《遗传》杂志“封面人物”征稿启事

近年来,《遗传》的封面设计受到广大读者和专家的好评,每期的“封面人物”既介绍了遗传学家的生平与贡献,又回顾了那段历史,给人以启发和教益。2003年以来,陆续介绍过的国际著名遗传学家有孟德尔、摩尔根、魏斯曼、贝特森、德弗里斯、高尔顿、约翰逊、科赛尔、莱文、沃森、克里克、麦克林托克、木原均、瓦维洛夫、穆勒、莫诺、科恩伯格、杜布赞斯基、尼伦伯格、李景均、兰德斯坦纳、艾弗里、比德尔、德尔布吕克、莱德伯格、穆利斯、徐道觉、蒋有兴、桑格、伯内特、泰明、伯格等。2007年,还将陆续介绍伯格、波特、本则尔、克里斯蒂安娜、利川…     

奇妙的植物细胞线粒体

作者近年检查了番茄、辣椒、蚕豆、扁豆、大豆、赤豆、花生、西瓜、甜瓜、丝瓜、薄荷、一串红、洋葱、慈菇、蒜、韭、小麦、大麦、玉米、水稻、稗牛筋草、水杉、广玉兰、夹竹桃、女贞、珊瑚树(Viburnum odoratissimum)木槿、海桐、栀子、樱花等三十多种植物的组织细胞,发现这些植物的分生组织、分泌结构及贮藏组织的细胞线粒体一般量多,用针等适当刺激这些部位能加速植株的生长和发育,减少病虫害,提高产量。     

浙江金衢地区毛皮兽资源调查

金衢地区位于浙江省的中、西部,包括浦江、东阳、磐安、义乌、永康、金华、武义、兰溪、衢州、龙游、江山、常山和开化等13个市县。经调查得知该地区共有毛皮兽32种,占全省毛皮兽种数的88.9%,分隶于5目11科。其中属国家一级保护的有云豹、豹、华南虎和黑麂,二级保护的有猕猴、黑熊、水獭、豺、大灵猫、小灵猫、金猫、獐和鬣羚,其它的则有华南兔、赤腹松鼠、长吻松鼠、豹鼠、狐、貉、狼、青鼬、黄腹鼬、黄鼬、鼬獾、狗獾、猪獾、花面狸、食蟹檬、豹猫、野猪、小麂和毛冠鹿等19种。黄鼬为全区分布,但多集中在衢州以东的盆地平原区。狐、貉、狗…     

十种苯丙氨酸衍生物对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞系B16的作用研究

该文研究了十种苯丙氨酸（Phe）的对位衍生物Fp、Clp、Bp、Ip、Ap、Np、Sp、Mp、Pp、Cp对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞系B16的细胞毒性、诱导细胞凋亡作用和抑制细胞成集落作用。结果表明,它们的细胞毒性大小依次为Pp、Fp、Mp、Ip、Sp、Ap、Bp。其中Mp和Ip的毒性相近,Sp和Ap的毒性相近。它们诱导细胞凋亡的作用强弱依次为Fp、Mp、Ip。其中Mp和Ip的作用相近。它们抑制细胞成集落的作用大小依次为Pp、Fp、Ip、Mp、Sp、Bp、Np、Ap。其中Pp、Fp、Ip、Mp的作用相近,Sp、Bp、Np的作用相近。初步的细胞毒理分析表明,Fp、Mp、Ip能够诱导B16细胞凋亡和抑制B16细胞形成集落。     

广东省生态学会三十年赞

2011年6月28日是广东省生态学会成立三十周年纪念日.三十年来,学会的生态环境不断改善,为自然、社会、经济的可持续发展,为和谐社会建设,作出了积极的贡献.在此,让我们怀着崇敬的心情,深切怀念已故的生态学家和关注生态学事业的领导.他们是:蒲蛰龙、刘田夫、陈封怀、李沛文、庞雄飞、何绍颐、邹仁林、邹国础、伍尚忠、莫熙穆、毕志树、黄中强、金烈、胡怀默、贾云飞、曾天勋、沈汝锋、刘集汉、高佩章等同志.他们的敬业精神,值得我们继承和发扬.同时,我们对为学会事业作出突出贡献的学会工作者表示衷心感谢.他们是:张宏达、彭少麟、万洪富、骆世明、王伯荪、段舜山、龚峥、王绍仪、许炼烽、余金照、陈桂珠、何国梁、张金泉、赵成武、 薛加林、陸玲等同志.他们的奉献精神是我们学习的榜样.     

野生植物资源的识别及简易测定法

我国是世界上植物最丰富种类最多的国家。祖国的东西、南北各地高山平原、池沼湖泊、江河海洋;祖国的每一个角落,都生长着形形色色的种类繁多的野生植物。其中有的植物的根茎、叶、花、果实、种子。可提取油脂、芳香油,作为制造油漆、油墨、肥皂、机器润滑油、照明用的灯油、原料作为提取香精,香料的原料。有的植物的根茎、鳞茎、球茎、果实、种子里含有丰富的淀粉它可以代替粮食(面粉、米等)作为酿酒,制糖提取酒精的原料。有的植物的根、茎、叶、种子上的毛含有轫性大、弹性强、纤维长的纤维     

鸟类标本的剥制方法

制做标本的材料要具备完整、洁净、新鲜。剥制人员要了解制做对象的行为、习性特征和栖息环境,并认真测量、记录其体重、体长、翅长、腿长、尾长、嘴长、胸高、胸宽;年龄、雌雄、产地、采集日期、动物新属的目、科、属、种等。在     

“食用菌”的教学参考资料

对人类有益的真菌一般分为食用真菌和药用真菌。我国主要的食用菌大约有360多种,但是被广泛食用的只有25种,如:双孢蘑菇、香菇、平菇、草菇、黑木耳、银耳、松菇、滑菇、凤尾菇、朴菇、口蘑、猴头、竹荪、羊肚菌、鸡(土从)、鸡油菌、牛肝菌等。茯芩、猪苓、灵芝、雷丸、马勃、冬虫夏草、密环菌、麦角菌等则列为药用菌。食用菌的绝大多数有医疗价值,药用菌的大多数都能食用,两类并无严格的区别。     

国际自然保护协会第五次大会记

国际自然保护协会成立于1949年。现在它包括奥地利、比利时、英国、德国、荷兰、希腊、丹麦、印度、意大利、墨西哥、挪威、波兰、苏联、美国、土耳其、法国、瑞士、瑞典等国家的科学与社会团体。协会会员的团体的总数在200个以上。协会的主席是著名的法国植物学家、巴黎自然历史博物馆馆长汉姆(R.Heim)教授。协会目前的工作由设于布     

无创痛穴疗学—未来的针灸医学

无创痛穴疗学是研究各种器物施于体表经穴且无创无痛以防病治病的一门临床医学。它涵盖了古代的锃针、圆针、温灸、拔罐、指按以及药品器具的压、敷、涂、贴、刮、捶等经穴疗法;也包括现代的超声波、音频电、激光、红外线、紫外线、红光、电按、电兴奋、超短波、微波、药物离子导人、电、磁、冷、热等穴疗成果。工具取材遍及物理、化学、生物诸领域。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

青蒿素生物合成机理研究现状

本文总结了目前有关青蒿素生物合成机理方面的研究,主要包括青蒿素生物合成中生理因子的影响,青蒿素生物合成中间体及前体,青蒿素生物合成细胞定位等。指出了存在的一些问题及今后的研究发展前景。     

激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效分析

目的：分析激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效。方法：将120例处于增殖期血管瘤患儿分成观察组和对照组各60例,观察组给予激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗,对照组采用激光治疗,比较两组患者的治疗疗效。结果：观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．7％和66．7％,两组比较具有显著差异,P〈0．05;对于表浅病灶,观察组治疗的有效率为96．8％,对照组为84．8％,两组之间无差异,P〉0．05;对于深部病灶,观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．6％和44．4％,具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤具有较好的疗效,尤其对深部增殖期的血管瘤具有较好的效果,适合在临床推广应用。     

Discounting of sequences of delayed rewards of different amounts

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the magnitude effect is present in cases where delayed sequences of rewards are discounted. The magnitude effect refers to the inverse relationship between the amount of a reward and the steepness of temporal discounting. This study was conducted with a computer program to estimate the indifference points, which served as indicators of the present subjective value of delayed sequences of small and large rewards. In the indifference point the subjective value of a single, immediate reward was equal to the subjective value of the delayed sequence (or to the value of a single delayed reward). As a control condition, we added an experimental task involving choices between single immediate and single delayed rewards. The experiment showed that the sequences of large rewards are discounted less steeply than are the sequences of small rewards. This finding suggests that the magnitude effect is present within the delayed sequences of rewards. In addition, when outcomes are relatively large, the results suggest that a single reward is discounted less steeply than the sequence of a total nominal value equal to this single reward. However, for relatively small rewards, the difference is not statistically significant. The less steep discounting of sequences of large rewards may explain the reward-bundling effect, which refers to less steep discounting of longer sequences than of shorter ones: longer sequences usually have greater overall nominal value. The present study was conducted on hypothetical rewards, and the results should be validated using real rewards.     

Analysis of evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes

The availability of multiple, complete eukaryotic genome sequences allows one to address many fundamental evolutionary questions on genome scale. One such important, long-standing problem is evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes. Analysis of orthologous genes from completely sequenced genomes revealed numerous shared intron positions in orthologous genes from animals and plants and even between animals, plants and protists. The data on shared and lineage-specific intron positions were used as the starting point for evolutionary reconstruction with parsimony and maximum-likelihood approaches. Parsimony methods produce reconstructions with intron-rich ancestors but also infer lineage-specific, in many cases, high levels of intron loss and gain. Different probabilistic models gave opposite results, apparently depending on model parameters and assumptions, from domination of intron loss, with extremely intron-rich ancestors, to dramatic excess of gains, to the point of denying any true conservation of intron positions among deep eukaryotic lineages. Development of models with adequate, realistic parameters and assumptions seems to be crucial for obtaining more definitive estimates of intron gain and loss in different eukaryotic lineages. Many shared intron positions were detected in ancestral eukaryotic paralogues which evolved by duplication prior to the divergence of extant eukaryotic lineages. These findings indicate that numerous introns were present in eukaryotic genes already at the earliest stages of evolution of eukaryotes and are compatible with the hypothesis that the original, catastrophic intron invasion accompanied the emergence of the eukaryotic cells. Comparison of various features of old and younger introns starts shedding light on probable mechanisms of intron insertion, indicating that propagation of old introns is unlikely to be a major mechanism for origin of new ones. The existence and structure of ancestral protosplice sites were addressed by examining the context of introns inserted within codons that encode amino acids conserved in all eukaryotes and, accordingly, are not subject to selection for splicing efficiency. It was shown that introns indeed predominantly insert into or are fixed in specific protosplice sites which have the consensus sequence (A/C)AG|Gt.     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

山黧豆叶片蛋白质双向电泳技术的建立

以山黧豆叶片为材料,比较分析了蛋白质的不同提取方法,在此基础上着重于样品制备。对IPG胶条的选择,第一向等电聚焦和第二向SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的电泳程序及参数、染色方法等相关技术进行了比较和条件优化。结果显示：采用TCA-丙酮沉淀法提取蛋白质,裂解液中加入Tris-base作为蛋白酶抑制剂,等电聚焦电泳时延长低电压的电泳时间（30V、12h,500V、1h,1000V、2h）以促进盐离子泳出的方法对山黧豆叶片蛋白质进行双向电泳,并用考马斯亮蓝和银染复合染色法进行凝胶染色,能够获得蛋白点清晰的双向电泳图谱,说明用优化后的方法建立起的山黧豆叶片蛋白质双向电泳技术,蛋白质样品制备质量好,电泳分辨率高,完全适合于进一步的蛋白质组学研究。