家蚕保幼激素结合蛋白Bmtol基因的克隆及功能分析

家蚕头部是一个神经中枢和感受的器官,其头部含有触角和感觉毛,感受外界的信号,并将外界信号传送到大脑进行反应。保幼激素主要是由咽侧体合成和分泌的,而保幼激素结合蛋白是保幼激素转运和发挥功能的载体,在昆虫体内具有极其重要的功能。文中通过Silk DB和NCBI数据库筛选并鉴定到一个新的具有保幼激素结合蛋白家族保守结构的蛋白Bm TOL,其编码基因编号为BGIBMGA003404(Gen Bank登录号:KY681053)。利用原核表达系统成功表达了该蛋白,通过Ni-NTA亲和层析的方法获得了Bm TOL的重组蛋白并制备了多克隆抗体。组织表达分析发现无论是转录水平还是蛋白水平Bm TOL在头部都是高量表达,且Bmtol基因在起蚕时表达量较高,在5龄和蛹期表达量较低,而在化蛾后表达量又开始上调。免疫组化结果显示Bm TOL蛋白定位在头部的皮层、触角和脑中,推测其可能与头部信息传递有关,为家蚕的生长发育和行为调控提供重要的信息来源。     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫体内保幼激素二醇激酶cDNA片段克隆与序列分析

为研究亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)幼虫体内保幼激素二醇激酶(JHDK)表达调控的分子机理,根据不同昆虫保幼激素二醇激酶基因序列的保守区域,设计合成简并引物,采用RT-PCR技术从亚洲玉米螟5龄幼虫中扩增出一段cDNA片段,大小为189bp,编码63个氨基酸,预测分子量为6.78ku,理论等电点pI值为4.57。该基因序列中含有保守的GTP结合蛋白特征指纹基序∑3和∑1。BlastP分析结果表明:该片段氨基酸序列与烟草天蛾JHDK氨基酸序列的一致性最高,为69%;与家蚕和小菜蛾JHDK氨基酸序列的一致性分别为55%和52%。构建系统发育树分析了3种鳞翅目昆虫JHDK进化关系,结果显示:亚洲玉米螟cDNA片段氨基酸序列与家蚕JHDK的亲缘关系最近,与小菜蛾JHDK的亲缘关系最远。半定量PCR结果表明:JHDK基因在中肠中表达量最高,随着5龄幼虫的发育,JHDK基因在血细胞、脂肪体和体壁组织中表达量有下降趋势,但在中肠组织中表达量明显增强。     

沙葱萤叶甲保幼激素结合蛋白基因GdJHBP的克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆沙葱萤叶甲Galerucadaurica保幼激素结合蛋白基因(Juvenilehormonebinding protein,JHBP)cDNA全长序列,分析其分子特征和表达特性,为进一步明确其在沙葱萤叶甲生长发育及滞育中的作用奠定基础。【方法】基于本实验室组装的沙葱萤叶甲转录组数据库,采用RACE技术,克隆沙葱萤叶甲GdJHBP基因cDNA全长序列;运用ORF Finder、SignaIP、DNAMAN和TMHMM等软件分析其分子特征;利用MEGA6.0软件中的邻接法(Neighbor-joining,NJ)构建系统发育树;应用荧光实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术分析GdJHBP在沙葱萤叶甲不同发育时期、成虫不同组织及高温胁迫下的表达模式。【结果】克隆获得了沙葱萤叶甲保幼激素结合蛋白基因GdJHBP cDNA全长序列(GenBank登录号:MG460309),cDNA全长为826 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为714 bp,编码237个氨基酸;蛋白质预测分子量为26.58ku,等电点为4.37;包含1条信号肽,无跨膜区,且在第27-189位氨基酸之间存在一个保幼激素结合蛋白家族JHBP保守结构域。序列比对分析表明,不同昆虫JHBP间氨基酸序列一致性较低,沙葱萤叶甲GdJHBP与棕榈象RhynchophorusferrugineusRfJHBP和马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata JHBP 3p2的氨基酸序列一致性最高也仅为30%。系统发育分析表明,GdJHBP与棕榈象血淋巴JHBP亲缘关系最近。RT-qPCR结果显示,GdJHBP在沙葱萤叶甲不同发育阶段均有表达,在幼虫期表达量最高,在卵和蛹期微量表达;在成虫滞育期间低表达,在滞育前与滞育结束后则有较高表达;在成虫发育过程中,头部的表达量显著低于腹部和胸部;高温(30-40℃)可诱导GdJHBP上调表达,在35℃时表达量达到最高值。【结论】沙葱萤叶甲GdJHBP属于血淋巴JHBP,在沙葱萤叶甲生长发育和成虫夏滞育中可能发挥着重要作用。     

舞毒蛾保幼激素结合蛋白家族基因克隆及对CO2胁迫的响应

保幼激素结合蛋白(JHBP)是存在于血淋巴和细胞内的一类载体蛋白,与保幼激素结合运送到靶标组织。本文研究舞毒蛾JHBP基因特性及其对高浓度CO_2胁迫的响应,为明确全球气候变化下舞毒蛾适应性机制提供理论依据。通过舞毒蛾转录组文库分析结合RT-PCR克隆鉴定出7个JHBP基因,并进行基因特性和发育阶段特异性分析,同时利用密闭式CO_2人工气候箱在不同CO_2浓度(397μL/L、550μL/L和750μL/L)下将舞毒蛾卵饲养至3龄幼虫,利用qRT-PCR技术测定3龄幼虫JHBP基因表达量变化。结果表明,舞毒蛾JHBP家族7个基因全长开放阅读框大小为714～756 bp,编码237～251个氨基酸,分子质量为28.22～28.54 kDa,理论等电点为5.33～8.47。7个基因在不同发育阶段的表达存在差异,幼虫期LdJHBP1、2、5、6基因表达量较高,而LdJHBP3、4和7在蛹期和成虫期高表达。进化树分析表明舞毒蛾LdJHBP1、LdJHBP2、LdJHBP6分别与棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、家蚕Bombyx mori、冬尺蛾Operophtera brumata的JHBP亲缘关系较近。高浓度CO_2下舞毒蛾3龄幼虫的LdJHBP表达量下降。JHBP基因表达可能影响JH结合与运输从而调节生长发育。     

家蚕类泛素化翻译后修饰蛋白NEDD8的cDNA克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位

【目的】NEDD8是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰蛋白,对底物蛋白的功能具有重要的调节作用。本研究旨在探索家蚕Bombyx mori中NEDD8的功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术,从家蚕Bm N细胞中克隆了家蚕NEDD8完整的开放阅读框。通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测家蚕NEDD8在不同发育阶段、5龄第3天幼虫不同组织中以及Bm NPV感染Bm N细胞后的相对表达量。通过构建GFP融合表达的重组Bm NPV(B.mori nucleopolyherovirus)感染家蚕Bm N细胞,在共聚焦显微镜下观察NEDD8在细胞中分布情况,用GFP抗体进行Western blot验证。【结果】克隆获得了NEDD8基因。序列分析表明,家蚕NEDD8高度保守,与家蚕泛素蛋白氨基酸序列一致性最高。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,NEDD8在家蚕的不同组织中均有表达,其中头部中表达量最高,其次是丝腺中,而在精巢和卵巢中表达量最低;在家蚕5龄第3天幼虫始到化蛹后第3天NEDD8的表达量开始逐渐增加,化蛾后降至低水平;在家蚕杆状病毒感染Bm N细胞的早期和极晚期NEDD8的表达量都有明显增加。GFP-NEDD8融合表达定位显示NEDD8在Bm N细胞内普遍存在,分布于整个细胞中,并且在感染48 h后存在细胞质内的聚集现象。【结论】NEDD8编码序列在物种间高度保守;NEDD8在家蚕幼虫头部中表达量最高,在化蛹阶段表达量逐渐增加;NEDD8在Bm N细胞内普遍存在并且可能与参与Bm NPV复制。本研究所得结果为进一步研究NEDD8在家蚕中的生物学功能及修饰底物蛋白的作用机制奠定了基础。     

苜蓿夜蛾保幼激素酯酶cDNA的克隆、序列分析及表达研究

【目的】研究苜蓿夜蛾Heliothis viriplaca保幼激素酯酶(Juvenile hormone esterase,JHE)的功能和作用机理。【方法】本试验提取苜蓿夜蛾的总RNA,并利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,扩增得到苜蓿夜蛾保幼激素酯酶基因的全长c DNA序列,命名为Hvjhe(Gen Bank登录号:JQ901384)。【结果】该基因含有3 106 bp,包括一个1 746 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个含581个氨基酸的多肽,分子量约为63.9 ku,多肽的等电点为5.11,且氨基酸序列具含有5个保幼激素酯酶特有的氨基酸保守模块。推导的氨基酸序列与烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera中获得的保幼激素酯酶相似性较高,分别达到83%和82%。荧光定量PCR结果表明,该基因在苜蓿夜蛾不同发育时期和不同组织中都有m RNA水平的特异性表达,且在预蛹期表达量相对较高,取食期、蛹期期和成虫期表达量相对较低;在中肠和脂肪体内的表达量相对于其它组织较高。该基因在大肠杆菌Escherich coli表达系统中进行了诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明,表达出与预测的蛋白分子量相符的融合蛋白。【结论】研究结果表明本试验获得了苜蓿夜蛾中一个新的保幼激素酯酶基因的c DNA序列。     

苜蓿夜蛾保幼激素酯酶cDNA的克隆、序列分析及表达研究

【目的】研究苜蓿夜蛾Heliothis viriplaca保幼激素酯酶(Juvenile hormone esterase,JHE)的功能和作用机理。【方法】本试验提取苜蓿夜蛾的总RNA,并利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,扩增得到苜蓿夜蛾保幼激素酯酶基因的全长c DNA序列,命名为Hvjhe(Gen Bank登录号:JQ901384)。【结果】该基因含有3 106 bp,包括一个1 746 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个含581个氨基酸的多肽,分子量约为63.9 ku,多肽的等电点为5.11,且氨基酸序列具含有5个保幼激素酯酶特有的氨基酸保守模块。推导的氨基酸序列与烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera中获得的保幼激素酯酶相似性较高,分别达到83%和82%。荧光定量PCR结果表明,该基因在苜蓿夜蛾不同发育时期和不同组织中都有m RNA水平的特异性表达,且在预蛹期表达量相对较高,取食期、蛹期期和成虫期表达量相对较低;在中肠和脂肪体内的表达量相对于其它组织较高。该基因在大肠杆菌Escherich coli表达系统中进行了诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明,表达出与预测的蛋白分子量相符的融合蛋白。【结论】研究结果表明本试验获得了苜蓿夜蛾中一个新的保幼激素酯酶基因的c DNA序列。     

家蚕双重氧化酶BmDUOX的序列特征、表达模式及病原诱导表达

【目的】研究双重氧化酶(dual oxidase,DUOX)在家蚕Bombyx mori中的表达模式,探析其在家蚕肠道免疫机制中的作用。【方法】通过氨基酸多重序列比对和系统进化分析对Bm DUOX蛋白氨基酸序列特征进行研究,并采用RT-PCR方法扩增获得家蚕Bm DUOX膜外部分Bm DUOX_OM基因序列。在大肠杆菌Eescherichia coli(DE3)中诱导表达并通过亲和层析法纯化获得重组表达蛋白,以其为抗原免疫昆明鼠,获得对应的多克隆抗体;利用所得的抗体检测Bm DUOX的表达和细胞定位。通过半定量RT-PCR方法分析Bm DUOX在家蚕不同发育时期和组织中的表达模式及病原诱导表达谱。另外,利用活性氧检测试剂盒分析家蚕微孢子虫Nosema bombycis诱导后家蚕Bm E细胞的活性氧(ROS)的含量。【结果】生物信息学分析表明,Bm DUOX内有保守的Peroxidase,Ferric_reduct,EF-hand,FAD-binding和NAD-binding结构域,且具有6个跨膜区,跨膜形式与人类Homo sapiens、果蝇Drosophila melanogaster等的DUOX蛋白的跨膜形式一致。多重序列比对分析表明,Bm DUOX的过氧化酶区域内具有过氧化物酶的保守活性位点。克隆获得家蚕Bm DUOX_OM基因,并纯化获得重组表达蛋白,制备的鼠多抗具有较好的特异性。间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)表明,Bm DUOX位于家蚕Bm E细胞的细胞膜上。表达模式分析表明,Bm DUOX在家蚕5龄第3日幼虫和成虫中表达量较高;且在幼虫表皮、精巢、卵巢和头内高量表达,在成虫的卵巢、精巢、表皮和脂肪体内也有较高的表达量。病原诱导分析表明,通过肠道起始感染的家蚕微孢子虫能够诱导家蚕幼虫中肠Bm DUOX基因持续上调表达,且其诱导后的Bm E细胞内活性氧含量也明显增加,提示Bm DUOX调控的肠上皮ROS应答参与抵抗家蚕微孢子虫的侵染。【结论】Bm DUOX含有典型的结构域及保守的活性位点,表明其在家蚕中具有保守的生物学功能。Bm DUOX在家蚕不同发育时期、不同组织及病原诱导下的表达谱提示其可能参与宿主肠上皮对家蚕微孢子虫的免疫反应。     

家蚕中肠特异启动子P56的克隆及活性分析

中肠是家蚕的消化器官,也是抵御外界病源入侵的生理屏障。为克隆和鉴定新的家蚕中肠特异启动子,首先利用RT-PCR检测家蚕组织特异表达候选基因Bm P56的表达特性,发现该基因只在中肠组织表达。进一步克隆该基因上游调控序列P56,构建由该序列驱动红色荧光蛋白基因DsRed表达的转基因载体p Bac[P56DsRed SV40,3×P3EGFP],经显微注射和荧光筛选获得转基因家蚕。表达分析显示,报告基因DsRed只在转基因家蚕中肠组织表达,与Bm P56的表达特征一致,说明克隆的上游调控序列P56是有活性的家蚕中肠特异启动子。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.