沙葱种子的萌发特性和几种贮藏物质含量的变化

研究沙葱种子的萌发和贮藏物质含量变化的结果表明:(1)沙葱种子萌发的温度范围为5~30℃,最适温度为19℃;(2)浸种8~24h可提高沙葱种子的发芽率,最佳浸种时间为12h,浸种超过24h,发芽率下降;(3)每天0h光照下的种子发芽势和发芽率比每天光照24h的高65.6%和74.5%,显示沙葱种子萌发有嫌光性。(4)在萌发过程中的种子蛋白质含量下降,可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉含量先降低后升高,脂肪含量在萌发的2d内急剧下降,6d后呈缓慢升高的趋势。     

超声波对3种老化牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

利用四因素(超声时间、超声温度、输出功率和浸种时间)三水平[L₉(3⁴)]正交试验,对自然老化的高羊茅(在室温条件下储藏1年和5年)、黑麦草(储藏5年)和新麦草(储藏6年)种子进行超声波处理,研究超声波对老化种子萌发、幼苗生长的作用及其生理机制.结果表明: 超声温度是影响老化种子萌发的主要因素.适宜的超声波处理可以提高老化的高羊茅(储藏5年)和新麦草种子发芽率,显著促进胚根和胚芽伸长,而对老化的高羊茅(储藏1年)和黑麦草种子萌发无明显改善,但可促进其胚根伸长.超声波可通过提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及显著降低丙二醛含量来恢复种子活力.超声波处理效果存在参数阈值效应,通过回归模型分析得出其处理老化草种的最优参数为:超声时间22 min,超声温度26 ℃,超声输出功率254.29 W,浸种时间2.89 h.     

La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过水培实验研究了La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫下油菜(Brassicanapus)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,当镉浓度≤10mg·L-1时,La(NO3)3浸种(0～50mg·L-1)能提高油菜种子的活力,促进油菜幼苗的生长,并提高脂肪酶的活性和幼苗根细胞有丝分裂指数。其中以10mg·L-1La(NO3)3浸种处理效果最佳,与对照相比,种子活力指数及油菜幼苗各生长指标显著提高,脂肪酶活性增加40.41%～65.09%,幼苗根细胞有丝分裂指数增加62.76%～77.02%。当镉浓度>10mg·L-1时,La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫的缓解效用明显减弱,与对照相比,仅脂肪酶活性显著提高,其它指标无明显变化。     

GA3浸种对大白杜鹃种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的GA3浸种大白杜鹃种子并测定其萌发结果表明,不同浓度GA3处理均能增强大白杜鹃种子活力,极显著提高种子发芽率和发芽势,其中500mg·L～GA3浸种处理的效果最明显。GA3处理使种子的可溶性蛋白质含量降低,MDA含量下降,而SOD、POD和CAT活性增强。这表明GA3浸种后能增强抗氧化酶的活性,降低膜脂过氧化程度,从而促进种子提前萌发。     

缺苞箭竹种子人工老化及不同大小种子的生理研究

为了解缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudate Yi)种子的老化机理和不同大小种子间的差异,对其进行了人工老化处理和大、中、小三组种子的区分,并分别对种子活力,总抗氧化能力,酶活性,丙二醛含量和电导率进行测定。发现经人工老化后种子活力显著降低,电导率和丙二醛含量随老化程度加深而上升,总抗氧化能力和过氧化氢酶活力随老化程度加深而下降,超氧化物歧化酶的活力则出现上升的趋势,但超氧化物歧化酶与丙二醛的比值呈现先升后降的趋势。总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶与丙二醛的比值能够很好的反映种子老化的程度和抗氧化能力的变化;总抗氧化能力、电导率和种子活力有很好的相关性。中等大小种子活力最高,总抗氧化能力和几种酶活性均随种子增大而提高,丙二醛含量和电导率则随种子增大而减小,种子大小是与各指标相关的因素。     

水杨酸调控盐胁迫下羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的机理

盐胁迫是植物种子萌发与植株生长的重要限制因子。以羽衣甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.acephala)名古屋为材料,研究不同盐分对其种子萌发的影响,探索水杨酸(SA)及其合成抑制剂氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的调控效应。实验结果表明,150与200 mmol·L^–1 NaCl处理后的羽衣甘蓝种子活力显著降低。盐胁迫显著降低种子的吸水速率、种子活力与幼苗质量,降低苯丙氨酸裂解酶活性与内源SA含量,提高过氧化氢(H2O2)与超氧阴离子(O2^–.)含量。SA可以缓解盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子活力的抑制作用,通过促进内源SA合成,从而提高种子吸水率与种子活力,促进种子对K^+、Mg^2+的吸收,降低Na+含量。此外,外源施加SA能够显著增强超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,降低H2O2与O2^–.的积累。相反,氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理能够增强盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制作用,推测这与AIP处理能够显著降低种子内源SA含量密切相关。研究表明外源SA主要通过提高保护酶活性、降低活性氧积累和维持体内离子平衡来增强羽衣甘蓝的耐盐性。     

人工老化处理对结球甘蓝种子生理生化特性的影响

以结球甘蓝品种‘冬升’种子为材料,研究高温(40℃)高湿(相对湿度100%)人工老化处理过程中种子的萌发特性、种子浸出液相对电导率和丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及抗氧化酶活性的变化,以揭示种子劣变的机理。结果表明:(1)人工老化处理甘蓝种子的含水量和不正常苗率均随着老化时间的延长逐渐增加,而种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数的增加均逐渐降低。(2)随着处理天数的延长,老化处理甘蓝种子的浸出液电导率显著增大,浸出液可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,可溶性蛋白含量表现出显著下降趋势,而种子MDA含量呈先升高后逐渐下降的趋势。(3)在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,其种子中SOD、POD、CAT活性变化的趋势相似,均随老化程度的加深而逐渐降低;而APX活性在老化处理的最初2d显著增加,第6天显著降低。研究发现,在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,种子活力和萌发率显著降低,其种子浸出液电导率、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、保护酶活性变化与种子老化及劣变程度密切相关,膜脂过氧化作用可能是引起或加剧种子老化劣变的重要原因之一。     

硝酸镧浸种对NaCl胁迫下柳枝稷种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为探讨镧对NaCl胁迫下柳枝稷种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响,该研究以柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum L.)种子为研究材料,通过不同浓度(0、0.05、0.1、0.5和1.0mmol/L)La(NO3)3溶液浸种24h处理后,添加100mmol/L NaCl溶液,以蒸馏水为对照,在种子发芽箱中培养并观察柳枝稷种子萌发和幼苗生长,测定幼苗叶片相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸和叶绿素的含量。结果显示:(1)0.05mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种处理可缓解100mmol/L NaCl对种子发芽的影响。(2)不同处理对幼苗苗长无显著影响,0.1mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种显著增加了幼苗的鲜重和叶面积,当浓度≥0.5mmol/L时根长、根冠比、鲜重和叶面积受到抑制。(3)幼苗叶片相对电导率和脯氨酸含量随La(NO3)3浓度的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,其中0.05和0.1mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种处理下效果较好,丙二醛含量随La(NO3)3浓度的增加持续降低,但各浓度处理间差异不显著,叶绿素含量在0.05mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种处理下较NaCl处理显著增加,当浓度≥0.5mmol/L随着浸种浓度的增加呈下降趋势。(4)不同指标间发芽势与发芽率、根长和叶绿素含量间呈极显著正相关关系,与根冠比、电导率和脯氨酸含量均呈极显著负相关关系,而与苗长不相关。研究表明,低浓度(0.05mmol/L)La(NO3)3可缓解NaCl胁迫对柳枝稷种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,而高浓度(1.0mmol/L)的La(NO3)3则会加重NaCl的胁迫危害。     

GA3处理对低温胁迫条件下玉米种子呼吸代谢的影响

以低温敏感型的"丰禾1号"和耐低温型的"郑单958"两个玉米品种为实验材料,采用GA3浸种的处理方式("丰禾1号"为20 mg·L-1、"郑单958"为5 mg·L-1),探究了GA3对低温胁迫条件下玉米种子萌发过程中种胚中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及淀粉酶活性和呼吸途径关键酶活性的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫条件下,GA3浸种处理显著提升了玉米种胚中可溶性糖含量及可溶性蛋白的积累,增强了低温胁迫下细胞的渗透势;α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活性显著提高;提高了苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、联合酶(G-6-PDH和6-PGDH)的活性,提高了糖酵解(EMP)、三羧酸循环(TCA)、磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)途径的运转效率,保证了细胞的物质代谢和能量供应;GA3浸种处理可以显著提高种子对低温的抵抗能力,从而在低温胁迫条件下促进其萌发。     

水杨酸调控盐胁迫下羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的机理

盐胁迫是植物种子萌发与植株生长的重要限制因子。以羽衣甘蓝(Brassica oleraceavar. acephala)名古屋为材料,研究不同盐分对其种子萌发的影响,探索水杨酸(SA)及其合成抑制剂氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的调控效应。实验结果表明, 150与200 mmol·L~(–1) NaCl处理后的羽衣甘蓝种子活力显著降低。盐胁迫显著降低种子的吸水速率、种子活力与幼苗质量,降低苯丙氨酸裂解酶活性与内源SA含量,提高过氧化氢(H2O2)与超氧阴离子(O_2~(.–))含量。SA可以缓解盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子活力的抑制作用,通过促进内源SA合成,从而提高种子吸水率与种子活力,促进种子对K~+、Mg~(2+)的吸收,降低Na+含量。此外,外源施加SA能够显著增强超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,降低H_2O_2与O_2~(.–)的积累。相反,氨基茚磷酸(AIP)处理能够增强盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制作用,推测这与AIP处理能够显著降低种子内源SA含量密切相关。研究表明外源SA主要通过提高保护酶活性、降低活性氧积累和维持体内离子平衡来增强羽衣甘蓝的耐盐性。     

Cr3+和Cd2+对普通小球藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的] 为探究重金属对淡水绿藻生长的影响。[方法] 选取对水质检测具有明显指示作用的普通小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）为实验材料,CdCl₂·2H₂O和CrCl₃·7H₂O提供重金属离子,探究不同浓度Cr³⁺和Cd²⁺在单一和复合胁迫下对藻细胞浓度、叶绿素a及相关抗氧化酶活性的影响。[结果] 随着Cr³⁺和Cd²⁺浓度不断增加,藻细胞浓度呈先增长后下降趋势;叶绿素a含量呈现先下降后升高再下降的现象,浓度为1 mg/L的单一和复合胁迫下有最大值,且毒性作用表现为Cr³⁺ < Cd²⁺ < Cr³⁺+Cd²⁺;与藻细胞膜相关的丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量随着重金属离子浓度的增大而增长;重金属离子浓度低于10 mg/L时对藻细胞内抗氧化酶系统中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）表现为促进作用,而大于10 mg/L时具有抑制作用。[结论] 结果表明在单一或复合重金属胁迫下,普通小球藻会充分调动与抗逆性相关的酶来维持自身的正常生长。     

稀土La3+跨PC12细胞膜行为研究

使用AR-CM-M1C阳离子测定系统,发展Fura-2荧光测定技术,将其应用于测定细胞内游离稀土离子La³⁺,并以此研究了La³⁺跨PC12细胞（大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞）膜的行为.结果表明：在模拟细胞内离子组分,pH=7.05的溶液中,测得La³⁺-Fura-2的表观解离常数为3.27×10^-11 mol·L^-1.对于PC12细胞,静息条件下La³⁺不能跨越细胞膜进入胞内.与钙离子通道相关的KCl和去甲肾上腺素均不能刺激稀土La³⁺过膜.用哇巴因（ouabain）使胞内Na⁺超载后,La³⁺可过膜进入细胞内,且过膜量与胞外La³⁺浓度和胞内Na⁺超载程度有一定的浓度依赖关系,提示La³⁺可以经由Na⁺／La³⁺交换机制过膜而进入细胞内.     

ABA, GA3, and nitrate may control seed germination of Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) under saline conditions

Impaired germination is common among halophyte seeds exposed to salt stress, partly resulting from the salt-induced reduction of the growth regulator contents in seeds. Thus, the understanding of hormonal regulation during the germination process is a main key: (i) to overcome the mechanisms by which NaCl-salinity inhibit germination; and (ii) to improve the germination of these species when challenged with NaCl. In the present investigation, the effects of ABA, GA₃, NO⁻₃, and NH⁺₄ on the germination of the oilseed halophyte Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) were assessed under NaCl-salinity (up to 200 mM NaCl). Seeds were collected from Tabarka rocky coasts (N-W of Tunisia). The exogenous application of GA₃, nitrate (either as NaNO₃ or KNO₃), and NH₄Cl enhanced germination under NaCl salinity. The beneficial impact of KNO₃ on germination upon seed exposure to NaCl salinity was rather due to NO⁻₃ than to K⁺, since KCl failed to significantly stimulate germination. Under optimal conditions for germination (0 mM NaCl), ABA inhibited germination over time in a dose dependent manner, but KNO₃ completely restored the germination parameters. Under NaCl salinity, the application of fluridone (FLU) an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, stimulated substantially seed germination. Taken together, our results point out that NO⁻₃ and GA₃ mitigate the NaCl-induced reduction of seed germination, and that NO⁻₃ counteracts the inhibitory effect of ABA on germination of C. maritimum. To cite this article: A. Atia et al., C. R. Biologies 332 (2009).     

In vitro germination and growth of lily pollen tubes is affected by calcium inhibitor with reference to calcium distribution

The calcium inhibitors A23187, EGTA and La³⁺ inhibit pollen grain germination and growth of pollen tubes of Lilium davidii var. unicolor at different concentrations. Treatment with 10⁻⁴ or 10⁻⁵ M ionophores A23187 reduced germination rate and resulted in distortion of pollen tube. Addition of 2 or 10 mM of the chelator EGTA disturbed the direction of pollen tube growth and extended the diameter of pollen tube as observed by light and confocal microscopy. The Ca²⁺-channel blocker lanthanum chloride (La³⁺) restrained germination or markedly caused transformation of pollen tube. Furthermore, all treatments led to disappearance of any calcium gradient. Calcium distribution in pollen grain and pollen tube was altered as shown by confocal microscopy for each treatment. This indicates that the inhibitors influence pollen development by affecting the calcium gradient which may play a critical role in germination and tube growth. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated slight increases in contents of amide I and a substantial decrease in the content of aliphatic esters and saturated esters in treated pollen tubes compared with normal pollen tubes. The FTIR analysis confirmed that EGTA and La³⁺ weakened the accumulation of ester in pollen tubes, which may be associated with an increased content of amide I.     

基于Ti4+-IMAC富集的分枝菌酸小杆菌深度覆盖磷酸化蛋白质组研究

【目的】本研究以分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium smegmatis)为研究对象,探索适于原核微生物理想的磷酸化富集方法。【方法】我们比较了二氧化钛(TiO₂)、Fe³⁺-NTA和Ti⁴⁺螯合在磷酸酯修饰的固相微球(Ti⁴⁺-IMAC) 3种不同富集方法磷酸化肽段的富集效率,并用不同分辨率的质谱仪评估富集稳定性。【结果】Ti⁴⁺-IMAC富集效率最高,磷酸化位点数是TiO₂或Fe³⁺-NTA方法的7倍以上;TiO₂和Fe³⁺-NTA方法富集到的磷酸化位点数相差不大,与已报道的用TiO₂方法富集的磷酸化位点数目接近。Ti⁴⁺-IMAC富集结果稳定性很好,高分辨率Lumos质谱仪鉴定到的磷酸化位点数是Velos的2.6倍。【结论】本研究较高效地实现了分枝菌酸小杆菌磷酸化事件的鉴定,共鉴定到2 280个磷酸化蛋白、10 880个磷酸化肽段及4 433个可信磷酸化位点,有望用于其他微生物的磷酸化蛋白质组学研究。     

Prevention by Ce3+ of DNA destruction caused by Hg2+ in fish intestine

The interactions between Hg²⁺, Ce³⁺, and the mixuure of Ce³⁺ and Hg²⁺, and DNA from fish intestine in vitro were investigated by using absorption spectrum and fluorescence emission spectrum. The ultraviolet absorption spectra indicated that the addition of Hg²⁺, Ce³⁺, and the mixture of Ce³⁺ and Hg²⁺ to DNA generated an obviously hypochromic effect. Meanwhile, the peak of DNA at 205.2 nm blue-shifted and at 258.2 nm red-shifted. The size of the hypochromic effect and the peak shift of DNA by metal ion treatments was Hg²⁺>Hg²⁺+Ce³⁺>Ce³⁺. The fluorescence emission spectra showed that with the addition of Hg²⁺, Ce³⁺, and the mixture of Ce³⁺ and Hg²⁺ the emission peak at about 416.2 nm of DNA did not obviously change, but the intensity reduced gradually and the sequence was Hg²⁺>Hg²⁺+Ce²⁺>Ce³⁺. Hg²⁺, Ce³⁺, and the mixture of Ce³⁺ and Hg²⁺ had 1.12, 0.19, and 0.41 binding sites to DNA, respectively; the fluorescence quenching of DNA caused by the metal ions all attributed to static quenching. The binding constants (K _A ) of binding siees were 8.98×10⁴ L/mol and 1.02×10⁴ L/mol, 5.12×10⁴ L/mol and 1.10×10³ L/mol, 6.66×10⁴ L/mol and 2.36×10³ L/mol, respectively. The results showed that Ce³⁺ could relieve the destruction of Hg²⁺ on the DNA structure.     

镉胁迫下硒对罗汉果组培苗光合特性的影响

实验以罗汉果组培苗为材料,室内栽培在内装市售营养土的塑料盆中,以0、10、50、100、200mg·kg-1浓度镉离子和1mg·kg-1浓度硒处理,培养20d后分析罗汉果幼苗的相关光合生理指标。结果表明:低浓度Cd2+对叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)影响不大或稍有上升,但高浓度镉离子处理植株叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)明显下降;随Cd2+处理浓度的增加,叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈现上升趋势;加硒则延缓叶绿素下降,促进光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)上升,降低叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)。表明高浓度镉离子的毒害导致罗汉果组培苗叶片光合性能受到伤害,从而影响罗汉果幼苗生长。镉硒混合处理反映出硒对镉的毒害有缓解作用。     

Signal role for activation of caspase-3-like protease and burst of superoxide anions during Ce<Superscript>4+</Superscript>-induced apoptosis of cultured <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus cuspidata</Emphasis> cells

The signal events of 1 mM Ce⁴⁺ (Ce(NH₄)₂(NO₃)₆)-induced apoptosis of cultured Taxus cuspidata cells were investigated. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased from 0.82% to 51.32% within 6 days. Caspase-3-like protease activity became notable during the second day of Ce⁴⁺-treatment, and the maximum activity was 5-fold higher than that of control cells at the fourth day. When the experiment system was pretreated with acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (Ac-DEVD-CHO) at 100 M, caspase-3-like activity resulted in distinct inhibition by 70% and 77.3% after 3 and 4 days of induction. Furthermore, 100 M Ac-DEVD-CHO partially reduced the apoptotic cells by 58.6% and 60.8% at day 4 and 5 respectively. Ce⁴⁺ induced superoxide anions (O₂·–) transient burst, and the first peak appeared at around 3.7–4 h, the second appeared at about 7 h. Both O₂·– burst and cell apoptosis were effectively suppressed by application of diphenyl iodonium (NADPH oxidase inhibitor). Inhibition of O₂·– production attenuated caspase-3-like activation by 49% and 53.6% during day 3 and 4 respectively. In addition, a total of 15 protein spots changed in response to caspase-3-like protease activation were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that Ce⁴⁺ of 1 mM induces apoptosis in suspension cultures of T. cuspidata through O₂·– burst as well as caspase-3-like protease activation. The burst of O₂·– exerts its activity as an upstream of caspase-3-like activation. Our results also implicate that other signal pathways independent of an O₂·– burst possibly participate in mediating caspase-3-like protease activation.     

重金属Cr6+胁迫对茳芏生理生态特征的影响

采用盆栽模拟试验,研究了不同水平重金属Cr6+对茳芏生理生态的影响,探索了茳芏对重金属的抗性机理,充实有关盐沼植物的污染生态学研究。结果表明:(1)Cr6+胁迫对茳芏生物量具抑制作用;(2)叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b比值显著降低,并对净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及气孔导度(Gs)产生显著负面影响;(3)各浓度Cr6+胁迫对茳芏根系活力表现为抑制效应;(4)在Cr6+胁迫下,茳芏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均比对照低(除50mg/L外),超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性随Cr6+浓度增加呈降低趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则持续上升。丙二醛(MDA)、细胞膜透性和脯氨酸(Pro)随Cr6+浓度增加显著增加,表明Cr6+胁迫对茳芏细胞质膜系统及主要细胞器的结构与功能都具有较强的破坏作用。     

外源Ca2+和IBA对NaCl胁迫下能源植物杂交狼尾草幼苗生长的影响

以能源植物杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)为实验材料,在NaCl胁迫条件下用外源IBA(100 mg/L),CaCl_2(浓度分别为0、1、2、5 mmol/L)处理杂交狼尾草幼苗,处理3周后测定植物的存活率、鲜重、干重、株高、生根数和地上部分、地下部分的离子含量。结果表明,经过IBA溶液预处理的杂交狼尾草幼苗的存活率、鲜重、干重、株高、生根数明显高于未处理的幼苗;在NaCl胁迫下,随着外源Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,杂交狼尾草幼苗的存活率、鲜重、干重、株高、生根数以及Ca~(2+)含量都明显升高并在CaCl_2浓度为2 mmol/L时达到最大值;随着外源Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,Na~+含量、Na~+/K~+降低,当CaCl_2的浓度为2mmol/L时,Na~+含量、Na~+/K~+最低。以上结果表明外源Ca~(2+)和IBA对NaCl胁迫下杂交狼尾草幼苗生长有促进作用,可以缓解NaCl胁迫对杂交狼尾草幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高杂交狼尾草幼苗在NaCl胁迫下的成活率;缓解盐害的最适的Ca~(2+)浓度为2mmol/L。