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1.
Kazuo Fujita Kunio Watanabe Tri Heru Widarto Bambang Suryobroto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1997,38(3):233-245
A series of work by the first author have demonstrated that many macaque species show a visual preference for the pictures
of their own species when the monkeys actively press a lever to see the pictures. We expanded this study to Sulawesi macaques
kept as a pet by local people with slight modification. All seven species of Sulawesi macaques were passively exposed to a
variety of colored slides of Sulawesi macaques. The experimenter recorded the duration of visual fixation onto the pictures.
Male monkeys of all the seven species clearly watched the pictures of their own species for longer duration than those of
the other species. Such visual preference suggested that the seven Sulawesi macaques discriminate each other species and,
thus, they may not be integrated into fewer number of species. This visual preference may work to prevent overall intergradation
of the Sulawesi macaques who sometimes have hybrid zones only in limited areas. This preference was in general weaker in female
monkeys. In one species,Macaca ochreata, females actively avoided to see the pictures of conspecifics. These results may be related to how female monkeys interact
with other individuals. 相似文献
2.
Kazuo Fujita 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(2):133-140
Three adult pigtail monkeys pressed a lever to see pictures of pigtail and Japanese monkeys with a variety of physical features
being removed. The features included head, tail, body, background, and color. The duration and the interval of exposure of
these visual stimuli were dependent upon subjects' responding. Preferences for those pictures were evaluated by the ratio
of lever-pressing duration to interval of lever-pressing. Two of the subjects showed a consistent preference to see pictures
of pigtail monkeys over those of Japanese monkeys. Though this preference tended to maintain when these physical features
were removed, it became relatively weak when head and head + tail were removed. These results suggest that pigtail macaques
may discriminate species based not on a single characteristics but on some combination of features, and that head may be relatively
important than the other features. 相似文献
3.
Shunji Gotoh Osamu Takenaka Kunio Watanabe Yuzuru Hamada Yoshi Kawamoto Tsuyoshi Watanabe Bambang Suryobroto Dondin Sajuthi 《Primates; journal of primatology》2001,42(1):27-34
Hematological values and parasitological fauna of free-rangingMacaca hecki and the hybrid group betweenM. hecki/M. tonkeana of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, were investigated. The hematological values, especially the red cell number (RBC), were lower
than those of other macaque species, indicating that Sulawesi macaques are slightly anemic. Several parasites including Plasmodium
sp., trombiculid mites, andTrichuris trichiura were identified. Although infection by Plasmodium was observed with considerable frequency, no clear relationship between
its infection and the occurrence of anemia was found. Trombiculid mites and eggs ofAnatrichosoma sp. were detected in foci of the ears of most monkeys. The infection with a trombiculid mite is the first recorded occurrence
in free-ranging wild Sulawesi macaques. Gastrointestinal parasites were identified from their eggs in fecal samples, where
five species of nematoda and one trematoda species were found. 相似文献
4.
5.
BEN J. EVANS JUAN CARLOS MORALES JATNA SUPRIATNA DON J. MELNICK 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1999,66(4):539-560
One of the sharpest biogeographical transitions in the world occurs between the Indonesian islands of Borneo and Sulawesi; this transition is demarcated by Wallace's line. Macaque monkeys represent an interesting anomaly to faunal distributions in this region as they occur on both sides of Wallace's line, with Macacafascicularis, M. nemestrina and other species to the west and seven Sulawesi species to the east. We have investigated macaque evolution and dispersal in the Sunda region and Sulawesi using phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Female philopatry of macaques, which causes sharp geographic clustering of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, makes mitochondrial phytogenies particularly useful for investigating ancient patterns of dispersal. Results of this study suggest the following: (1) M. fascicularis is not a sister taxon to any species of Sulawesi macaque; (2) haplotypes of some M. nemestrina have a sister relationship to northern and central Sulawesi macaques, while haplotypes of other M. nemestrina have a sister relationship to soudiern Sulawesi macaques; (3) Sulawesi was probably colonized by macaques twice, once to the base of the northern peninsula now occupied by M. hecki and once to the southwestern peninsula now occupied by M, mama; and (4) within north/central and southern Sulawesi, patterns of dispersal are largely consistent with contemporary and past geography of the island, with the exception of a geographically discontinuous relationship between M. nigra and a portion of M. tonkeana from a region in northwest central Sulawesi. 相似文献
6.
Andrea Camperio Ciani Roscoe Stanyon Wolfgang Scheffrahn Bohedi Sampurno 《American journal of primatology》1989,17(4):257-270
A pilot field study was conducted in Sulawesi (Indonesia) to assess the status of macaque populations on the island. Wild and captive animals were sampled, mainly in border areas between presumed different species. The five species investigated were Macaca maurus, M. tonkeana, M. hecki, M. nigrescens, and M. nigra, for which morphological and gene frequency data suggested the presence of hybridization zones. Some individuals within these zones showed intermediate or mosaic morphology between parental forms. These individuals also had intermediate gene frequencies for most of the polymorphic systems investigated. Karyotypes were identical in all species, and no cytogenetic barrier to hybridization existed between species. A review of the recent literature also provided evidence for hybridization between Sulawesi macaques. Clinical frequencies in both morphological and biomolecular traits perhaps can be best explained by the operation of gene flow between the various forms of macaques on the island. However, additional data are necessary before current classification schemes are revised. The unique opportunity and need of further study of Sulawesi macaques for a range of evolutionary questions is emphasized. 相似文献
7.
Playback experiments were conducted to investigate interspecific discrimination of male loud calls in Sulawesi macaques. Loud
calls of four macaque species living in Sulawesi (Macaca tonkeana, M. maurus, M. hecki, andM. nigrescens) and a control stimulus (an 8-sec frequency modulated sound) were played back to semi-free-ranging Tonkean macaques (M. tonkeana). A preliminary acoustic analysis indicated that the calls of these four species differ in some spectral and temporal features.
In the playback experiments, Tonkean macaques responded in a similar manner to conspecific calls and calls of two other species,M. maurus andM. hecki. In contrast, animals responded more weakly to the call ofM. nigrescens and the control stimulus. Males responded more strongly than females to all stimuli, while females appeared to be more discriminating
for species differences than males. Analyses on the acoustic features of loud calls suggested that high frequency, wide frequency
range, and repetition of sound units at a high rate elicit quick responses from animals. 相似文献
8.
Antje Engelhardt Laura Muniz Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah Anja Widdig 《International journal of primatology》2017,38(4):672-691
Genetic analyses based on noninvasively collected samples have become an important tool for evolutionary biology and conservation. Crested macaques (Macaca nigra), endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, are important for our understanding of primate evolution as Sulawesi macaques represent an exceptional example of primate adaptive radiation. Crested macaques are also Critically Endangered. However, to date we know very little about their genetics. The aim of our study was to find and validate microsatellite markers useful for evolutionary, conservation, and other genetic studies on wild crested macaques. Using fecal samples of 176 wild macaques living in the Tangkoko Reserve, Sulawesi, we identified 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci through cross-species polymerase chain reaction amplification with later modification of some of these primers. We tested their suitability by investigating and exploring patterns of paternity, observed heterozygosity, and evidence for inbreeding. We assigned paternity to 63 of 65 infants with high confidence. Among cases with solved paternity, we found no evidence of extragroup paternity and natal breeding. We found a relatively steep male reproductive skew B index of 0.330 ± 0.267; mean ± SD) and mean alpha paternity of 65% per year with large variation across groups and years (29–100%). Finally, we detected an excess in observed heterozygosity and no evidence of inbreeding across our three study groups, with an observed heterozygosity of 0.766 ± 0.059 and expected heterozygosity of 0.708 ± 0.059, and an inbreeding coefficient of ?0.082 ± 0.035. Our results indicate that the selected markers are useful for genetic studies on wild crested macaques, and possibly also on other Sulawesi and closely related macaques. They further suggest that the Tangkoko population of crested macaques is still genetically variable despite its small size, isolation, and the species’ reproductive patterns. This gives us hope that other endangered primate species living in small, isolated populations may also retain a healthy gene pool, at least in the short term. 相似文献
9.
Caitlin Reed Timothy G. O'Brien Margaret F. Kinnaird 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(2):247-260
In a 6-week study of the social behavior of wild Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra), we found a linear and transitive dominance hierarchy among the six adult males in one social group. Dominance rank, as determined by the direction of supplantations, correlated strongly with percentage of time near more than four neighbors, frequency of grooming received from adult females, and percentage of time with an adult female as nearest neighbor. These results suggest that high-ranking males are socially attractive. Adult females sexually solicited high-ranking males more often than low-ranking males, but frequency of copulation was not correlated with dominance rank. Frequency and intensity of aggression between males are strongly correlated with rank distance, but aggression toward females was greatest for mid-ranking males. Males of all rank displayed significantly more aggression toward sexually receptive females than toward females in other estrous states. These data indicate that male Sulawesi crested black macaques display a social organization similar to that reported for multimale groups in other macaque species rather than the egalitarian social organization described for female Sulawesi macaques. 相似文献
10.
Identification of Entamoeba polecki with Unique 18S rRNA Gene Sequences from Celebes Crested Macaques and Pigs in Tangkoko Nature Reserve,North Sulawesi,Indonesia
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Mihoko Imada Seiki Kobayashi Xunjia Cheng Hiroshi Tachibana 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》2016,63(5):572-577
Unique species of macaques are distributed across Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, and the details of Entamoeba infections in these macaques are unknown. A total of 77 stool samples from Celebes crested macaques (Macaca nigra) and 14 stool samples from pigs were collected in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, and the prevalence of Entamoeba infection was examined by PCR. Entamoeba polecki was detected in 97% of the macaques and all of the pigs, but no other Entamoeba species were found. The nucleotide sequence of the 18S rRNA gene in E. polecki from M. nigra was unique and showed highest similarity with E. polecki subtype (ST) 4. This is the first case of identification of E. polecki ST4 from wild nonhuman primates. The sequence of the 18S rRNA gene in E. polecki from pigs was also unique and showed highest similarity with E. polecki ST1. These results suggest that the diversity of the 18S rRNA gene in E. polecki is associated with differences in host species and geographic localization, and that there has been no transmission of E. polecki between macaques and pigs in the study area. 相似文献
11.
12.
The silent bared-teeth display is described in a captive group of Moor macaques (Macaca maurus). It occurs with either closed
or open mouth and is observed in both affinitive and playful interactions. It does not appear to convey specific information
about the social status of partners and should be viewed as a signal advertising the emitter's peaceful intentions. This is
consistent with what is known for other species of macaques on Sulawesi island. 相似文献
13.
The degree of intergradation between two species of Sulawesi macaques,Macaca tonkeana andM. hecki, was studied by examining the diagnostic external characteristics of more than 100 monkeys kept as pets by natives. Two possible
hybrid monkeys were found and both originated from the borderland between the two species, located in the most proximal region
of the northern peninsula of Sulawesi. The previously postulated wide area of integradation between the two species at the
possible contact zone was, however, not recognized, and typical examples oftonkeana orhecki were found to be present on the two sides of a narrow “hybrid” zone which was defined by direct observations. Furthermore,
despite considerable individual variations, we were able to allocate most monkeys to one or other of the species. Each of
ten external characteristics of the members of both species more or less encompassed the individual variations, but may undergo
changes with the development of the monkeys. The mechanisms of reproduction of hybrid monkeys and the maintenance of differences
between the species are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Osamu Takenaka Mika Hotta Yoshi Kawamoto Bambang Suryobroto Edy Brotoisworo 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(1):99-109
Seven β chains were identified as the typical molecular types carried by the seven species of Sulawesi macaques based on isoelectric
focusing and urea starch gel electrophoresis. These β chains include the β3 chains ofmaura, tonkeana, nigra, andbrunnescens, β1 chains ofhecki andochreata and β5 chain ofnigra. The results of chromatography on cation-exchange and reversed phase columns and the amino acid compositions of the tryptic
peptides suggested substitutions at the 9th and 13th amino acids from the N-terminal. Sequence analyses of these seven β chains
from the N-terminal to the 18th amino acid and those of purified tryptic peptides from βT3 to βT15 by Edman degradation revealed
the following facts: (1) the amino acid sequences of the β3 chains carried by the four species coincided with each other and
as did those of the β1 chains of the two named species; and (2) the 9th and 13th amino acids were Lys and Thr in β3, Asn and
Asn in β1, and Asp and Thr in the β5 chain, respectively. These three β chains are related with each other by at least two-base
changes. The evolution of the β chains of the Sulawesi macaques was inferred to be as follows. (1) The β3 chain might have
been dominant β chain in the past among Sulawesi macaques, since peripheral species separately carried this chain; (2) the
β1 and β5 chains might have derived from a “missing link” because of more than two-base substitutions between β3 and β1 and
between β3 and β5; (3) eight other macaque species, including the lion-tailed macaque (M. silenus), bear Asn and Thr at these two positions, while the Barbary macaque (M. sylvanus) has Thr and Thr; and (4) thus, if the parsimonious rule is followed, the type with Asn-Thr is the most plausible “missing
link,” since only the Asn-Thr type can combine these five β chains by minimum one-base change. Two genetic events are postulated
in the evolutionary process of the Sulawesi β chains: the first Lys-Thr type (β3) was distributed over the whole island, and
next Asn-Thr, the common type in other macaques, produced Asn-Asn (β1) and Asp-Thr (β5). 相似文献
15.
Kunio WATANABE 《动物学报》2010,56(2)
Hand preference of wild moor monkeys Macaca maurus was investigated in food reaching situations at the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The frequency picking up sweet-corn grains to take into the mouth by either hand of monkeys was counted directly at the feeding ground where sweet-corn grains were scattered for monkeys. Among the 20 monkeys examined, 8 were fight-handed, 8 were left-handed, and 4 were ambilateral. The results indicated the prevailed hand preference on individual level but not either trends of left- or right-hand preference on population level. The trend toward a higher proportion of left-handed monkeys found in Japanese and rhesus monkeys was not found. Some other characteristics found in moor monkeys are discussed in comparison with those previous findings in Japanese and Tibetan macaques in order to evaluate variations within the genus Macaca. 相似文献
16.
Barry Rosenbaum Timothy G. O'Brien Margaret Kinnaird Jatna Supriatna 《American journal of primatology》1998,44(2):89-106
Population surveys of Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra) were conducted on the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi and Bacan in 1992–1994 to assess the status of natural populations and determine habitat and anthropogenic factors affecting their population densities. We surveyed five sites for primates, including undisturbed and disturbed habitats. Data were collected on habitat structure and composition at two undisturbed and one disturbed forest site in which the primates were surveyed. The highest density of macaques was found in primary forest at Gunung Sibela Nature Reserve on Bacan (170.3 individuals/km2). Population density in logged forest on Bacan was high but significantly less than primary forest (133.4 individuals/km2). The high density of crested black macaques in primary forest on Bacan is best explained by the high carrying capacity found in primary forest. The lower food quantity and quality of food resources found in logged forest correlated with lower primate densities compared to primary forest. However, the large population of macaques in logged forest demonstrates the conservation value of such forest. Densities on Sulawesi at Tangkoko-Batuangas-DuaSudara Nature Reserve (TBDS) showed a continuing decline since earlier surveys. Primate densities were highest near the protected center of Tangkoko Reserve (66.7 individuals/km2). The peripheral areas of Batuangas and DuaSudara, even though adjacent and continuous, showed lower population densities of 46.4 and 23.5 individuals/km2, respectively. The best explanation for the continued decline of Macaca nigra populations at TBDS is hunting. Unless conservation measures are implemented immediately, M. nigra on Sulawesi risks extinction in the near future. Am. J. Primatol. 44:89–106, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
17.
The borderlands between three species of macaques,Macaca nigra, M. nigrescens, andM. hecki, which live on the northern peninsula of Sulawesi were surveyed mainly via observations of pet monkeys kept by local people.
The borderlands between these species could be delineated. Some monkeys of peculiar appearance and/or with mixtures of the
external characteristics of two species were found in the borderlands between the respective pairs of species. However, such
possibly hybrid monkeys were seen or originated only in the very limited areas where the species might come into contact with
each other. 相似文献
18.
Molecular phylogeny of macaques: implications of nucleotide sequences from an 896-base pair region of mitochondrial DNA 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
We determined the nucleotide sequences of an 896-base pair region of
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 20 primates representing 13 species of
macaques, a baboon, and a patas. We compared these sequences and the
homologous sequences from four macaques and a human against each other and
deduced the phylogenetic relationships of macaques. The results from the
phylogenetic analyses revealed five groups among the macaques: (1) Barbary
macaque, (2) two species of Sulawesi macaques, (3) Japanese, rhesus,
Taiwanese, crab-eating, and stump-tailed macaques, (4) toque, pig-tailed,
and lion-tailed macaques, and (5) Assamese and bonnet macaques. The
phylogenetic position of Tibetan macaque remains ambiguous as to whether it
belongs to the fourth or fifth group. Phylogenetic trees revealed that
Barbary macaque diverged first from the other Asian macaques. Subsequently,
the four groups of Asian macaques diverged from one another in a relatively
short period of time. Within each group, most of the species diverged in a
relatively short period of time following the divergence of the groups.
Assuming that the Asian macaques diverged from the outgroup Barbary macaque
three million years ago (MYA), the divergence times among groups of Asian
macaques were estimated at 2.1-2.5 MYA and within groups at 1.4- 2.2 MYA.
The intraspecific nucleotide diversity observed among three rhesus macaques
was so large that they did not form a monophyletic cluster in the
phylogenetic trees. Instead, one of them formed a cluster with Japanese and
Taiwanese macaques, whereas the other two formed a separate cluster. This
implies that either polymorphisms of mtDNA sequences that existed before
the divergence of these three species (ca. 700,000 years ago) have been
retained in rhesus macaques or introgression has occurred among the three
species.
相似文献
19.
Chatani K 《Primates; journal of primatology》2003,44(1):13-23
Positional behavior was quantitatively studied in identified free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Five male and 11 female adults were observed in a forested mountain habitat. Data were analyzed for proportion of bout
distance, number and time of each locomotion and postural type. Japanese macaques are semiterrestrial, and mainly walk and
run quadrupedally. This supports the notion that Macaca are generally quadrupeds. Sex differences in positional behavior were found in the preference of substrate and types of positional
behavior. Males and females tend to be terrestrial and arboreal, respectively. Males leap more frequently and longer in distance
than do females when they are feeding in trees. These sex differences are considered to be related to differences in morphology,
food choice, social activity, and the nursing of infants. Frequencies of leaping and the distance covered by leaping in Japanese
macaques are more than those of long-tailed macaques which are arboreal quadrupeds. However, Japanese macaques leap shorter
distances at a time than do long-tailed macaques, which indicates that body size may be related to leaping distance more than
the frequency of leaping and the distance covered by leaping. Japanese macaques are not as specialized for terrestrial locomotion
as pig-tailed macaques. They use both terrestrial and arboreal supports, and are considered to be semi-terrestrial quadrupeds,
somewhere between the arboreal long-tailed macaque and the terrestrial pig-tailed macaque.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
20.
Roos C Ziegler T Hodges JK Zischler H Abegg C 《Molecular phylogenetics and evolution》2003,29(1):139-150
In order to elucidate the evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Mentawai macaques, we sequenced a 567 base pairs (bp) long fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 39 individuals representing pigtailed macaque populations from Siberut, Sipora, South Pagai, and Sumatra. Pairwise difference analyses carried out within and among populations have shown, that: (1) variation within populations is relative low, (2) variation among populations is increased, and (3) pairwise differences within and among the populations from Sipora and South Pagai are in the same range. From phylogenetic tree reconstructions including further macaque species, we detected a paraphyletic origin of Mentawai macaques with the Siberut population more closely related to Macaca nemestrina from Sumatra, than it is to populations from the Southern islands. Based on these results, we favour a scenario in that macaques entered the Mentawai islands by two independent colonisation events. Taking together the paraphyletic origin of Mentawai macaques and the genetic differences detected among pigtailed macaque populations, which are comparable with those observed among the seven Sulawesi macaque species, we propose to separate macaques from Siberut and Sipora, North and South Pagai into two distinct species, Macaca siberu and Macaca pagensis, respectively. 相似文献