毛竹种群向针阔林扩张的根系形态可塑性

为了弄清毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)向针阔林扩张过程中根系的形态可塑性反应,在浙江天目山自然保护区毛竹向针阔林扩张的典型过渡地带,连续区域上设置毛竹纯林、针阔-毛竹混交林(以下简称过渡林)、针阔林3种样地。用根钻法采集样地毛竹根系、针阔树根系并比对其生物量密度、细根比根长、相邻同级侧根节点距等形态特征参数变化。结果表明:随着毛竹的扩张程度增加,林内根系生物量密度增加;且与针阔树竞争过程中毛竹将更多的根系放置于表层;同时在水平方向上随离样株距离的增加未出现明显变化,而针阔树根系则随离样木距离的增加而逐渐减少;毛竹根系比根长明显增加,平均增幅15%;一、二级侧根节点距则均有所下降,毛竹侧根数量增多。这些结果表明毛竹种群可通过根系生物量密度、细根比根长、相邻同级侧根节点距等形态可塑性方式实现向周边森林扩张。     

酸雨对毛竹入侵阔叶林缓冲区根系形态及分布格局的影响

为明确亚热带毛竹与阔叶树根系对酸雨的适应策略,于2017-2018年在浙江省杭州临安天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹入侵阔叶林过渡区开展酸雨模拟试验,选取T1（pH=4.0）、T2（pH=2.5）、CK（pH=5.5）3个模拟酸雨梯度,分析不同强度酸雨作用下毛竹与阔叶树的根系变化。结果表明：T1对阔叶树根系形态指标具有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）,导致阔叶树根系的总根长、总表面积、总体积及和细根比根长分别下降了39.9%,39.4%,42.3%和16.2%;T2对毛竹和阔叶树根系指标均有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）,导致毛竹的根系总根长、总表面积、总体积及细根比根长分别下降了41.5%,42.9%,46.4%和15.1%,阔叶树根系分别下降了60.2%,63.3%,61.8%和20.5%。随着酸雨强度的增加,林内根系生物量密度减少,毛竹将更多的根系置于土壤表层。在水平方向上阔叶树根系则随离树距离的增加而逐渐减少,毛竹2-5 mm径级根系生物量在离竹20 cm,离树40 cm和20 cm之间差异显著（P<0.05）。pH、有机质、可溶有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾对毛竹的根系可塑性具有显著的影响（P<0.05）。这些结果表明,毛竹在酸雨作用下利用根系形态可塑性实现种群竞争优势。     

不同群落冠层环境下紫耳箭竹笋期生长发育研究

对金佛山国家级自然保护区内3个不同类型群落(落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林)下紫耳箭竹(Fargesia decurvata J. L. Lu)幼笋的生长发育进行研究。结果显示:(1)落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林下的紫耳箭竹出笋期早而长,历时110 d,出笋量大,出笋率高;常绿阔叶林下的出笋期晚而短,历时88 d,出笋量少,出笋率低;常绿落叶阔叶混交林中出笋量最大。(2)出笋期分为3个阶段:初期、盛期和末期,各群落中的紫耳箭竹进入每个时期的时间有所差异,常绿落叶阔叶混交林中最早进入出笋盛期,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最迟。出笋盛期也是退笋的高峰期,退笋率的大小为:常绿落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林常绿阔叶林。(3)同一群落冠层环境下,紫耳箭竹不同时期出土的幼笋地径无显著差异。在落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林林冠环境中,各时期出土的幼笋地径间无显著差异,但均显著大于常绿阔叶林(P 0.05)。(4)紫耳箭竹幼笋出土后80 d左右完成高生长过程,且符合Logistic方程,呈"慢-快-慢"的生长趋势。高生长速率为:常绿落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林常绿阔叶林,且差异显著(P 0.05)。(5)紫耳箭竹的克隆繁殖与分株密度间有密切关系。随着分株密度的增加,出笋数量增加,成竹数量降低。本研究表明不同群落冠层环境下紫耳箭竹生长发育存在显著差异,在常绿落叶阔叶混交林中发育最好,常绿阔叶林中发育最差,种群密度对竹类的更新发展起重要调节作用。     

毛竹种群向常绿阔叶林扩张的细根策略

为了探讨毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)种群向常绿阔叶林扩张的根系策略, 该文采用根钻法和内生长法, 在江西大岗山选取毛竹林与阔叶林的交错区——竹阔界面(bamboo-broad-leaved forest interface), 并垂直于界面连续设置毛竹林、毛竹与阔叶树的混交林(以下简称为竹阔混交林)、常绿阔叶林3种样地, 比较分析其细根的空间分布格局、比根长、根长密度、生长速率和周转率等指标。结果表明: 毛竹林细根生物量(1201.60 g·m^-2) >竹阔混交林(601.18 g·m ^-2) >常绿阔叶林(204.88 g·m ^-2); 在毛竹与阔叶树竞争的混交林中, 毛竹细根分布趋向于上层土壤(与毛竹林细根相比), 且其比根长也显著增加, 平均增幅高达123.42%, 总根长密度比阔叶树大2.1倍; 同时, 毛竹细根生长速率和周转率均高于阔叶树。这些结果说明毛竹可通过广布、精准、灵活、快速等细根竞争策略, 提高资源获取能力, 实现种群扩张。     

紫耳箭竹克隆形态可塑性对典型冠层结构及光环境的响应

在重庆金佛山国家自然保护内,选择了3种典型群落类型(落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林),使用Hemiview数字植物冠层分析系统量化群落冠层结构和光环境特征,并对林下紫耳箭竹(Fargesia decurvata)的形态可塑性特征进行调查,分析冠层结构和光环境特征改变下紫耳箭竹形态可塑性的差异,并探讨它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着落叶阔叶林"常绿落叶阔叶混交林"常绿阔叶林演替的进行,群落的冠层开度降低,叶面积指数增加,平均叶倾角变小,趋于水平化,冠层对光的截获能力提高,林下光照的强度降低(P0.05)。(2)随着光照强度的降低,紫耳箭竹分株矮小化,叶片变窄,生物量积累降低,但通过增大比茎长、叶面积率和比叶面积提高对光的利用效率,并增大分枝角度和比隔长有效适应弱光环境。(3)在光照条件差的常绿阔叶林下,紫耳箭竹降低对地下茎的投资,将较多的生物量用于秆的增高增长和叶片的生长;而在光照条件好的落叶阔叶林环境下,紫耳箭竹降低对枝、叶生物量的分配,则加大对地下茎的投资,可认为是克隆植物对水分资源所表现的一种觅食行为。研究表明,紫耳箭竹种群随着冠层结构的改变发生了明显的可塑性变化,这些可塑性变化是种群对冠层结构和光环境差异的适应性反应的结果,有利于增强种群对异质生境中光资源的获取和利用;群落内部可以通过调控冠层结构的改变协调和控制小径竹种群的发展。     

冠层结构和光环境的时空变化对紫耳箭竹种群特征的影响

选择金佛山国家自然保护区内落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林3种典型群落类型,研究冠层结构和光环境特征,以及林下优势种--紫耳箭竹的种群特征.结果表明: 随着落叶阔叶林→常绿落叶阔叶混交林→常绿阔叶林的演替,Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou指数呈增加趋势,表明群落趋于稳定发展的状态;冠层结构特征也发生了显著改变,冠层开度和平均叶倾角减小,叶面积指数增加,冠层的消光能力增强,林下光照水平降低.上层林冠是造成林型郁闭的主要原因,其中冠层厚度和冠层面积是2个主要的影响因素.冠层结构与林下光照指标显著相关,对林下散射光的影响最大.冠层开度、林下光照条件均随着生长季的到来而下降,而叶面积指数呈现增长的趋势,峰值出现在6、7月;平均叶倾角在春季达到最大值,在夏季为最小值.紫耳箭竹的生长与冠层结构和光环境密切相关,其在光照适中的常绿落叶阔叶混交林中生长得最好,分株粗壮、密度大(29.69±1.68株·m^-2),地下茎拓展能力强;落叶阔叶林中的强光环境可能造成土壤水分缺失,从而对其生长产生影响;而在常绿阔叶林的低光环境下紫耳箭竹分株矮小,密度小(5.80±1.16株·m^-2),克隆扩展能力降低.在森林结构演变的过程中,冠层结构发生了明显的改变,显著影响林下光环境,过度的低光环境对紫耳箭竹种群的更新和发展有限制作用.     

Response of clonal plasticity of Fargesia nitida to different canopy conditions of subalpine coniferous forest

The aim of this study is to explore the effects of canopy conditions on clump and culm numbers, and the morphological plasticity and biomass distribution patterns of the dwarf bamboo species Fargesia nitida. Specifically, we investigated the effects of canopy conditions on the growth and morphological characteristics of F. nitida, and the adaptive responses of F. nitida to different canopy conditions and its ecological senses. The results indicate that forest canopy had a significant effect on the genet density and culm number per clump, while it did not affect the ramet density. Clumps tended to be few and large in gaps and forest edge plots, and small under forest understory plots. The ramets showed an even distribution under the closed canopy, and cluster distribution under gaps and forest edge plots. The forest canopy had a significant effect on both the ramets’ biomass and biomass allocation. Favourable light conditions promoted ramet growth and biomass accumulation. Greater amounts of biomass in gaps and forest edge plots were shown by the higher number of culms per clump and the diameter of these culms. Under closed canopy, the bamboos increased their branching angle, leaf biomass allocation, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio to exploit more favourable light conditions in these locations. The spacer length, specific spacer length and spacer branching angles all showed significant differences between gaps and closed canopy conditions. The larger specific spacer length and spacer branching angle were beneficial for bamboo growth, scattering the ramets and exploiting more favourable light conditions. In summary, this study shows that to varying degrees, F. nitida exhibits both a wide ecological amplitude and high degree of morphological plasticity in response to differing forest canopy conditions. Moreover, the changes in plasticity enable the plants to optimize their light usage efficiency to promote growth and increase access to resources available in heterogeneous light environments. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(12): 4019–4026 [译自: 生态学报]     

Guidelines for including bamboos in tropical ecosystem monitoring

Bamboos are a diverse and ecologically important group of plants that have the potential to modulate the structure, composition, and function of forests. With the aim of increasing the visibility and representation of bamboo in forest surveys, and to standardize techniques across ecosystems, we present a protocol for bamboo monitoring in permanent research plots. A bamboo protocol is necessary because measurements and sampling schemes that are well-suited to trees are inadequate for monitoring most bamboo species and populations. Our protocol suggests counting all bamboo culms (stems) in the study plot and determining bamboo dimensions based on two different approaches: (a) measuring a random subset of 60 culms and calculating the average dimensions or (b) measuring all culms. With data from 1-ha plots in the Peruvian Andes, we show that both approaches provide very similar estimates of bamboo basal area. We suggest including all mature culms rooted inside change the to each plot from all woody bamboo species with maximum diameters ≥1 cm. We also present recommendations on how to collect vouchers of bamboo species for identification. Data collected according to our proposed protocols will increase our understanding of regional and global patterns in bamboo diversity and the role of bamboo in forest dynamics.     

基于无人机激光雷达遥感的亚热带常绿阔叶林群落垂直结构分析

森林植被高度与树木分布格局是植物群落重要结构特征,也是计算森林生物量分布的重要参数。传统的森林群落调查方法耗费大量人力物力难以进行较大尺度的群落结构测量,而一般的遥感影像也难以获得精确的地形信息及垂直结构。近年来激光雷达(Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR)技术快速发展,能够较好的进行植被三维特征的提取并被广泛应用于森林生态系统检测模拟。且随着无人机低空摄影技术的发展催生的无人机激光雷达(UAV-Lidar)更增加了激光雷达的灵活性以及获取较大范围植被冠层信息的能力。而受限于激光的穿透性以及不同植被类型郁闭度的影响,该技术的应用多局限于在针叶林群落的垂直结构研究,而在常绿阔叶林的研究中应用较少。为探究现有无人机激光雷达设备及垂直结构提取分析技术应用于常绿阔叶林的可行性,利用无人机载激光雷达遥感技术对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林3块面积1hm~2的样地进行基于数字表面模型以及数字地表高程模型做差得到树冠高度模型测量的植被冠层高度、基于局部最大值法进行单木位置提取并使用Clark-Evans最近邻体分析方法进行样地内高大乔木分布格局的计算。分析结果显示,植被高度提取精度平均大于95%,与地表实测的植被高度值拟合度较高,相关系数R~2介于0.833—0.927之间;3个样地冠层高度平均值分别为18.79、19.08、17.03 m,标准差分别为8.10、7.34、7.17 m。单木探测百分比平均86.3%,用户精度以及生产者精度平均分别为75.69%和65.15%。实测得出三个样地全部高大乔木空间分布格局均为聚集分布,而激光雷达测量结果显示为随机分布或均匀分布。实验显示基于无人机激光雷达技术能够很好地提取植被冠层高度信息并能够较好地获取树木位置,但对于树木空间分布格局判定的准确性有待于进一步探索。未来研究应从多角度对激光雷达测量造成的误差原因予以分析(如环境因素),并进一步研究更为精确的单木提取以及植被高度提取方法,为通过无人机激光雷达测算森林生物量及各种生态过程提供更加精准的指标数据。     

Effects of flooding regime and woody bamboos on tree community dynamics in a section of tropical semideciduous forest in South-Eastern Brazil

The influence of a population of the understorey woody bamboo Merostachys riedeliana and different flooding regimes on tree community dynamics in a section of tropical semideciduous forest in South-Eastern Brazil was examined. A forest section with an area of 1.6 ha composed of 71 adjacent plots was located on a slope ending at the river margin. The section was divided into five topographical sectors according to the mean duration of river floods. In 1991 and 1998 all trees with a diameter at the base of the trunk ≥ 5 cm were measured, identified and tagged, and all live bamboo culms were counted. Annualised estimates of the rates of tree mortality and recruitment, gain and loss of tree basal area, and change in bamboo density were calculated for each of the 71 plots and five topographical sectors as well as for diameter classes and tree species. To segregate patterns arising from spatially autocorrelated events, geostatistical analyses were used prior to statistical comparisons and correlations. In general, mortality rates were not compensated by recruitment rates but there was a net increase in basal area in all sectors, suggesting that the tree community as a whole was in a building phase. Tree community dynamics of the point bar forest (Depression and Levée sectors) differed from that of the upland forest (Ridgetop, Middle Slope and Lower Slope sectors) in the extremely high rates of gain in basal area. The predominant and specialised species, Inga vera and Salix humboldtiana, are probably favoured by relaxed competition in an environment stressed by long-lasting floods. In the upland forest, mortality rates were highest at the Middle Slope, particularly for smaller trees, while recruitment rates were lowest. As bamboo clumps were concentrated in this sector, the locally higher instability in the tree community probably resulted from the direct interference of bamboos. The density of bamboo culms in the upland forest was negatively correlated with the rates of tree recruitment and gain in basal area, and positively correlated with tree mortality rates. Bamboos therefore seemed to restrict the recruitment, growth and survival of trees. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Habitat Preferences of the Critically Endangered Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus) and Densities of One of Its Primary Food Sources, Madagascar Giant Bamboo (Cathariostachys madagascariensis), in Sites with Different Degrees of Anthropogenic and Natural Disturbance

Understanding the habitat preferences of a species is critical to the management and conservation of its population. The Critically Endangered greater bamboo lemur, Prolemur simus, is patchily distributed across its geographic range, using a very limited fraction of its total area of occurrence. The ecological basis for this patchy distribution remains largely unexplained. We analyzed the local habitat factors affecting the habitat use of Prolemur simus and densities of one of its primary food sources Madagascar giant bamboo, Cathariostachys madagascariensis. We sampled vegetation and site characteristics along belt transects in mid-altitude rain forest areas of the Ankeniheny–Zahamena rain forest corridor in eastern Madagascar, with (N?=?10) and without (N?=?16) evidence of habitat use by Prolemur simus. In our study site the preferred habitat type of Prolemur simus appears to be primary forest stands with moderate to low levels of human disturbance, greater natural disturbance, high densities of large diameter bamboo, and high structural diversity in tree heights. Cathariostachys madagascariensis appears to exploit canopy gaps created by natural disturbances, and similarly often exploits areas of anthropogenic disturbance. We found the highest densities of bamboo to occur in areas of moderate anthropogenic disturbance, whereas larger diameter culms were associated with lower levels of disturbance and smaller culms with areas of high anthropogenic disturbance. Human use of the forest and protection of the habitat of Prolemur simus are not necessarily incompatible, but our data indicate that the severity and frequency of use should probably be relatively low. Our results suggest that in our study site management strategies that minimize human disturbances, promote structural diversity in tree heights, and maintain relatively high densities of large-culmed bamboo may benefit populations of Prolemur simus.     

常绿阔叶林植物叶片N、P化学计量特征对毛竹扩张的响应

为从生态化学计量内平衡角度解释常绿阔叶林不同层次植物对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)扩张的生存响应差异性,该研究采用空间代替时间的方法,在江西井冈山国家级自然保护区沿毛竹扩张方向选取典型毛竹-常绿阔叶林界面,依次设置毛竹林、竹阔混交林和常绿阔叶林样地,比较分析了毛竹扩张方向上样地内不同乔木层、灌木层、草本层植物叶片及土壤N、P含量及比例。结果表明:(1)从毛竹林到阔叶林,土壤N含量上升,P含量下降,N:P上升(P<0.05); 乔木层树种 [红楠(Machilus thunbergii)、赤杨叶(Alniphyllum fortunei)及交让木(Daphniphyllum macropodum)]叶片P含量下降,N:P上升(P<0.05); 除灌木层的红果山胡椒(Lindera erythrocarpa)外,各林分中的灌木层和草本层植物N、P含量及比例变化较小。(2)土壤N:P与乔木层、草本层和灌木层植物叶片N:P分布呈显著正相关、负相关与不相关。(3)在各林分中,毛竹叶片N、P含量及比例较稳定。综上认为,毛竹通过改变土壤N、P化学计量特征进行扩张,引起植物体N、P元素化学计量特征发生变化。灌木及草本植物受土壤异质性影响较小,但是乔木层植物N、P元素化学计量特征却因此失衡,这可能是阔叶林乔木层树种存亡受威胁的重要原因。     

Effect of flooding regime and understorey bamboos on the physiognomy and tree species composition of a tropical semideciduous forest in Southeastern Brazil

The interrelationship between river flooding regime, topography, soil properties and the distribution of tree and bamboo species was analysed in an area of tropical semideciduous forest on the margins of the Rio Grande, in Madre de Deus de Minas, Southeastern Brazil. A survey was carried out in a single forest plot (1.597 ha, 71 adjacent 225 m² quadrats) located in the inner side of a river bend and extending from the point bar to the top of the slope. All trees (5 cm diameter at the base of the trunk) and bamboo culms were registered. Soil samples were collected and analysed for their properties and the river level was monitored during a two year period. In the point bar the forest was dominated by only two tree species, Salix humboldtiana and Inga affinis, that tended to occur in distinct areas. Differences in soil properties between these areas suggest variation in sedimentation dynamics. In the sloping part of the plot, a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the floristic composition was significantly correlated with three topographic sectors and their corresponding flood regimes. The Lower Slope corresponds to the sharp transition to the point bar forest, endures partial and annual floods and shows a very distinct flora that includes many light-demanding species. The Middle Slope is only occasionally reached by exceptional river floods and is characterised by a high density of the bamboo Merostachys neesii. The comparatively low density and basal area of trees, particularly for the smaller ones, provide evidence that the bamboos are problably interfering with the trees by restricting their recruitment. The Ridgetop lies entirely above the highest flooding level registered. The density of bamboos is lower and the understorey trees abundant.     

Community dynamics of evergreen broadleaf forests in southwestern Japan. I. Wind damaged trees and canopy gaps in an evergreen oak forest

The rates of treefall and canopy opening in the evergreen oak forest in southwestern Japan were determined by studying the number and size distribution of overstory trees, wind damaged trees, and canopy gaps in a belt transect in the Kasugayama Forest Reserve in Nara City. Thirty three percent of the overstory trees wereCastanopsis cuspidata. The total area of canopy gaps was about 20% of the total land area in the study area. The ages of the gaps were determined by counting the annual rings of various kinds of trees growing in gaps. By comparing gap ages with meteorological data, it became evident that gap formation was mainly caused by strong typhoons. The mean time interval between strong typhoons visiting the forest reserve, 6.57 years, was determined by applying the MNY method to the meteorological data. The treefall rate and the mean area of canopy openings per year were 0.84 overstory trees/ha·year and 55.6 m²/ha·year, respectively. The mean residence time of the forest canopy was about 180 years.     

Effects of moisture availability on clonal growth in bamboo Pleioblastus maculata

The effects of moisture availability on clonal growth and biomass investment in the bamboo Pleioblastus maculata were investigated over a four-year period by transplanting Pleioblastus maculata clones into soils with different levels of moisture availability in the field. The results showed that: (1) The higher the moisture availability, the greater the total biomass of P. maculata clones. Although fewer culms are produced at the higher moisture levels, mean tiller biomass is greater. (2) Under different levels of moisture availability, obvious differences in the total rhizome length (p < 0.01), spacer length (p < 0.05) and the sizes of bamboo culms (height, p < 0.01; diameter, p < 0.01) were observed. Thus, the higher the moisture availability, the shorter the rhizomes and the larger ramets. (3) In microhabitats with low moisture availability, bamboo allocated more biomass to underground organs, which promotes elongation of rhizomes and increases root production, thereby helping to capture underground resources essential to growth. In microhabitats of high moisture availability, the biomass is primarily allocated to the aboveground growth of ramets. (4) We suggest that soil moisture availability effects the foraging strategies of bamboo, that bamboo plants growing with low moisture availability produce longer rhizomes (that is, more, although shorter, spacers) with more biomass allocation than plants in high moisture and have a better ability to forage to increase the probability of locating adequate moisture patches. Also, longer length distance between shoots (that is, longer spacers) in high soil moisture than in low is adapted to avoid intense competition from faster growing aboveground growth in high moisture patches.     

Comparisons of soil‐water content between a Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest and an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Japan

In Japan, forests of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens, an exotic invasive giant bamboo) have naturalized and expanded rapidly, replacing surrounding broadleaved and coniferous forests. To evaluate impacts caused by these forest‐type replacements on the hydrological cycle, soil‐water content and its spatial variability in a Moso bamboo forest were compared with those in an adjacent evergreen broadleaved forest, in a case study of a stand in western Japan (northern Kyushu). The volumetric soil‐water content averaged over depths between 0 and 60 cm was consistently higher in the bamboo stand than that in the broadleaved stand. These results contrast with previous studies comparing the soil‐water content in Moso bamboo forests with that in other forest types. The sum of canopy transpiration and soil evaporation (E) in the bamboo stand tended to be larger than that in the broadleaved stand. Small canopy interception loss was reported in the bamboo forest. Therefore, the large amount of E would counterbalance the small canopy interception loss in the bamboo forest. Differences in soil characteristics between the two stands may be the main factor causing differences in soil‐water content. Spatial variation in soil‐water content in the bamboo stand was larger than that in the broadleaved stand, confirming findings in a previous series of our study. This could happen because the well‐developed root‐system in the bamboo forest enhances preferential flow in the soil. To evaluate the effects of aggressive invasion of alien giant bamboo on the ecosystem functions, we recommend further studies measuring various hydrological components in various Moso bamboo forests.     

长白山红松阔叶林林冠空隙特征的研究

将林冠空隙干扰作为红松阔叶林动态维持的重要因素,对长白山红松阔叶林林 冠空隙的形成方式、出现频度、分布格局、结构及林冠空隙内形成本的数量、年龄分布、种 群特征等进行了系统分析．结果表明．长白山阔叶红松林多数林冠空隙由双形成本形成, 每个林冠空隙拥有的形成木为２．４４株;林冠空隙形成的速率为０．９２个ｈｍ２·ａ－１,林冠空 隙干扰的间隔期（周转期）为７５１ａ;扩展林冠空隙面积大多在１００～６００ ｍ２之间,其中以 ４００～５００ ｍ２所占比例最大．冠空隙在５０～３５０ ｍ２之间,其中以２００～２５０ ｍ２所占比例最 大;每个形成本所形成的扩展林冠空隙平均面积为 １４１ ８２ ｍ２,形成的冠空隙面积平均为 ６７．６３ ｍ２．     

亚高山暗针叶林不同林冠环境下华西箭竹的克隆可塑性

以亚高山暗针叶林3种林冠环境中以及暗针叶林林缘的华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）为对象,对其无性系数量特征、无性系根茎特征、分株生物量以及分株形态特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：（1）林冠环境的差异导致了不同种群的基株密度和每基株分株数的显著差异,但林冠环境差异不影响分株密度。林冠郁闭度愈大,每基株分株数愈少,分株分布愈均匀。（2）不同林冠环境间。分株生物量、分株构件生物量和分株构件的生物量分配百分率均有显著差异。开敞的林冠环境有利于华西箭竹的生长和生物量积累。（3）随着林冠郁闭度的增加,华西箭竹通过增大分枝角度、叶生物量分配百分率、比叶面积和叶面积率以提高光能利用效率,有效适应弱光环境。（4）隔离者长度、隔离者直径和分枝强度在林缘和林窗环境中要显著大于林内环境;同级隔离者分枝角度随林冠郁闭度的增加而最大,其值在林下显著大于林窗和林缘,而异级隔离者分枝角度的变化则正好相反。研究表明,华西箭竹种群在不同的林冠环境中发生了明显的可塑性变化,这些可塑性变化是种群对林冠郁闭度差异的适应性反应的结果,有利于增强种群对环境中有限光资源的利用。     

Response of clonal plasticity of Fargesia nitida to different canopy conditions of subalpine coniferous forest

The aim of this study is to explore the effects of canopy conditions on clump and culm numbers, and the morphological plasticity and biomass distribution patterns of the dwarf bamboo species Fargesia nitida. Specifically, we investigated the effects of canopy condi-tions on the growth and morphological characteristics of F. nitida, and the adaptive responses of F. nitida to dif-ferent canopy conditions and its ecological senses. The results indicate that forest canopy had a significant effect on the genet density and culm number per clump, while it did not affect the ramet density. Clumps tended to be few and large in gaps and forest edge plots, and small under forest understory plots. The ramets showed an even distribution under the closed canopy, and clus-ter distribution under gaps and forest edge plots. The forest canopy had a significant effect on both the ramets'biomass and biomass allocation. Favourable light conditions promoted ramet growth and biomass accumulation. Greater amounts of biomass in gaps and forest edge plots were shown by the higher number of culms per clump and the diameter of these culms. Under closed canopy, the bamboos increased their branching angle, leaf biomass allocation, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio to exploit more favourable light conditions in these locations. The spacer length, specific spacer length and spacer branching angles all showed significant differences between gaps and closed canopy conditions. The larger specific spacer length and spacer branching angle were beneficial for bamboo growth, scattering the ramets and exploiting more favourable light conditions. In summary, this study shows that to varying degrees, F nitida exhibits both a wide ecological amplitude and high degree of morphological plasticity in response to differing forest canopy conditions. More-over, the changes in plasticity enable the plants to optimize their light usage efficiency to promote growth and increase access to resources available in heteerogeneous light environoments.     

瓦屋山中亚热带湿性常绿阔叶林的林窗形成特征

调查了瓦屋山原生和次生的中亚热带性常绿阔叶林的林窗形成特征,并对林窗形成特征,林窗制造者的死亡方式和原因进行了探讨,结果表明,次生常绿阔叶林林窗面积均＜10m^2,1hm^2仅9个,林下更新不明显,原生林林窗密度为1hm^215个,＜40m^2的林窗占56％,＞100m^2的林窗只有4个,林窗平均面积59m^2,扩展林窗平均面积105m^2,林窗和扩展林窗总面积占被调查林分的比例分别为11．1％和19．8％,林窗大小分布表现出负指数分布,即小林窗多,大林窗少,林窗形状的变异较大,大多数因边界木的多少而成不规则的多边形,大多数林窗是多个林木死亡事件的结果,因而大多数林窗有两个或两个以上的林窗制造者,各林窗年龄大多数在10a以上,最近形成的林窗极少,估计林窗表成率是0.01.a^-1,采用样地投影调查方法可提高测定精度,便于不同调查林分结果的有效比较,常绿阔叶林林窗形成原因较为复杂,小径木的死亡是竞争被压所致,而大径的较高冠层木的死亡则可能是树木生长发育以及与地形,风等自然因子相互作用的结果。