银杏EPSPS基因克隆及表达分析

利用RACE技术,克隆到银杏EPSPS合酶基因(GbEPSPS)的cDNA序列并对其进行生物信息学分析.结果表明:银杏GbEPSPS cDNA长1 403 bp(GenBank登录号GU084139),其包含一个1 035 bp的ORF框,编码344个氨基酸;预测该基因编码蛋白质分子量为36.87 kD,其等电点为5.75.系统进化树分析表明,银杏EPSPS蛋白质序列与其他物种的EPSPS同源性较高.半定量RT-PCR分析结果显示,EPSPS基因在银杏的叶和果实中表达量最高,其次为茎,根中表达水平最低.草甘膦处理能显著诱导银杏EPSPS基因表达量升高;紫外光对银杏EPSPS基因的表达具有诱导作用;ABA诱导GbEPSPS表达量先升后降;GbEPSPS转录水平受到42℃高温显著诱导.     

甘薯苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因IbPAL的克隆与表达分析

本研究基于甘薯(Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.)与绿原酸合成代谢相关的转录组数据克隆了苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因Ib PAL,通过蛋白序列比对、系统进化分析、二级和三维蛋白结构预测、跨膜结构域以及启动子分析,对该基因的氨基酸序列和启动子序列的结构特征进行了解析;通过qRT-PCR技术分析该基因在不同甘薯品种的根、茎、茎尖和叶中的表达情况,并对其进行亚细胞定位验证。结果显示,Ib PAL的CDS序列全长2130 bp,编码709个氨基酸。其氨基酸序列与已知物种的氨基酸序列同源性在80%以上。Ib PAL蛋白以α螺旋和随机卷曲为主,具有1个可能的跨膜螺旋区。该基因启动子中包含多个顺式作用元件。表达模式分析结果表明,Ib PAL主要在茎和茎尖中表达,其在甘薯品种‘EC16’4个组织器官中的表达量均显著高于其他品种。亚细胞定位结果显示该基因在细胞膜和细胞核上均可以表达。     

甘薯油菜素内酯应答基因的克隆和表达分析

为了解甘薯油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids,简称BR)应答基因BES1的功能及其在甘薯不同组织的表达特性,该研究利用甘薯(Ipomoea batatas L.)基因组数据库,筛选保守性较好的BES1基因序列设计引物,以甘薯品种‘广薯87’为模板进行PCR扩增,克隆出甘薯BES1基因(GenBank登录号为MH448304)。该基因长度为2 256 bp,编码322个氨基酸。系统进化树分析结果表明,BES1与番茄、芝麻的亲缘关系最近,其氨基酸序列具有高度保守的N末端结构域和PEST结构域。qRT-PCR分析表明,BES1基因在甘薯膨大期的块根表达量最高,而且受油菜素内酯的诱导表达,油菜素内酯浓度为10μmol/L时表达量最高。该结果为进一步研究甘薯BES1基因的功能奠定了基础,对甘薯的遗传改良与抗逆品种选育具有一定的参考价值。     

三裂叶薯NBS-LRR类抗病基因的筛选鉴定与结构分析

为发掘甘薯近缘野生种三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba)的NBS-LRR类抗病基因,从基因数据库中对三裂叶薯基因组序列进行了筛选、鉴定和分析。结果表明,从三裂叶薯的98 025个基因中,筛选到282个编码NBS-LRR类蛋白的基因,其中N型80个,NL型83个,CN型28个,CNL型57个,TN型10个,TNL型23个,RN型1个。三裂叶薯的16条染色体上均含有NBS-LRR家族基因,数量最多的染色体含有65个,最少的只有1个。三裂叶薯基因组共有55个基因簇,包含了63.5%的NBS-LRR家族基因。在NBS-LRR抗病基因家族中,CNL和TNL亚家族分别对应到7和11个保守结构域。这为三裂叶薯抗性资源的利用提供了科学参考。     

三裂叶薯SPL基因家族鉴定、表达及miR156的调控分析

SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like(SPL)是一类广泛存在于植物中的转录因子,均含有一个高度保守的SBP结构域(SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN)。本研究通过SBP结构域的隐马尔可夫模型、Blastp、CDD和SMART等程序从栽培甘薯的二倍体近缘野生种三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba L.)全基因组中鉴定出26个SPL基因家族成员。它们不均匀分布于三裂叶薯的12条染色体上。利用系统进化分析将新鉴定的26个三裂叶薯ItbSPL基因和来源于苔藓植物、单子叶植物、双子叶植物的116个SPL基因构建进化树,并根据拟南芥AtSPL基因家族的分类标准将26个ItbSPL基因家族分为7组。GSDS 2.0基因结构和MEME 4.12.0保守基序分析表明,不同进化分支中的ItbSPL基因的外显子/内含子数目及其蛋白基序组成差异明显。利用拟南芥中已知功能的SPL对ItbSPL基因的功能进行预测,发现三裂叶薯ItbSPL家族基因成员可能与植物开花、逆境胁迫、次生代谢产物等生物学过程相关。通过预测microRNA156(miR156)的作用位点发现,在26个ItbSPL基因中14个含有miR156的作用位点,其中13个ItbSPL基因具有PCR扩增产物。利用qRT-PCR检测13个候选靶基因及miR156在三裂叶薯叶、茎、根中的表达量,发现13个ItbSPL均在茎中的表达量最低,显著低于叶与根中的表达,而miR156则在茎中的表达量最高,在根中的表达量最低,初步推测这13个ItbSPL是miR156的靶基因。以上研究结果为六倍体栽培甘薯SPL基因家族成员的鉴定、进化分析及功能研究提供了方法和基础。     

耐草甘膦基因克隆和作物转化研究新进展

评述了耐草甘膦基因克隆和作物转化研究的新进展。生物耐草甘膦的机理主要在于1）过量表达EPSPS（磷酸烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸合成酶）基因;2）EPSPS基因发生突变而对草甘膦的亲和力减弱。或3）解毒酶作用。现已从大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、矮牵牛、拟南芥、烟草、胡萝卜等中克隆了aroA等EPSPS基因并进行了分子生物学研究。作物转基因抗草甘膦育种主要通过三条途径;1）转入经过修饰的或突变的耐草甘膦EPSPS基因,2）转入过表达的EPSPS基因;3）导入草甘膦代谢酶基因。     

植物莽草酸途径EPSPS蛋白的分子进化和基因结构分析

EPSPS既是植物、微生物和真菌等生物芳香族氨基酸生物合成途径——莽草酸途径中的关键酶,也是除草剂草甘膦的靶标酶。EPSPS的克隆能为草甘膦抗性转基因作物的研发提供候选基因。该研究运用比较基因组学方法,通过对41种不同植物的43条EPSPS蛋白序列进行进化分析,取得主要结果如下:(1)不同植物EPSPS蛋白的相似性很高,且具有相同的结构域、保守基序和保守位点,但是其叶绿体转运肽序列差异显著;(2)系统发育分析表明,EPSPS基因按照双子叶植物纲和单子叶植物纲分为2个大的分支,各个小的分支又按照植物的种属亲缘关系进行分支和聚类;(3)基因结构分析表明,植物EPSPS基因基本都含有8个外显子和7个内含子,且所对应外显子的长度相当,而内含子的长度差异很大,说明在植物基因组进化过程中造成EPSPS基因结构差异的主要因素是内含子的改变。研究结果将为揭示植物EPSPS蛋白的结构功能提供参考。     

马铃薯糖转运蛋白基因的克隆及表达分析

植物SWEET基因家族是一类糖转运蛋白,在植物的生理活动和生长发育过程中发挥着重要功能。为了解马铃薯SWEET基因的相关信息,探究其在马铃薯不同组织以及在生物胁迫与非生物胁迫下的表达特性。该研究采用同源克隆技术从马铃薯‘青薯9号’中克隆了StSWEET5基因(GenBank登录号为MN295671),其CDS序列长度为717 bp,编码238个氨基酸。系统进化树分析结果表明,StSWEET5与番茄的氨基酸序列相似性最高(97.06%)。qRT-PCR分析表明:StSWEET5基因在马铃薯各组织(根、茎、叶、花、块茎、匍匐茎)中均有表达,且在花中的表达显著高于其他组织;糖胁迫下,StSWEET5基因在根、茎、叶中均有表达,尤其在根中的表达差异最为显著(P0.05)。在晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)诱导后36 h时,表达量达到最高,随后急剧下调。推测StSWEET5基因参与了马铃薯糖胁迫以及响应了晚疫病诱导的过程。     

川西獐牙菜SmDL7H基因原核表达及组织表达

该研究根据川西獐牙菜转录组信息获得7-脱氧马钱子酸羟化酶(SmDL7H)基因的全长cDNA序列,对该基因进行同源克隆、生物信息学分析,并构建原核表达载体、转化大肠杆菌、进行原核表达和组织特异性表达分析,以探讨川西獐牙菜裂环烯醚萜合成途径中关键酶7-脱氧马钱子酸羟化酶(SmDL7H)基因的功能,为研究裂环烯醚萜类化合物合成途径奠定基础。结果表明:(1)成功克隆了川西獐牙菜SmDL7 H基因(GenBank登录号为MH243070);SmDL7 H基因开放阅读框为1 554bp,编码517个氨基酸,相对分子质量为59.5kD,等电点9.02;生物信息学预测SmDL7 H基因编码蛋白无信号肽。(2)多序列比对及进化树分析显示,SmDL7 H编码的蛋白与滇龙胆、长春花、金银花等植物的DL7 H基因编码的蛋白具有较高相似性。(3)将SmDL7 H基因连接到pET-28a原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),用0.1mol/L IPTG于25℃诱导12h,原核表达分析发现在59.5kD处有目的蛋白出现,表明与之前预测的蛋白大小一致。(4)荧光定量PCR分析显示,SmDL7 H基因在川西獐牙菜叶、茎、花、根、愈伤组织中均有表达,其中在叶片中表达量最高,在根中表达量最低。     

油葵HaFAD2-2基因的克隆及表达分析

脂肪酸脱氢酶2(fatty acid desaturase,FAD2)催化油酸生成亚油酸,是植物体内生成多不饱和脂肪酸的关键酶。根据已报道的向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)FAD2基因序列,设计引物进行RT-PCR,克隆得到油葵FAD2-2基因全长cDNA,命名为HaFAD2-2。该基因开放阅读框为1 152bp,编码383个氨基酸,相对分子质量43.96kD,等电点为8.56。对基因组进行内含子调查发现,该基因在编码区内没有内含子。多序列比对和系统进化分析发现,FAD2-2基因编码蛋白与金盏菊(Calendula officinalis)、斑鸠菊(Vernonia galamensis)等菊科植物具有较近的亲缘关系。qRT-PCR分析表明,HaFAD2-2基因在根、茎、叶、花、子叶和未成熟种子中均有表达,且以叶中的表达量最高,未成熟种子中的表达量最低;低温(5℃、15℃)胁迫处理能显著促进该基因在根中的表达,抑制其在叶中的表达;盐胁迫(300 mmol/L NaCl)处理对其表达也具有抑制作用。该研究结果可为进一步探讨HaFAD2-2基因的功能奠定基础。     

Allele exchange at the EPSPS locus confers glyphosate tolerance in cassava

Effective weed control can protect yields of cassava (Manihot esculenta) storage roots. Farmers could benefit from using herbicide with a tolerant cultivar. We applied traditional transgenesis and gene editing to generate robust glyphosate tolerance in cassava. By comparing promoters regulating expression of transformed 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) genes with various paired amino acid substitutions, we found that strong constitutive expression is required to achieve glyphosate tolerance during in vitro selection and in whole cassava plants. Using strategies that exploit homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathways, we precisely introduced the best‐performing allele into the cassava genome, simultaneously creating a promoter swap and dual amino acid substitutions at the endogenous EPSPS locus. Primary EPSPS‐edited plants were phenotypically normal, tolerant to high doses of glyphosate, with some free of detectable T‐DNA integrations. Our methods demonstrate an editing strategy for creating glyphosate tolerance in crop plants and demonstrate the potential of gene editing for further improvement of cassava.     

Simultaneous substitution of Gly96 to Ala and Ala183 to Thr in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene of <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> (k12) and transformation of rapeseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.) in order to make tolerance to glyphosate

Glyphosate is a non-selective broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). This is a key enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway of microorganisms and plants. The manipulation of bacterial EPSPS gene in order to reduce its affinity for glyphosate, followed by its transfer to plants is one of the most effective approaches for the production of glyphosate-tolerant plants. In this study, we chose to focus on amino acid residues glycine96 and alanine183 of the E. coli (k12) EPSPS enzyme. These two amino acids are important residues for glyphosate binding. We used site directed mutagenesis (SDM) to induce point mutations in the E. coli EPSPS gene, in order to convert glycine96 to alanine (Gly96Ala) and alanine183 to threonine (Ala183Thr). After confirming the mutation by sequencing, the altered EPSPS gene was transferred to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transformed explants were screened in shoot induction medium containing 25 mg L⁻¹ kanamycin. Glyphosate tolerance was assayed in putative transgenic plants. Statistical analysis of data showed that there was a significant difference between the transgenic and control plants. It was observed that transgenic plants were resistant to glyphosate at a concentration of 10 mM whereas the non-transformed control plants were unable to survive 1 mM glyphosate. The presence and copy numbers of the transgene were confirmed with PCR and Southern blotting analysis, respectively.     

A single residue mutation of 5-enoylpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in Pseudomonas stutzeri enhances resistance to the herbicide glyphosate

A novel class II 5-enoylpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) was identified from Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 by complementation of an Escherichia coli auxotrophic aroA mutant. The single amino acid substitution of serine (Ser) for asparagine (Asn)-130 of the A1501 EPSPS enhanced resistance to 200 mM glyphosate. The mutated EPSPS had a 2.5-fold increase for IC(50) [glyphosate] value, a 2-fold increase for K (i) [glyphosate] value, but a K (m) [PEP] value similar to that of wild type. The effect of the single residue mutation on glyphosate resistance was also analyzed using a computer-based three-dimensional model.     

甘薯NBS类抗病基因类似物的分离与序列分析

利用已克隆植物抗病基因NBS（Nucleotide binding site）序列中的保守模体（motif）“P-loop”和“GLPL”合成简并引物,以甘薯（Ipomoea batatas）栽培品种青农2号基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,通过T/A克隆、测序和序列分析,共得到15条具有连续ORF的抗病基因类似物（Resistance gene analogues,RGAs）序列,它们之间核苷酸序列间的相似性系数在41.2%-99.4%之间,而相应推测的氨基酸序列间的相似性系数在20.6%-100%之间,同时对分离的RGAs的核苷酸和氨基酸序列进行系统发育树分析,表明甘薯RGAs可分为TIR（Drosophila Toll or human interleukin receptor-like）和nonTIR两类.对甘薯RGAs和5个已克隆植物NBS的氨基酸序列进行结构分析表明,它们包括“P-loop”、“Kinase-2”、“Kinase-3a”、“GLPL”4个抗病基因所共有的保守模体.这些表明甘薯与其它物种的NBS类RGAs可能具有同样的起源和进化机制.     

Glyphosate-resistant goosegrass. Identification of a mutation in the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase

The spontaneous occurrence of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate in weed species has been an extremely infrequent event, despite over 20 years of extensive use. Recently, a glyphosate-resistant biotype of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) was identified in Malaysia exhibiting an LD(50) value approximately 2- to 4-fold greater than the sensitive biotype collected from the same region. A comparison of the inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity by glyphosate in extracts prepared from the resistant (R) and sensitive (S) biotypes revealed an approximately 5-fold higher IC(50)(glyphosate) for the (R) biotype. Sequence comparisons of the predicted EPSPS mature protein coding regions from both biotypes revealed four single-nucleotide differences, two of which result in amino acid changes. One of these changes, a proline to serine substitution at position 106 in the (R) biotype, corresponds to a substitution previously identified in a glyphosate-insensitive EPSPS enzyme from Salmonella typhimurium. Kinetic data generated for the recombinant enzymes suggests that the second substitution identified in the (R) EPSPS does not contribute significantly to its reduced glyphosate sensitivity. Escherichia coli aroA- (EPSPS deficient) strains expressing the mature EPSPS enzyme from the (R) biotype exhibited an approximately 3-fold increase in glyphosate tolerance relative to strains expressing the mature EPSPS from the (S) biotype. These results provide the first evidence for an altered EPSPS enzyme as an underlying component of evolved glyphosate resistance in any plant species.     

甘薯质体中的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶亚基基因accD的克隆与序列分析

依据烟草质体全基因组序列设计引物,以甘薯质体基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增包含质体accD基因完整编码区在内的一段序列（GenBank登录号为GQ395771）。序列分析表明：该片段全长为2209bp,包括1548bp的nccD基因编码序列,推测编码515个氨基酸的蛋白质,该蛋白序列具有异质型β-CT中保守的锌指结构和C末端5个基元。同时绘制了该DNA片段的限制性酶切图谱。相似性比较显示,甘薯accD基因与大豆、马铃薯、拟南芥、人参、莴苣、葡萄、海岛棉、甘蓝、辣椒、菠菜、番茄和烟草的accD基因核苷酸相似性为72％-87％,氨基酸相似性为58％-83％。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene from Convolvulus arvensis L.

5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), the target enzyme for glyphosate inhibition, catalyzes an essential step in the shikimate pathway for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. The full-length cDNA of 1,751 nucleotides (CaEPSPS, Genbank accession number: EU698030) from Convolvulus arvensis was cloned and characterized. The CaEPSPS encodes a polypeptide of 520 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 55.5 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.05. The results of homology analysis revealed that CaEPSPS showed highly homologous with EPSPS proteins from other plant species. Tissue expression pattern analysis indicated that CaEPSPS was constitutively expressed in stems, leaves and roots, with lower expression in roots. CaEPSPS expression level could increase significantly with glyphosate treatment, and reached its maximum at 24 h after glyphosate application. We fused CaEPSPS to the CaMV 35S promoter and introduced the chimeric gene into Arabidopsis. The resultant expression of CaEPSPS in transgenic Arabidopsis plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to glyphosate in comparison with control.     

Glyphosate selected amplification of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene in cultured carrot cells

Summary CAR and C1, two carrot (Daucus carota L.) suspension cultures of different genotypes, were subjected to stepwise selection for tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The specific activity of the target enzyme, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), as well as the mRNA level and copy number of the structural gene increased with each glyphosate selection step. Therefore, the tolerance to glyphosate is due to stepwise amplification of the EPSPS genes. During the amplification process, DNA rearrangement did not occur within the EPSPS gene of the CAR cell line but did occur during the selection step from 28 to 35 mM glyphosate for the C1 cell line, as determined by Southern hybridization of selected cell DNA following EcoRI restriction endonuclease digestion. Two cell lines derived from a previously selected glyphosate-tolerant cell line (PR), which also had undergone EPSPS gene amplification but have been maintained in glyphosate-free medium for 2 and 5 years, have lost 36 and 100% of the increased EPSPS activity, respectively. Southern blot analysis of these lines confirms that the amplified DNA is relatively stable in the absence of selection. These studies demonstrate that stepwise selection for glyphosate resistance reproducibly produces stepwise amplification of the EPSPS genes. The relative stability of this amplification indicates that the amplified genes are not extrachromosomal.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DTT dithiothreitol - EPSPS 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase - I₅₀ 50% inhibitory concentration - Kb Kilobase (pairs) - PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride - PVPP polyvinylpolypyrrolidone - S-3-P shikimate-3-phosphate