Temporal coherence of aboveground net primary productivity in mesic grasslands

Synchrony in ecological variables over wide geographic areas suggests that large‐scale environmental factors drive the structure and function of ecosystems and override more local‐scale environmental variation. Described also as coherence, this phenomenon has been documented broadly in the ecological literature and has recently received increasing attention as scientists attempt to quantify the impacts of global changes on organisms and their habitats. Using a mesic grassland site in North America, we assessed coherence in ecosystem function by quantifying similarity in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) dynamics in 48 permanent sampling locations (PSLs) over a 16‐yr period. Our primary objective was to characterize coherence across a broad geographic region (with similar ecosystem structure and function), and we hypothesized that precipitation and a similar fire frequency would strengthen coherence between PSLs. All 48 PSLs at our site (Konza Prairie Biological Station, Manhattan, KS, USA; KPBS) were exposed to a similar regional driver of ANPP (precipitation); however, local drivers (including differences in fire frequency and soil depth at different topographic positions) varied strongly among individual PSLs. For the purpose of this assessment, the watershed‐level experimental design of KPBS was considered a model, which represented different fire management strategies across the Great Plains Region. Our analyses revealed a site‐level (KPBS) coherence in ANPP dynamics of 0.53 for the period of 1984–1999. Annual fire enhanced coherence among PSLs to 0.76, whereas less frequent fire (fire exclusion or a 4‐yr fire return interval) failed to further increase coherence beyond that of the KPBS site level. Soil depth also strongly influenced coherence among PSLs with shallow soils at upland sites showing strong coherence across fire regimes and annually burned uplands closely linked to annual precipitation dynamics. The lack of coherence in ecosystem function in PSLs with deep soils and low fire frequencies suggests that conservation and management efforts will need to be more location specific in such areas where biotic interactions may be more important than regional abiotic drivers.     

高寒草地植物群落地上-地下净初级生产力权衡

植物生产力分配和权衡是植物生态学研究中的热点,反映植物对环境的适应性,是了解植物响应全球气候变化的关键。青藏高原作为气候变化敏感区,研究其植物地上与地下部分权衡对了解高寒草地植被生存策略和生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义。目前,生物量分配调控机制已被广泛研究,但主要使用植物根冠比和地上-地下生物量比等方法来表征植物分配模式,缺乏考虑因植物生长周期导致的差异。使用青藏高原高寒草地103个样点的地上和地下净初级生产力数据,分析高寒草甸和高寒草原两种主要草地类型的地上-地下净初级生产力权衡关系。利用气候因素和土壤因素等相关数据,结合方差分析、相关分析、相对重要性分析和结构方程模型的方法,探究环境因素对两种草地类型地上-地下净初级生产力权衡的影响机制。研究发现：（1）高寒草甸的地上净初级生产力、地下净初级生产力和土壤养分含量显著高于高寒草原（P<0.05）;（2）高寒草地植被生产力均向地下权衡（0.0199）,且高寒草原（0.0354）的权衡值高于高寒草甸（0.0173）;（3）结构方程模型发现,年平均降水量、土壤容重和土壤速效氮含量是影响高寒草甸生产力权衡的主导因子,而年平均温度和年平均降水量是影响高寒草原生产力权衡的主导因子。研究表明高寒草甸的生产力权衡主要受气候和土壤因素共同影响,而高寒草原主要受气候因素调节。研究为理解植物地上-地下生物量分配调控机制提供了新的视角和方法,对系统了解高寒草地生物量分配模式和准确预测高寒草地植被动态过程具有指导意义。     

东北森林净第一性生产力与碳收支对气候变化的响应

以东北地区(38.43'N～53.34'N,115.37'E～135.5'E)为研究对象,利用当前气候状况和不同气候情景下的气象数据驱动基于个体生长过程的中国森林生态系统碳收支模型FORCCHN,模拟了气候变化对东北森林生态系统净第一性生产力(NPP)和碳收支(NEP)的影响.结果表明:1981～2002年期间,东北森林NPP总量位于0.27～0.40 pgc·a-1之间,平均值为0.34 pgc·a-1;土壤呼吸总量在0.11～0.27 PgC·a-1,平均为0.19 PgC·a-1;NEP总量位于0.11～0.18 PgC·a-1之间,且近20多年来该区森林起着CO2汇的作用,平均每年吸收0.15 Pg C的CO2;该区森林NPP和NEP对温度升高比对降雨变化的反应更为敏感;综合降雨增加(20%)和气温增加(3℃)的情况,该区各点森林的NPP和NEP增加的幅度最大;温度不变、降水增加(不变)情景下最小.     

降水时间对内蒙古温带草原地上净初级生产力的影响

全球气候变化下降水时间的改变将深刻影响草原生态系统地上净初级生产力(ANPP),而草原生态系统ANPP是区域碳循环的重要过程.利用1998-2007年的SPOT-VEG NDVI数据并结合111个样点的ANPP地面样方调查数据,获得了内蒙古温带草原1998-2007年的ANPP区域数据,依此分析了中国内蒙古温带草原以及区域内的3种植被类型(荒漠草原、典型草原、草甸草原)降水时间对ANPP的影响.研究结果表明,对于整个内蒙古温带草原来说,一个水分年内(从上一年9月份到当年地上生物量达最大值时的8月份)影响ANPP较为重要的降水月份为2-7月份,其中,5-7月份降水尤为重要.具体到每个月降水的影响,研究发现,7月份降水最重要,而仍处于生长季的8月份降水相对于其他生长季降水作用最小;影响不同草地类型最重要的降水时期存在一定差异,对荒漠草原和典型草原地区来说,ANPP达最大值前3个月(5-7月份)的生长季降水最重要,而8月份降水影响较小,而草甸草原地区8月份和非生长季的3、4月份降水最重要,但各个降水时期降水对ANPP的影响都较荒漠草原和典型草原小,大部分地区降水对ANPP的影响不显著.     

Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of aboveground net primary productivity in the Eurasian steppe region from 1982 to 2013

To explore the importance of the Eurasian steppe region (EASR) in global carbon cycling, we analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the entire EASR from 1982 to 2013. The ANPP in the EASR was estimated from the Integrated ANPP_NDVI model, which is an empirical model developed based on field‐observed ANPP and long‐term normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. The optimal composite period of NDVI data was identified by considering spatial heterogeneities across the study area in the Integrated ANPP_NDVI model. EASR's ANPP had apparent zonal patterns along hydrothermal gradients, and the mean annual value was 43.78 g C m^?2 yr^?1, which was lower than the global grasslands average. Compared to other important natural grasslands, EASR's ANPP was lower than the North American, South American, and African grasslands. The total aboveground net primary productivity (TANPP) was found to be 378.97 Tg C yr^?1, which accounted for 8.18%–36.03% of the TANPP for all grasslands. In addition, EASR's TANPP was higher than that of the grasslands in North America, South America, and Africa. The EASR's TANPP increased in a fluctuating manner throughout the entire period of 1982–2013. The increasing trend was greater than that for North American and South American and was lower than that for African grasslands over the same period. The years 1995 and 2007 were two turning points at which trends in EASR's TANPP significantly changed. Our analysis demonstrated that the EASR has been playing a substantial and progressively more important role in global carbon sequestration. In addition, in the development of empirical NDVI‐based ANPP models, the early–middle growing season averaged NDVI, the middle–late growing season averaged NDVI and the annual maximum NDVI are recommended for use for semi‐humid regions, semi‐arid regions, and desert vegetation in semi‐arid regions, respectively.     

荒漠短命植物地上和地下生产力对极端干旱和降水的响应

在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘沙垄4个坡位和坡向,设置减少65%和增加65%生长季降水量以模拟极端干旱和极端降水事件,研究极端干旱和极端降水事件对沙垄不同坡位和坡向短命植物层片生产力的影响。结果表明: 极端干旱使地上净初级生产力和地下净初级生产力分别显著降低48.8%和13.7%,极端降水使地上净初级生产力和地下净初级生产力分别显著增加37.9%和23.2%。地上净初级生产力对极端干旱和极端降水的敏感性(0.26和0.21 g·m^-2·mm^-1)显著强于地下净初级生产力的敏感性(0.02和0.03 g·m^-2·mm^-1)。沙垄东坡地上净初级生产力(24.22 g·m^-2)和地下净初级生产力(5.77 g·m^-2)与西坡相比显著增大29.7%和71.7%,而地上净初级生产力和地下净初级生产力对降水变化的敏感性在不同坡位和坡向之间差异不显著。     

Aboveground biomass and seasonal patterns of aboveground net primary productivity in five bamboo species in northern Laos

评价竹林的固碳潜力,需要对竹林生物量和净初级生产力(NPP)进行准确的估算。然而,在东亚和印度以外的地区对减缓气候变化很重要的相关数据收集的很少。关于NPP及其组分季节模式的信息将有助于量化影响竹林碳平衡的因素。在本研究中,我们使用了超过12个月的每月数据,对老挝北部5个主要竹林植物的地上生物量(AGB)和地上NPP进行了量化。对四种合轴分枝的竹品种Bambusa tulda, Cephalostachyum virgatum, Dendrocalamus membranaceus和Gigantochloa sp.,每个物种随机选取30个群丛;对单轴分枝的Indosasa sinica,我们建立了10个2 m × 2 m的样方,对群丛和样方内的所有植株进行编号并测量胸径。我们为每个物种设置了10或20个凋落物收集器来收集凋落物。在12个月的时间里,每月对死亡和新生的群丛进行一次调查。I. sinica的地上生物量(AGB)最大(59.87 Mg ha^-1),而C. virgatum的AGB最小(11.54 Mg ha^-1),并且大多都低于全球竹子AGB的范围(32-256 Mg ha^-1)。研究区多个竹种的同域分布可能抑制了本文所研究的五种竹种中的四种的AGB。地上的NPP估计值在3.43到14.25 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1之间;这个值在D. membranaceus (8.20 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1)和I. sinica (14.25 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1)中,分别与温带常绿森林(8.78 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1)和热带湿润森林(10.56 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1)的全球平均估计值相当。较高的群丛新生率(15.20-23.39% yr^-1)是地上NPP估计值的主要贡献因素。新竹丛的物候特征对地上NPP的季节模式影响很大。在四种合轴分枝的竹子中,随着持续降雨的开始,新的竹丛开始出现,主要在7月和8月。然而,在单轴分枝的I. sinica中,新竹丛随着温度的上升开始萌芽,主要在3月和4月。因此,我们的结果表明,竹子在老挝北部具有相当大的固碳潜力,但这种潜力可能受到气候变化的影响。     

Global patterns and climatic drivers of above-and belowground net primary productivity in grasslands

Understanding patterns and determinants of net primary productivity(NPP) in global grasslands is ongoing challenges, especially for belowground NPP(BNPP) and its fraction(fBNPP). By developing a comprehensive field-based dataset, we revealed that, along with gradients of mean annual precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, and aridity, aboveground NPP(ANPP), BNPP,and total NPP(TNPP) exhibited hump-shaped patterns, whereas fBNPPshowed an opposite trend. ANPP and TNPP showed positive correlations with mean annual temperature, but fBNPPwas negatively correlated with it. The relationship between BNPP and climatic factors was considerably weak, indicating that BNPP was relatively stable regardless of the climate conditions. We also observed that the sensitivities of ANPP and BNPP to interannual temperature variability and those of BNPP to interannual precipitation fluctuations exhibited large variations among different study sites, and differed from those at the spatial scale. In contrast, the temporal sensitivities of ANPP to interannual precipitation variability were highly similar across all the individual sites and much smaller than those at the spatial scale. Overall, these results highlight that precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration all play vital roles in shaping ANPP pattern and its partitioning to belowground and that the patterns of BNPP along climatic gradients do not mirror those of the ANPP.     

天山北坡不同海拔梯度山地草原生态系统地上净初级生产力对气候变化及放牧的响应

以天山北坡三工河流域为例,利用改进后的Biome-BGC模型分别模拟了仅气候变化（Clm）、气候变化与放牧联合作用（ClmGra）下研究区不同海拔梯度3种山地草原生态系统（低山干旱草原,LAG;森林草甸草原,FMG;高寒草甸草原,AMG）1959—2009年地上净初级生产力（Aboveground Net Primary Production,ANPP）的动态,并通过假设27种放牧强度情景（0—8 羊/ha）模拟了其ANPP随放牧强度增加的变化趋势。近50年气候变化致使研究区各海拔梯度草原生态系统ANPP整体均呈上升趋势,但在放牧联合作用下,不同草原类型ANPP变化趋势差异显著;放牧导致FMG和AMG的ANPP呈下降态势,分别减少30.0%和33.2%,对比之下,由于1980前较低放牧强度促进了LAG的ANPP,放牧导致其ANPP整体增加1.3%。随着放牧强度增加,LAG的ANPP呈先增后减趋势,且在干旱年份最为显著;而FMG和AMG的ANPP呈显著非线性递减趋势。这些结果表明,近50年气候波动可能有利于中亚干旱区山地草原生态系统生产力的提高,但日益增强的放牧活动导致其净初级生产力显著降低;放牧对FMG与AMG生产力的负面效应随放牧强度增加而增强,但适度放牧可能促进LAG净初级生产力,尤其在干旱年份。     

2000-2020年祁连山植被净初级生产力时空变化及其驱动因素

植被净初级生产力(NPP)是评价植被生长的重要参数,也是评估陆地生态系统质量与功能的重要指标。基于MODIS NPP、数字高程模型(DEM)、气象水文及人类活动数据,采用空间分析、趋势分析,分别从像元尺度和县域尺度识别了2000-2020年以来祁连山NPP时空变化特征,采用偏相关分析研究了NPP对年均温和年降水的响应,并借助地理探测器模型揭示了NPP变化的驱动因素,最后采用Hurst指数预测了NPP未来变化趋势。结果表明:2000-2020年祁连山平均NPP呈波动增加趋势,年均增加2.38 g C/m²,其中栽培植被和阔叶林增长最为明显。近20年,像元尺度上有75.37%的区域NPP增加,主要位于东南部;县域尺度上,古浪、平安、化隆和永登县NPP增速较快,而祁连、海西、德令哈和门源县增速较慢。祁连山NPP空间分布具有明显的集聚性,高值集聚区主要位于东南部,而低值集聚区主要位于西北部。年均温和降水量的增加均促进了NPP的增加,但不同区域NPP对气温和降水的响应有明显差异。降水量、饱和水气压差和蒸散发是NPP变化的主要驱动因子,驱动因子之间对植被NPP变化存在交互作用,分为双因子增强和非线性增强效应。未来祁连山NPP变化以增加非持续性为主,说明植被变化面临较大不确定性。研究结果有助于揭示全球气候变化背景下区域植被NPP对气候变化及人类活动的非线性响应机制,亦可为祁连山生态保护与可持续发展提供理论依据。     

Shifting grassland plant community structure drives positive interactive effects of warming and diversity on aboveground net primary productivity

Ecosystems worldwide are increasingly impacted by multiple drivers of environmental change, including climate warming and loss of biodiversity. We show, using a long‐term factorial experiment, that plant diversity loss alters the effects of warming on productivity. Aboveground primary productivity was increased by both high plant diversity and warming, and, in concert, warming (≈1.5 °C average above and belowground warming over the growing season) and diversity caused a greater than additive increase in aboveground productivity. The aboveground warming effects increased over time, particularly at higher levels of diversity, perhaps because of warming‐induced increases in legume and C4 bunch grass abundances, and facilitative feedbacks of these species on productivity. Moreover, higher plant diversity was associated with the amelioration of warming‐induced environmental conditions. This led to cooler temperatures, decreased vapor pressure deficit, and increased surface soil moisture in higher diversity communities. Root biomass (0–30 cm) was likewise consistently greater at higher plant diversity and was greater with warming in monocultures and at intermediate diversity, but at high diversity warming had no detectable effect. This may be because warming increased the abundance of legumes, which have lower root : shoot ratios than the other types of plants. In addition, legumes increase soil nitrogen (N) supply, which could make N less limiting to other species and potentially decrease their investment in roots. The negative warming × diversity interaction on root mass led to an overall negative interactive effect of these two global change factors on the sum of above and belowground biomass, and thus likely on total plant carbon stores. In total, plant diversity increased the effect of warming on aboveground net productivity and moderated the effect on root mass. These divergent effects suggest that warming and changes in plant diversity are likely to have both interactive and divergent impacts on various aspects of ecosystem functioning.     

刈割和施肥对高寒草甸功能多样性与地上净初级生产力关系的影响

功能多样性(FD)对群落地上净初级生产力(ANPP, g·m^-2·a^-1)有直接的影响, 但不同扰动因素对FD-ANPP关系将产生何种影响尚不明确。通过在青藏高原高寒矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸连续7年(2007-2013)的刈割(3水平: 不刈割、留茬3 cm的中度刈割和留茬1 cm的重度刈割)和施肥(2水平: 施用12.75 g·m^-2·a^-1尿素+ 3.06 g·m^-2·a^-1 (NH₄)₂HPO₄、不施肥)控制实验, 研究了刈割、施肥、年份及其交互作用对ANPP和FD的影响以及FD-ANPP关系的变化。研究结果显示: (1)增加刈割强度和土壤养分均显著提高了ANPP, 但其效应随着年份的不同而有差异, ANPP随着时间呈波动下降趋势, 而FD则随年度增大; (2)施肥显著增加了FD, 而刈割对FD无显著影响(p > 0.05); (3)在6种刈割和施肥处理组合下, FD-ANPP关系随时间的变化主要受刈割扰动影响呈现正线性相关和无相关两种模式。无论施肥与否, 不刈割(C0)群落中FD和ANPP之间无相关(n = 90, p > 0.05); 而刈割群落中FD和ANPP之间为正相关(n = 90, p < 0.05)。由于刈割同时提高了FD和ANPP, 促使二者在刈割群落中呈现正线性相关。(4)尽管施肥不影响FD和ANPP的关系模式, 但与刈割共同作用, 影响FD-ANPP关系的截距或斜率。上述结果说明, 刈割扰动和土壤营养资源共同影响着FD-ANPP关系, 而刈割在改变其关系模式方面起主导作用。     

Impacts of tropospheric ozone and climate change on net primary productivity and net carbon exchange of China's forest ecosystems

Aim We investigated how ozone pollution and climate change/variability have interactively affected net primary productivity (NPP) and net carbon exchange (NCE) across China's forest ecosystem in the past half century. Location Continental China. Methods Using the dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) in conjunction with 10‐km‐resolution gridded historical data sets (tropospheric O₃ concentrations, climate variability/change, and other environmental factors such as land‐cover/land‐use change (LCLUC), increasing CO₂ and nitrogen deposition), we conducted nine simulation experiments to: (1) investigate the temporo‐spatial patterns of NPP and NCE in China's forest ecosystems from 1961–2005; and (2) quantify the effects of tropospheric O₃ pollution alone or in combination with climate variability and other environmental stresses on forests' NPP and NCE. Results China's forests acted as a carbon sink during 1961–2005 as a result of the combined effects of O₃, climate, CO₂, nitrogen deposition and LCLUC. However, simulated results indicated that elevated O₃ caused a 7.7% decrease in national carbon storage, with O₃‐induced reductions in NCE (Pg C year^?1) ranging from 0.4–43.1% among different forest types. Sensitivity experiments showed that climate change was the dominant factor in controlling changes in temporo‐spatial patterns of annual NPP. The combined negative effects of O₃ pollution and climate change on NPP and NCE could be largely offset by the positive fertilization effects of nitrogen deposition and CO₂. Main conclusions In the future, tropospheric O₃ should be taken into account in order to fully understand the variations of carbon sequestration capacity of forests and assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems to climate change and air pollution. Reducing air pollution in China is likely to increase the resilience of forests to climate change. This paper offers the first estimate of how prevention of air pollution can help to increase forest productivity and carbon sequestration in China's forested ecosystems.     

2000-2008年中国东北地区植被净初级生产力的模拟及季节变化

利用GLOPEM-CEVSA模型模拟并分析了中国东北地区2000-2008年植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空分布格局及其影响因素,并以4个森林生态站点(大兴安岭、老爷岭、凉水和长白山森林生态站)为例研究了东北地区森林NPP季节变化特征及其环境驱动.结果表明:2000-2008年,东北地区植被年均NPP为445 g C·m-2·a-1;整个研究区沿长白山山脉到小兴安岭山脉地区以及三江平原部分地区的NPP最高,沿长白山山脉到小兴安岭山脉西侧的辽河平原、松嫩平原东部、三江平原和大兴安岭地区次之,西部稀疏草原和荒漠地区的NPP最低.东北地区森林生态系统年均NPP最高,其次为灌丛、农田和草地,荒漠最低.森林生态系统中,针阔混交林年均NPP最大(722 g C·m-2·a-1),落叶针叶林年均NPP最小(451 g C·m-2·a-1).研究期间,森林NPP无显著年际变化,其中2007、2008年较往年NPP大幅增加,很可能与该地区期间气温上升有关(较往年偏高1 ℃=～2℃).东北地区森林自北向南生长季开始时间逐渐提前,生长季变长.     

基于MODIS序列的北京市土地利用变化对净初级生产力的影响

了解土地利用变化对区域净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于综合理解区域植被的固碳能力及其与土地利用变化的关系,以及维持区域生态安全均具有重要意义。以北京市为例,基于2000—2012年MODIS NPP遥感影像和土地利用类型数据,利用同期Landsat TM影像(分辨率30 m)对MODIS NPP数据进行降尺度计算的基础上,分析北京市区域NPP的时空分布特征,探讨土地利用变化对植被固碳能力的影响。结果表明:研究期内Landsat NDVI与NPP数据的线性关系显著(R~2为0.22—0.68,P0.01),基于该线性关系可实现对MODIS NPP的降尺度重计算。土地利用面积分配和景观格局的变化均显著影响NPP。13年间,北京市林地和草地面积增加而耕地面积迅速减少,NPP总量由123万t C增长至190万t C,其中66%的NPP由林地贡献,其次为耕地(26%),草地最低(8%)。2000—2006年,面积变化促进了NPP的增加,贡献率为34%;而2006—2012年,面积变化则抑制区域NPP的增加,贡献率降低至27%。同时,研究区域内斑块聚集度的降低,斑块密度及丰富度的增加均有利于其NPP的增加。提高研究区植被固碳能力,需要在维持区域当前植被数量和质量的基础上,增加区域景观的异质性和多样性。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) along two freshwater-estuarine transects in the Florida Coastal Everglades

We present here a 4-year dataset (2001–2004) on the spatial and temporal patterns of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) by dominant primary producers (sawgrass, periphyton, mangroves, and seagrasses) along two transects in the oligotrophic Florida Everglades coastal landscape. The 17 sites of the Florida Coastal Everglades Long Term Ecological Research (FCE LTER) program are located along fresh-estuarine gradients in Shark River Slough (SRS) and Taylor River/C-111/Florida Bay (TS/Ph) basins that drain the western and southern Everglades, respectively. Within the SRS basin, sawgrass and periphyton ANPP did not differ significantly among sites but mangrove ANPP was highest at the site nearest the Gulf of Mexico. In the southern Everglades transect, there was a productivity peak in sawgrass and periphyton at the upper estuarine ecotone within Taylor River but no trends were observed in the C-111 Basin for either primary producer. Over the 4 years, average sawgrass ANPP in both basins ranged from 255 to 606 g m⁻² year⁻¹. Average periphyton productivity at SRS and TS/Ph was 17–68 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ and 342–10371 g C m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. Mangrove productivity ranged from 340 g m⁻² year⁻¹ at Taylor River to 2208 g m⁻² year⁻¹ at the lower estuarine Shark River site. Average Thalassia testudinum productivity ranged from 91 to 396 g m⁻² year⁻¹ and was 4-fold greater at the site nearest the Gulf of Mexico than in eastern Florida Bay. There were no differences in periphyton productivity at Florida Bay. Interannual comparisons revealed no significant differences within each primary producer at either SRS or TS/Ph with the exception of sawgrass at SRS and the C−111 Basin. Future research will address difficulties in assessing and comparing ANPP of different primary producers along gradients as well as the significance of belowground production to the total productivity of this ecosystem.     

Accidental experiments: ecological and evolutionary insights and opportunities derived from global change

Humans are the dominant ecological and evolutionary force on the planet today, transforming habitats, polluting environments, changing climates, introducing new species, and causing other species to decline in number or go extinct. These worrying anthropogenic impacts, collectively termed global change, are often viewed as a confounding factor to minimize in basic studies and a problem to resolve or quantify in applied studies. However, these ‘accidental experiments’ also represent opportunities to gain fundamental insight into ecological and evolutionary processes, especially when they result in perturbations that are large or long in duration and difficult or unethical to impose experimentally. We demonstrate this by describing important fundamental insights already gained from studies which utilize global change factors as accidental experiments. In doing so, we highlight why accidental experiments are sometimes more likely to yield insights than traditional approaches. Next, we argue that emerging environmental problems can provide even more opportunities for scientific discovery in the future, and provide both examples and guidelines for moving forward. We recommend 1) a greater flow of information between basic and applied subfields of ecology and evolution to identify emerging opportunities; 2) considering the advantages of the ‘accidental experiment’ approach relative to more traditional approaches; and 3) planning for the challenges inherent to uncontrolled accidental experiments. We emphasize that we do not view the accidental experiments provided by global change as replacements for scientific studies quantifying the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts or outlining strategies for mitigating impacts. Instead, we believe that accidental experiments are uniquely situated to provide insights into evolutionary and ecological processes that ultimately allow us to better predict and manage change on our human‐dominated planet. Synthesis Humans have an increasingly large impact on the planet. In response, ecologists and evolutionary biologists are dedicating increasing scientific attention to global change, largely with studies documenting biological effects and testing strategies to avoid or reverse negative impacts. In this article, we analyze global change from a different perspective, and suggest that human impacts on the environment also serve as valuable ‘accidental experiments’ that can provide fundamental scientific insight. We highlight and synthesize examples of studies taking this approach, and give guidance for gaining future insights from these unfortunate ‘accidental experiments’.     

植被净第一性生产力研究回顾与发展趋势

植被的净第一性生产力(NPP)反映了植物每年通过光合作用所固定的碳总量,目前NPP研究是全球变化研究的重要内容之一。本文回顾国内外植被NPP研究的历史,对遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)在NPP研究中的应用做了分析,并对近期陆地植被NPP研究的特点及发展趋势作了总结。