,从零基础直追国际前沿水平。在细胞免疫疗法蓬勃发展的背后,将基因导入靶细胞并使其进行表达的基因递送载体技术的支持不可或缺。如何更加安全高效地进行基因转递也是困扰行业发展的重要瓶颈之一。通过总结目前细胞治疗领域主要应用的载体技术发展现状,并对比已经上市产品的工业化生产流程,以期为后续载体技术的发展提供参考。     

肿瘤免疫治疗的研究现状

恶性肿瘤的发病率近年持续走高并已成为威胁人类健康的主要因素。肿瘤免疫治疗是肿瘤治疗领域的新兴方案,引领了肿瘤治疗的重大突破。该方案通过复杂的免疫调节机制靶向攻击肿瘤细胞并防止肿瘤复发,因此众多研究机构以肿瘤免疫治疗为主要研究方向进行深入探讨。近年来多项研究提出了一系列具有肿瘤免疫作用的新型免疫组分且发现治疗方案的联合应用可优化肿瘤治疗效果。本文将就肿瘤免疫治疗的研究现状做一综述。     

携细胞因子的溶瘤病毒的研究现状CSCD

随着科技的发展和对肿瘤认识的不断深入,针对肿瘤的治疗手段除了常规的放化疗和外科手术之外,免疫治疗已经逐渐兴起,并展现了良好的发展前景。以溶瘤病毒为代表的肿瘤免疫治疗方法已逐渐成为肿瘤治疗领域的研究热点,本文就溶瘤病毒的杀瘤原理、种类及携带细胞因子的溶瘤病毒在肿瘤治疗中的研究现状进行综述。     

表观遗传学技术发展与市场发展分析

近年来,表观遗传学机制在肿瘤的形成和治疗、干细胞分化等诸多领域扮演着越来越重要的角色,逐渐成为全球的研究热点。基于表观遗传学机制研究的生物医药技术与产品研发已经进入到崭新的发展时期,极具市场潜力。结合表观遗传学市场2014~2015年的数据,分别对该领域的技术发展方向、市场规模、产品类型、市场分布进行概述,主要剖析了表观遗传学市场的药物研发现状,并进行相关的趋势分析与研究判断。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.