产肠毒素大肠杆菌、空肠弯曲菌和志贺痢疾杆菌结合疫苗平台的研究

<正>产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)、空肠弯曲杆菌(CJ)和志贺杆菌是全球细菌性腹泻的主要原因,但是目前还没有针对这些病原体的疫苗。目前大多数ETEC疫苗的途径都是基于与毒力相关的重组蛋白,尤其是黏附蛋白。相比之下,志贺杆菌疫苗和CJ疫苗的研发途径包括结合疫苗,其中志贺杆菌脂多糖(LPS)或CJ荚膜多糖与蛋白质发生化学结合。作者已经探索了利用ETEC蛋白作为CJ和志贺菌     

用志贺菌Ⅲ型分泌蛋白皮内注射法研究细胞和抗原动力学及免疫应答

<正>志贺杆菌是导致大量小儿腹泻,加重低收入国家疾病负担的主要病原菌之一。目前没有疫苗可用,而现有的候选疫苗只限于部分有效且存在血清型特异性。志贺菌III型分泌系统蛋白Ipa B和Ipa D,由于在不同志贺菌中的保守性,成为研发具有广谱保护的亚单位疫苗的候选物。本文用双突变体大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素(dmLT)作为佐剂,利用显微操作针皮内注射的方法研究了Ipa B和Ipa D的免疫原性和保护效力。就Ipa B     

特异性抗原融合蛋白结核病疫苗研究进展

结核病是一种严重危害人类健康的重大传染病,由于BCG预防效果不佳,研制新型结核病疫苗迫在眉睫。研究开发新型结核病疫苗应根据机体抗结核杆菌感染的免疫应答特点、结合BCG的不足来开展。新型结核病疫苗主要分为三类:重组BCG或重组结核菌;重组痘病毒或重组腺病毒载体疫苗;蛋白抗原亚单位或重组融合蛋白抗原亚单位疫苗。由于蛋白亚单位疫苗可以不受机体已被分枝杆菌刺激的影响,能特异性地诱导CD4+Th1细胞和CD8+细胞毒性T细胞活化,并且使用安全性好,而备受研究者的青睐。目前主要是以BCG或重组BCG初次免疫,然后选择亚单位疫苗加强免疫作为结核病疫苗序贯免疫策略。然而,单个蛋白制成亚单位疫苗,其免疫效果有限,因此将多个具有保护效果的抗原或多肽表达成融合蛋白,联合适当的佐剂,制成融合蛋白亚单位疫苗。目前,已有一些融合蛋白亚单位疫苗进入临床试验阶段,更多的融合蛋白正处于研究阶段。     

个性化癌症疫苗及其佐剂

个性化肿瘤(癌症)疫苗(personalized cancer vaccines,PCVs)包括新抗原癌症(肿瘤)疫苗(neoantigen cancer vaccines,NCVs)和肿瘤裂解物疫苗(tumor lysate vaccines,TLVs)。NCVs以新表位为抗原。新表位是新抗原中可以激活肿瘤特异性T细胞的免疫活性肽。新抗原是根据肿瘤细胞全基因组测序数据确定的肿瘤细胞特有的突变蛋白。TLVs以肿瘤患者的肿瘤裂解物为抗原。PCVs能激活肿瘤特异性CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞,这些T细胞能在肿瘤患者体内抑制、杀伤肿瘤细胞,因而延长肿瘤患者的生存期。为了提高疫苗效力,PCVs必须和佐剂组成一定的剂型。可用于PCVs的佐剂有运载体、纳米颗粒、乳化剂、模式识别受体激动剂、免疫卡点抑制剂和能改变免疫抑制肿瘤微环境的制剂等。     

新疆栽培一枝蒿粗多糖对OVA抗体水平及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

初步探讨新疆栽培一枝蒿未除蛋白的粗多糖(Un-deproteinization of cultivated Artemisia rupestris L.crude polysaccharides,UCARCP)对模式抗原卵清白蛋白(Ovalbumin,OVA)免疫小鼠后抗体水平以及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。将UCARCP配伍OVA皮下免疫小鼠,初免1次,加强1次,铝佐剂为阳性对照组,间接ELISA法检测小鼠血清中IgG及亚类IgG_1、IgG_(2a)的抗体水平;流式细胞术检测脾细胞中CD3~+CD4~+和CD3~+CD8~+T淋巴细胞亚群的含量。结果显示,UCARCP能显著提高小鼠血清中Ig G、IgG_1、IgG_(2a)的抗体水平(P0.05),且与铝佐剂组相比无显著性差异(P0.05);UCARCP能显著促进CD3+CD4+和CD3+CD8+T细胞亚群的含量(P0.05),与铝佐剂组相比没有显著差异(P0.05)。新疆栽培一枝蒿未除蛋白的粗多糖能显著促进模式抗原OVA免疫后小鼠的体液免疫水平和细胞免疫水平,与铝佐剂相当。     

肠毒素大肠杆菌定居因子CS3和肠毒素融合抗原基因在减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中的共表达

不耐热肠毒素（LT）和耐热肠毒素（ST）是产肠毒素大肠杆菌的主要致病因素,CS3为该菌的优势定居因子,是定居因子CFA/Ⅱ菌毛抗原的共有抗原组分。采用基因操作技术将编码CS3和融合肠毒素蛋白基因转化到减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗侯选株X4072中进行表达。用重组菌株口服免疫小鼠后,免疫动物能产生抗CS3、LT和ST的血清抗体。特别有意义的是,所产生的抗ST抗体能中和天然ST的生物活性。这一结果为研究载体疫苗防治肠毒素大肠杆菌腹泻疾病奠定了基础。     

抗禽传染性支气管炎病毒多肽疫苗EpiA免疫原性研究

设计基于B细胞表位和T细胞表位的禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)多肽疫苗EpiA,并利用基因工程重组技术将EpiA在大肠杆菌中表达、纯化。ELISA和Western blot法验证其免疫原性后,将重组蛋白配以弗氏佐剂免疫鸡,并以灭活苗、GST和PBS为试验对照组。细胞免疫效应采用流式细胞仪(FACS)对免疫鸡外周血中CD4+ ,CD8+ T淋巴细胞进行计数,IBV特异性抗体采用ELISA法进行检测,并进行攻毒试验。结果显示,成功设计了多肽疫苗EpiA：ELISA和Western blot 证明所表达的融合蛋白能与标准IBV阳性血清产生特异性抗原-抗体反应,而且该融合蛋白能有效激发鸡体特异性体液和细胞免疫,与对照组差异显著(P≤0.01）。攻毒试验表明,多肽疫苗保护率可达73％,大肠杆菌生物合成重组抗IBV多肽疫苗将为IBV疫苗研究制备提供了新的途径。     

核酸疫苗初免-蛋白疫苗加强的免疫策略提高日本血吸虫核酸疫苗免疫效果

为研制抗血吸虫疫苗提供实验依据,探讨了抗血吸虫SjGST-32核酸疫苗与蛋白疫苗联合免疫的免疫增强效应及免疫应答特征。将日本血吸虫DNA疫苗VR1012-SjGST-32与重组蛋白疫苗rSjGST-32分别在第0、2和4周免疫小鼠,在第6周攻击感染日本血吸虫尾蚴,攻击感染45 d后剖杀小鼠,计算减虫率、检卵率以及检测肝脏病理变化,观察免疫保护效果;检测小鼠血清中特异性IgG抗体滴度,T细胞增殖反应和抗原特异性CD4+IFN-γ+、CD4+IL-4+和CD4+IL-10+的数量,探讨免疫应答特征。结果显示,DNA初免-蛋白加强的联合免疫组的保护作用优于单独免疫组,显著提高了减虫率(42.3%)和减卵率(59.6%),并且能够显著减轻血吸虫虫卵对肝脏的病理损害;进一步发现,DNA疫苗和蛋白疫苗联合应用增强了机体T淋巴细胞增殖反应、抗体IgG滴度以及抗原特异性CD4+IFN-γ+的产生。这些研究为新型血吸虫疫苗的优化设计和合理应用提供了依据。     

人源产肠毒素大肠杆菌疫苗的研发进展

腹泻是全球范围内引起5岁以下幼童死亡的第二大病因,而产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)是引起腹泻的最常见病原菌,其产生的细菌定植因子(CFs)和肠毒素是关键的毒力因子。CFs介导细菌黏附宿主小肠上皮细胞并完成定植,产生热敏肠毒素(LT)和热稳定肠毒素(ST)破坏宿主上皮细胞内的体液平衡,使体液和电介质过量分泌从而导致腹泻。预防ETEC腹泻的首选方法是使用能激发宿主产生抗黏附素免疫力和抗肠毒素免疫力的疫苗,阻断ETEC黏附和定植并中和肠毒素。目前一种名为Dukoral~的霍乱疫苗因能刺激机体产生抗热敏毒素免疫,已经被一些国家批准用于短期保护和预防旅行者腹泻。新型试验性ETEC候选疫苗正在研发中,旨在提供保护期长、反应谱广的抗ETEC感染免疫保护力。本文针对疫苗研发的关键问题和研究现状作一综述,并对未来的研究作出展望。     

流感新型黏膜疫苗的研究

目的评价PorA、PorB和Class4对流感裂解疫苗的免疫增强作用,从中挑选出最有效的流感黏膜佐剂,为发展流感黏膜疫苗提供理论基础。方法流感三价裂解抗原按比例与PorA、PorB和Class4非共价结合,滴鼻免疫Balb／c小鼠3次,采取间接ELISA检测血清特异性IgG抗体及抗体亚型,检测鼻咽、肺、小肠和阴道冲洗液中IgA效价,采用血凝抑制试验检测血清中HAI效价。结果PorB重组蛋白佐剂组较无佐剂的流感裂解抗原组在提高小鼠早期免疫应答的同时诱导较强的系统免疫应答和黏膜免疫应答;PorA组也有黏膜佐剂的功能,但和无佐剂的流感裂解抗原组相比,差异无统计学意义。结论在蛋白体的三分子中,以PorB为佐剂的流感黏膜疫苗不仅提高了抗原的系统免疫应答,而且诱导了较强的小鼠呼吸道、生殖道的局部黏膜免疫应答,为流感黏膜疫苗的研制奠定了理论基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.