Analysis of HLA-DRB1 polymorphism in the Gidra of Papua New Guinea

The genetic structure of the Gidra-speaking population inhabiting 13 villages in Papua New Guinea was investigated, based on the analysis of HLA-DRB1 polymorphism. Nei's fixation indices (F(IS), F(IT), and F(ST)) showed that the Gidra villages were genetically differentiated. The genetic distances significantly correlated with the geographic distances among the 13 villages. Thus, it is likely that a low intervillage migration rate has been maintained since the Gidra community was established. Correspondence analysis revealed that the Gidra, who belong to non-Austronesian-speaking groups, are genetically located at the intermediate point between the Aboriginal Australian groups and the Austronesian-speaking groups. Moreover, the HLA-DRB1*0802 allele, which has been observed in only two Polynesian groups (Austronesian-speaking groups) of Oceanian populations, was also found in the Gidra. These results suggest that the admixture of Austronesian and indigenous non-Austronesian groups beyond the linguistic boundary occurred partly in Papua New Guinea before Austronesian groups spread to the Pacific.     

The peopling of New Guinea: evidence from class I human leukocyte antigen.

This study utilizes newly developed direct DNA typing methods for human leukocyte antigens (HLA) to provide new information about the peopling of New Guinea. The complete polymorphism of eight Melanesian populations was examined. The groups included were highlanders, northern and southern highlands fringe populations, a Sepik population, northern and southern coastal New Guinea populations, and populations from the Bismarck Archipelago and New Caledonia. The study concluded that, based on HLA and other evidence. Melanesians are likely to have evolved largely from the same ancestral stock as Aboriginal Australians but to have since differentiated. Highlanders are likely to be descendants of earlier migrations who have been isolated for a long period of time. Northern highlands fringe and Sepik populations are likely to share a closer common ancestry but to have differentiated due to long term isolation and the relative proximity to the coast of the Sepik. Southern fringe populations are likely to have a different origin, possibly from the Gulf region, although there may be some admixture with neighboring groups. Coastal populations have a wider range of polymorphisms because of the genetic trail left by later population movement along the coast from Asia that did not reach Australia or remote Oceania. Other polymorphisms found in these populations may have been introduced by the movement of Austronesian-speaking and other more recent groups of people into the Pacific, because they share many polymorphisms with contemporary southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Micronesians that are not found in highlanders or Aboriginal Australians. There is evidence suggestive of later migration to Melanesia from Polynesia and Micronesia.     

Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA variation in aboriginal Australian and Papua New Guinean populations.

We examined genetic affinities of Aboriginal Australian and New Guinean populations by using nucleotide variation in the two hypervariable segments of the mtDNA control region (CR). A total of 318 individuals from highland Papua New Guinea (PNG), coastal PNG, and Aboriginal Australian populations were typed with a panel of 29 sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes. The SSO-probe panel included five new probes that were used to type an additional 1,037 individuals from several Asian populations. The SSO-type data guided the selection of 78 individuals from Australia and east Indonesia for CR sequencing. A gene tree of these CR sequences, combined with published sequences from worldwide populations, contains two previously identified highland PNG clusters that do not include any Aboriginal Australians; the highland PNG clusters have coalescent time estimates of approximately 80,000 and 122,000 years ago, suggesting ancient isolation and genetic drift. SSO-type data indicate that 84% of the sample of PNG highlander mtDNA belong to these two clusters. In contrast, the Aboriginal Australian sequences are intermingled throughout the tree and cluster with sequences from multiple populations. Phylogenetic and multidimensional-scaling analyses of CR sequences and SSO types split PNG highland and Aboriginal Australian populations and link Aboriginal Australian populations with populations from the subcontinent of India. These mtDNA results do not support a close relationship between Aboriginal Australian and PNG populations but instead suggest multiple migrations in the peopling of Sahul.     

Hunting activity and aging among the gidra papuans: A biobehavioral analysis

From the individual-based records of hunting practice for 1,633 hr in total and from the hunters' visual acuity and grip strength observed among the Gidra Papuans in lowland Papua New Guinea, this paper aims to analyze the relationship between the hunting activity and aging. The sensorimotor functions determine the range of age in which the individuals act as active or productive hunters: determined to be from the late teen-age years to about 45 years among the present subjects. In this age range, hunting efficiency increases with age. In terms of weight of animals killed per hunting time, the efficiency of the elder married (aged about 35 to 45 years) was almost four times higher than that of the unmarried (16–17 to late 20s). This aging effect is judged to depend on behavioral abilities that increase in accordance with experience and cumulative knowledge. Simultaneously, the comparison of individual hunters' records in 1971–72 and in 1981 reveals that hunting efficiency is associated with the individualities of the hunters.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: The Destruction of Aboriginal Society. Outcasts in White Australia. The Remote Aborigines. By C. D. Rowley Chariots of the Gods? By Erich von Daniken Archaeology of the Gallus Site, Koonalda Cave. Edited by R. V. S. Wright Fighting with Food. Leadership, values and social control in a Massim society. By Michael W. Young One Father, One Blood. Descent and Group Structure Among the Melpa People. By Andrew Strathern Crocodile and Cassowary: Religious Art of the Upper Sepik River, New Guinea. By Douglas Newton Papua New Guinea. Prospero's Other Island. Edited by Peter Hastings The Human Aviary. A Pictorial Discovery of New Guinea. By George Holton and Kenneth E. Read A Revised Linguistic Survey of Australia. Edited by W. J. Oates and Lynette F. Oates Notes on the Bandjalang Dialect Spoken at Coraki and Bungawalbin Creek, N.S.W. By Nils M. Holmer Papers on the Languages of Australian Aboriginals. Contributions by B. J. Blake A Partial Vocabulary of the Ngalooma Aboriginal Tribe. By Harold Aubrey Hall Dating Techniques for the Archaeologist. Edited by Henry N. Michael and Elizabeth K. Ralph The Aborigine Today. Edited by B. Leach. Paul Hamlyn     

Whole-Genome Genetic Diversity in a Sample of Australians with Deep Aboriginal Ancestry

Australia was probably settled soon after modern humans left Africa, but details of this ancient migration are not well understood. Debate centers on whether the Pleistocene Sahul continent (composed of New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania) was first settled by a single wave followed by regional divergence into Aboriginal Australian and New Guinean populations (common origin) or whether different parts of the continent were initially populated independently. Australia has been the subject of relatively few DNA studies even though understanding regional variation in genomic structure and diversity will be important if disease-association mapping methods are to be successfully evaluated and applied across populations. We report on a genome-wide investigation of Australian Aboriginal SNP diversity in a sample of participants from the Riverine region. The phylogenetic relationship of these Aboriginal Australians to a range of other global populations demonstrates a deep common origin with Papuan New Guineans and Melanesians, with little evidence of substantial later migration until the very recent arrival of European colonists. The study provides valuable and robust insights into an early and important phase of human colonization of the globe. A broader survey of Australia, including diverse geographic sample populations, will be required to fully appreciate the continent''s unique population history and consequent genetic heritage, as well as the importance of both to the understanding of health issues.     

Contribution to study of Asmat genetic variability

During an anthropological survey in the South-West of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea), 145 blood samples were collected from the coastal Asmat population. ABO, MNSs, Rh, Kell, Duffy and Kidd red cell antigen systems were investigated and the results are presented here. ABO, MNSs, Rh gene frequencies of the Asmat, together with those of 21 other New Guinea populations, were examined by principal component analysis. The topological representation of the distribution of the selected New Guinea populations confirms high variability in the interior of the island, and possible causes are discussed. A hypothesis is advanced, concordant with language evidence which would explain the resemblance among populations from opposite coasts of New Guinea and between some mountain and coastal groups. When the comparison includes 32 other world populations, the New Guinea groups constitute one assemblage distinct from the others.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Ethnology: Australian Aboriginal Paintings in Western and Central Arnhem Land: Temporal Sequences and Elements of Style in Cadell River and Deaf Adder Creek Art. E. J. Brandl
Ethnology: Kilenge Art and Life: A Look at a New Guinea People. Philip J. C. Dark     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: The Prehistory of Australia. By D. J. Mulvaney Aboriginal Habitat and Economy. By Roger Lawrence The Aborigines of Tasmania. By H. Ling Roth. F. King and Sons The Dreamtime. Australian Aboriginal Myths in Paintings. By Ainslie Roberts with text by Charles P. Mountford The Aboriginal Languages of the Southwest of Australia. By Wilfred H. Douglas The Languages of Victoria: A Late Survey. By Luise A. Hercus A Survey of New Guinea Languages. By A. Capell Korwars and Korwar Style: Art and Ancestor Worship in North-West New Guinea. By Th. P. van Baaren Pigs for the Ancestors. By Roy A. Rappaport Capitalism, Primitive and Modern. By T. Scarlett Epstein Eskimos of the Nushagak River. By James W. Van Stone Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon. By Nur Yalman The Indians in Uganda, Caste and Sect in a Plural Society. By H. S. Morris Visual Anthropology: Photography as a Research Method. By John Collier Culture and Ageing. By Margaret Clarke and Barbara G. Anderson. Charles C. Thomas, Illinois Culture in Process. By Alan R. Beals Selected Studies in Marriage and the Family. Edited by Robert F. Winch and Louis Wolf Goodman New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter. Background to Evolution in Africa. Edited by Walter W. Bishop and J. Desmond Clark The History of Man. By Carleton S. Coon The Human Species. By Frederick S. Hulse The Birth of Indian Civilization.     

Gene flow and natural selection in oceanic human populations inferred from genome-wide SNP typing

It is suggested that the major prehistoric human colonizations of Oceania occurred twice, namely, about 50,000 and 4,000 years ago. The first settlers are considered as ancestors of indigenous people in New Guinea and Australia. The second settlers are Austronesian-speaking people who dispersed by voyaging in the Pacific Ocean. In this study, we performed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing on an indigenous Melanesian (Papuan) population, Gidra, and a Polynesian population, Tongans, by using the Affymetrix 500K assay. The SNP data were analyzed together with the data of the HapMap samples provided by Affymetrix. In agreement with previous studies, our phylogenetic analysis indicated that indigenous Melanesians are genetically closer to Asians than to Africans and European Americans. Population structure analyses revealed that the Tongan population is genetically originated from Asians at 70% and indigenous Melanesians at 30%, which thus supports the so-called Slow train model. We also applied the SNP data to genome-wide scans for positive selection by examining haplotypic variation and identified many candidates of locally selected genes. Providing a clue to understand human adaptation to environments, our approach based on evolutionary genetics must contribute to revealing unknown gene functions as well as functional differences between alleles. Conversely, this approach can also shed some light onto the invisible phenotypic differences between populations.     

Population distribution of the human vitamin D binding protein: anthropological considerations

The polymorphism of the serum vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in humans is based on the existence of three common alleles, Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2, and 84 rare alleles. The geographical distribution of Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2 alleles shows north to south clines, together with a balanced equilibrium between the Gc1F or Gc1S allele frequency and the Gc2 frequency. The distribution of the FST values shows high variability within a geographical area. For European and North Asiatic groups, the FST values are the lowest observed, and the reason may be a long process of homogenization. Aboriginal populations from Australia and New Guinea and groups from both North Africa and South America show the greatest heterogeneity of their allele frequencies. Systematic factors such as genetic drift and selection may account for this distribution. In contrast with the three main DBP alleles, the distribution of the rare alleles corresponds to patterns of human migrations that occurred during prehistoric and historic periods. Thus, the rare mutants are of particular relevance to anthropological and genetical investigations.     

Mitochondrial DNA variability of West New Guinea populations.

This paper reports human mitochondrial DNA variability in West New Guinea (the least known, western side of the island of New Guinea), not yet described from a molecular perspective. The study was carried out on 202 subjects from 12 ethnic groups, belonging to six different Papuan language families, representative of both mountain and coastal plain areas. Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1 (HVS 1) and the presence of the 9-bp deletion (intergenic region COII-tRNA(Lys)) were investigated. HVS 1 sequencing identified 73 polymorphic sites defining 89 haplotypes; the 9-bp deletion, which is considered a marker of Austronesian migration in the Pacific, was found to be absent in the whole West New Guinea study sample. Statistical analysis applied to the resulting haplotypes reveal high heterogeneity and an intersecting distribution of genetic variability in these populations, despite their cultural and geographic diversity. The results of subsequent phylogenetic approaches subdivide mtDNA diversity in West New Guinea into three main clusters (groups I-III), defined by sets of polymorphisms which are also shared by some individuals from Papua New Guinea. Comparisons with worldwide HVS 1 sequences stored in the MitBASE database show the absence of these patterns outside Oceania and a few Indonesian subjects, who also lack the 9-bp deletion. This finding, which is consistent with the effects of genetic drift and prolonged isolation of West New Guinea populations, lead us to regard these patterns as New Guinea population markers, which may harbor the genetic memory of the earliest human migrations to the island.     

A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for prehistory

Fingerprint data from three Markham Valley populations of Papua New Guinea are presented. Initial comparisons with data from elsewhere in New Guinea by conventional bivariate methods suggest hypotheses regarding prehistory, but these methods are inconclusive. Because of this shortcoming, the application of discriminant analysis to dermatoglyphic data is justified and cautiously demonstrated. Discriminant analysis is a valid approach to the parsimonious study of fingerprint relationships among human populations. Significant discriminating variables are then used with the limited published data to display historical relationships. These marker traits include the separate frequencies of thumb, middle fingers, and little finger patterning, and the complexity of the thenar eminence. With regard to prehistory, it is concluded that fingerprint data support the hypothesis of separate origins and migrations for Papuan- and Melanesian-speaking peoples. Furthermore, it is suggested that these data support the linguistic hypothesis of a second Papuan migration of Trans New Guinea Phylum speakers, up the Markham Valley into the New Guinea Highlands. Finally, gene flow is indicated from Melanesian speakers of the north coast into the interior through the Sepik and Ramu River valleys, affecting both the Trans New Guinea Phylum and other unrelated Papuan groups. Moreover, there are numerous suggestions of recent reciprocal genetic exchange between neighboring Melanesians and Papuans, without obliterating the older, separate origins of these peoples. These results suggest that fingerprints have greater phylogenetic stability than other biological parameters used in the past.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: The Land and People of Northeast Brazil. By Manuel Correia de Andrade Development and Dependency. The Political Economy of Papua New Guinea. By Azeem Amarshi Australian Imperialism in the Pacific. The Expansionist Era 1820–1920. By Roger C. Thompson Law and State in Papua New Guinea. By Peter Fitzpatrick The Voice of Tambaran. Truth and Illusion in Ilahita Arapesh Religion. By Donald F. Tuzin Social Organization in Aboriginal Australia. By Warren Shapiro The Camp at Wallaby Cross: Aboriginal Fringe Dwellers in Darwin. By Basil Sansom Oenpclli Bark Painting. By The Aboriginal Arts Board. Paul Hamlyn The Languages of Australia. By R. M. W. Dixon The World as a Company Town: Multinational Corporations and Social Change. Edited by Ahmed Idris-Soven Hunters, pastoralists and ranchers. By Tim Ingold Green and Pleasant Land? Social Change in Rural England. By Howard Newby Rural Sociology in the Soviet Union. Its History and Basic Concepts. By Terence M. Cox. C. Hurst Challenging Anthropology: A Critical Approach to Social Anthropology. Edited by David H. Turner and Gavin A. Smith Marxism and Anthropology: The Concept of ‘Human Essence’ in the Philosophy of Marx. By George Markus Ideology and Everyday Life: Anthropology, Neo-marxist Thought, and the Problem of Ideology and the Social Whole. By Steve Barnett and Martin G. Silverman Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke. Edited by I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond     

Intersterility between populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lentinula edodes</Emphasis> from Papua New Guinea

Mating tests among strains of Lentinula edodes distributed in Asia-Australasia were conducted. As a result, 26 strains were classified into three groups: 2 strains from Mt. Wilhelm in Papua New Guinea (PN1 group) showed intersterility with 7 strains from Mt. Albert Edward and Mt. Kaisenik in Papua New Guinea (PN2 group) and semicompatibility (clamp formation restricted to contact zone between paired monokaryons) with 17 strains from Asia-Australasia (AA group), whereas the strains of the PN2 group showed compatibility with the AA group. These results suggest that the shiitake populations distributed in Asia-Australasia including Papua New Guinea are in the process of speciation. Contribution no. 391 from the Tottori Mycological Institute     

Infrequent and unidirectional colonization of hyperdiverse Papuadytes diving beetles in New Caledonia and New Guinea

We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 2808 aligned bp of rrnL, cox1, cob, H3 and 18S rRNA of all major morphological groups of Papuadytes diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) which are diverse in running water habitats throughout the Australian region. We focus on the origin of the fauna of the megadiverse islands of New Guinea and New Caledonia. Parsimony as well as Bayesian analyses suggest a basal position of Australian species in a paraphyletic series, with more recent nested radiations in New Caledonia and New Guinea. According to molecular clock analyses, both landmasses were colonized during the Miocene, which matches geological data and corroborates similar findings in other taxonomic groups. Our analyses suggest that dispersal played an important role in the formation of these large insular faunas, although successful colonization appears to be a rare event, and, in this case, is unidirectional. Whether or not a lineage is present on an island is due to chance: Papuadytes are absent from Fiji, where related Copelatus have radiated extensively in the same habitats occupied by Papuadytes in New Caledonia and New Guinea, while Copelatus are absent from New Caledonia. Lineages of Papuadytes apparently colonized New Caledonia twice, around 14 and 9 MYA according to the molecular calibration, and both lineages are derived from an Australian ancestor. The older clade is represented only by two apparently relictual mountain species (one morphologically strongly adapted to highly ephemeral habitats), while the younger clade contains at least 18 species exhibiting a great morphological diversity. The 150+ species in New Guinea are monophyletic, apparently derived from an Australian ancestor, and constitute a morphologically rather homogenous group. The tree backbone remains insufficiently supported under parsimony and Bayesian analyses, where shorter branches suggest a rapid sequence of major branching events.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: New Guinea art In the collection of the Museum of Primitive Art. By Douglas Newton Wow-Ipits: Eight Asmat Woodcarvers of New Guinea. By Adrian A. Gerbrands Ethnomuslcology of the Flathead Indians. By Alan P. Merriam Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. By Bruce G. Trigger A Study of Archaeology. By Walter W. Taylor Atlas of African Prehistory. Compiled by J. Desmond Clark Aboriginal Technology — Some evidence from Kurnell Peninsula, Botany Bay. By F. P. Dickson Results of an Archaeological Survey of the Southern Region of Moreton Bay and of Moreton Island (1963–1964). By V. V. Ponosov Winbaraku and the Myth of Jarapiri. By C. P. Mountford Aboriginal Place Names of South-east Australia and their meanings. By Aldo Massola The Fatal Impact: an account of the invasion of the South Pacific 1767–1840. By Alan Moorehead Bedouin of the Negev. By Emanuel Marx The Gypsies. By Jean-Paul Clébert The Hutterites in North America. By John A. Exchange and Power in Social Life. By Peter M. Blau. John Wiley & Sons Social Stratification. By Melvin M. Tumin The Stages of Human Evolution-Human and Cultural Origins. By C. Loring Brace. Oceanic Mythology: The Myths of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia. By Roslyn Poignant. Paul Hamlyn Aboriginal Relationships Between Culture and Plant Life in The Upper Great Lakes Region. By Richard Asa Yarnell Wildpflanzen in der Ernahrung der Grundbevolkerung Melanesiens. By Barbara Treide. Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig Heft 16. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin Southern Exposure. By Donald Home and David Beal Prehistoric Men. By Robert J. Braidwood Man-Apes or Ape-Men? By Sir Wilfred E. Le Gros Clark     

Indigenous Knowledge of New Guinea’s Useful Plants: A Review1

We present the first large-scale synthesis of indigenous knowledge (IK) on New Guinea’s useful plants based on a quantitative review of 488 references and 854 herbarium specimens. Specifically, we assessed (i) spatiotemporal trends in the documentation of IK, (ii) which are New Guinea’s most useful ecosystems and plant taxa, (iii) what use categories have been better studied, and (iv) which are the best studied indigenous groups. Overall, our review integrates 40,376 use reports and 19,948 plant uses for 3434 plant species. We find that despite a significant increase in ethnobotanical studies since the first reports of 1885, all islands still remain under-investigated. Lowland and montane rainforests are the best studied habitats; legumes, palms, and figs are the most cited plant families; and Ficus, Pandanus, and Syzygium are the most useful genera. Medicinal uses have received the greatest attention and non-native species have the highest cross-cultural consensus for medicine, underscoring the culturally enriching role of non-native taxa to New Guinea’s pharmacopeia. Of New Guinea’s approximately 1100 indigenous groups, 217 are mentioned in the literature, and non-endangered groups remain better studied. We conclude that IK can contribute significantly to meet rising demands to make New Guinea’s landscapes “multifunctional” and boost the green economy, but ambitious strategies will still be needed to mainstream IK and improve its documentation.

     

Patterns of Y-chromosome diversity intersect with the Trans-New Guinea hypothesis

The island of New Guinea received part of the first human expansion out of Africa (>40,000 years ago), but its human genetic history remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined Y-chromosome diversity in 162 samples from the Bird's Head region of northwest New Guinea (NWNG) and compared the results with previously obtained data from other parts of the island. NWNG harbors a high level of cultural and linguistic diversity and is inhabited by non-Austronesian (i.e., Papuan)-speaking groups as well as harboring most of West New Guinea's (WNG) Austronesian-speaking groups. However, 97.5% of its Y-chromosomes belong to 5 haplogroups that originated in Melanesia; hence, the Y-chromosome diversity of NWNG (and, according to available data, of New Guinea as a whole) essentially reflects a local history. The remaining 2.5% belong to 2 haplogroups (O-M119 and O-M122) of East Asian origin, which were brought to New Guinea by Austronesian-speaking migrants around 3,500 years ago. Thus, the Austronesian expansion had only a small impact on shaping Y-chromosome diversity in NWNG, although the linguistic impact of this expansion to this region was much higher. In contrast, the expansion of Trans-New Guinea (TNG) speakers (non-Austronesian) starting about 6,000-10,000 years ago from the central highlands of what is now Papua New Guinea, presumably in combination with the expansion of agriculture, played a more important role in determining the Y-chromosome diversity of New Guinea. In particular, we identified 2 haplogroups (M-P34 and K-M254) as suggestive markers for the TNG expansion, whereas 2 other haplogroups (C-M38 and K-M9) most likely reflect the earlier local Y-chromosome diversity. We propose that sex-biased differences in the social structure and cultural heritage of the people involved in the Austronesian and the TNG expansions played an important role (among other factors) in shaping the New Guinean Y-chromosome landscape.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Buying Back the Land: Organisational Struggle and the Aboriginal Land Fund Commission Marks in Place: Contemporary Responses to Rock Art By Linda Connor, Rick Dingus, Steve Fitch, John Pfahl and Charles Roitz The Gift of Kinship: Structure and Practice in Maring Social Organization Enterprising Women: Ethnicity, Economy, and Gender Relations Edited by Sallie Westwood and Parminder Bhachu Routledge The Culture of Capitalism By Alan Macfarlane Division of Labour By R.E. Pahl Fluid Signs. Being a Person the Tamil Way By E.V. Daniel Women in Rice Farming. Proceedings of a Conference on Women in Rice Farming Systems, the International Rice Research Institute, Manilla Women in Prehistory By Margaret Ehrenberg The Speaking Land: Myth and Story in Aboriginal Australia By R.M. and C.H. Berndt Choice and Morality in Anthropological Perspective. Essays in Honor of Derek Freeman Edited by G.N. Appell and N.T. Madan Aboriginality: Contemporary Aboriginal Paintings and Prints By Jennifer Isaacs To Speak in Pairs. Essays on the Ritual Languages of Eastern Indonesia Edited by James J. Fox Hunter-gatherers Today: an Aboriginal Economy in North Australia By J.C. Altman The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies By D.K. Feil Dreaming, Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations Edited by Barbara Tedlock Made in Niugini: Technology in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea By Paul Sillitoe Peasant Pedlars and Professional Traders: Subsistence Trade in Rural Markets of Minahasa, Indonesia By Ulrich Mai and Helmut Bucholt Creating Culture: Profiles in the study of culture Edited by Diane J. Austin-Broos The How of the Fox: Tropical Forests, the World Bank, and Indigenous People in Central India Robert S. Anderson and Walter Huber And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the Aids Epidemic Randy Shilts