Chromosomes of thecercopithecus aethiops species group:C. aethiops (Linnaeus, 1758),C. cynosurus (Scopoli, 1786),C. pygerythrus (Cuvier, 1821), andC. sabaeus (Linnaeus, 1766)

The banded karyotypes of 34 monkeys of known geographic origin and belonging to the Cercopithecus aethiops group of species (C. aethiops, C. pygerythrus, C. cynosurus, C. sabaeus) show that chromosome evolution in this group is highly conservative. All species have 2n =60 chromosomes with very similar chromosome banding. However, differences were found both within and between species. A polymorphism of the NOR area of the “marked” chromosome pairs was found in all taxa (9 of 34 animals). All individuals referred to C. sabaeus,from both West Africa and the Barbados, are characterized by having highly positive G- and C- banded terminal sequences on chromosomes 7,10,12, and 14. Outgroup comparisons with other primates and a parsimony analysis suggest that these terminal bands are derived and are probably good taxonomic and phylogenetic indicators. Moreover, chromosome 18 is variable both between and within species in G banding and in short-arm length. The existence of within-species variation in karyotypes suggests that karyological comparisons must be based on adequate samples that include specimens coming from all the major geographic populations of the species concerned.     

AluI and HaeIII restriction enzyme banding patterns of Macaca fuscata and Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus chromosomes

AluI and HaeIII restriction endonuclease banding patterns were analyzed in Macaca fuscata and Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus chromosomes. AluI produced C-negative bands in both species of monkeys, while HaeIII induced the appearance of C-negative bands on Macaca chromosomes and of simultaneous G + C bands on Cercopithecus metaphases.     

Identification of simian chromosomes by the differential staining method with Romanovskii-Giemza stain. II. Papio hamadryas]

By means of differential staining with the Romanovsky - Gimsa dye the distribution of G-bands was studied in chromosomes of bone marrow cells and of cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes in Papio hamadryas. All the homologous chromosome pairs were identified. It was shown, as compared Papio hamadryas karyotypes with that of Macaca mulatta, that patterns of most chromosomes differentiation were similar. Certain differences between these species were observed in the character of differentiation of chromosomes 1 and 5 and also in parameters of chromosomes 2 and 21 (X).     

Karyotype analysis of Nicotiana kawakamii Y. Ohashi using DAPI banding and rDNA FISH

Prometaphase cells were used to analyze the karyotype of Nicotiana kawakamii Y. Ohashi by means of sequential Giemsa/CMA/DAPI staining and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S and 18S rDNA. Observation of the DAPI-stained prometaphase spreads indicated that N. kawakamii had six pairs of large chromosomes, one pair of medium-sized chromosomes and five pairs of small chromosomes. The six pairs of large chromosomes possessed remarkable DAPI bands, and each could be identified from both the DAPI banding pattern and the length of the short arm. The DAPI banding pattern was approximately identical to the CMA and Giemsa banding patterns. Hybridization signals of the 18S rDNA probe were detected on two pairs of large chromosomes. In addition, two pairs of small chromosomes were identified based on the position of the 5S rDNA signals. An idiogram of N. kawakamii chromosomes was produced based on DAPI bands and rDNA loci. Received: 17 July 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

Karyological studies of two populations of Juniperus communis L. in west Siberia

Results of a karyological study of Juniperus communis L. populations under swamp and dry conditions are presented. The chromosome number of J. communis are 2n = 22. Analysis of morphological chromosome parameters showed a similarity between karyotypes of both populations. It is possible to identify one pair of asymmetric chromosomes (VIII pair); this chromosome pair is close to submetacentric type. Three pairs of chromosomes (I, VII, VIII) have secondary constrictions. Other metacentric chromosomes form groups of five long (II--VI) and three short (IX-XI) pairs. Differences between two populations in absolute chromosomal length are observed.     

Aggression and composition of conflicting pairs in Green monkeys

The aggressive behaviour of Green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) maintained in corrals of Adler Primate Center was studied. The influence of the composition conflicting pairs, the quality of their relationships as well as the relatedness and hierarchic relations between the antagonists on the intensity and structure of aggressive relationships was investigated. It was found that the frequency of contact forms of aggression was not dependent on the composition of conflicting pairs of animals. At the same time, the frequency of non-contact forms of aggression was influenced by such parameters as the membership of antagonists in the same or different gender categories, belonging to one or different matrilines, as well as the quality of relationships and the rank of antagonists.     

Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an index of immunological response to measles virus I. Effect of the environment and measles virus on migration of monkey leucocytes.

The parameters of migration inhibition test of leucocytes isolated both from the peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes of monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops were determined. Concentration of measles virus that does not produce nonspecific migration inhibition of leucocyte obtained from sero-negative animals was also defined.     

Identification of the sex chromosomes in the bald eagle.

Karyotypes of five American bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus and H. alacanus) are compared. All had 2n=66 chromosomes which fell into 3 size groups: A, 20 pairs of biarmed chromosomes; B, 9 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes and C, 4 pairs of microchromosomes. C-banding was done in two eagles and a heterochromatic W chromosome was identified in a presumptive female. The ZZ and ZW chromosomes could be identified in the karyotypes.     

蛾螺科三种螺的核型观察

本文介绍了蛾螺科三种螺的核型。水泡蛾螺(Buccinum pcmphigum)为2n=30,染色体的形态分类组成为16m+10sm+4st,NF=56;Plicifusus scissuratus为2n=34,染色体的形态分类组成为20m+10sm+4st,NF=64;香螺(Neptumea cumingi)为2n=60,染色体的形态分类组成为30m+22sm+8st,NF=112。 蛾螺科核型分析,显示贝类染色体数目及其形态与贝类进化有关。     

Chromosomal polymorphism of Bufo bufo: Karyotype and C-banding pattern of B. b. verrucosissima

Bufo bufo verrucosissima has a karyotype consisting of 22 chromosomes (6 pairs of large and 5 pairs of small chromosomes which are meta- and submetacentric). By means of Ag-AS-staining nucleolar organizers were localized in the telomeric region of the long arms of the 6th pair of chromosomes. The karyotype differs from those of the other B. bufo subspecies by the form of the 4th pair, which is metacentric. A slight chromosomal polymorphism was shown also after C-banding of B. b. verrucosissima and B. b. bufo chromosomes.     

Karyotypes on three species of Chinese mesogastropod snails, Semisulcospira libertina, S. dolichostoma and Viviparus rivularis

Three species of the families Viviparidae and Pleuroceridae, the first intermediate host of paragonimiasis, metagonimiasis and echinostomiasis were studied cytologically. The observed diploid chromosome number was as follows: Semisulcospira libertina 36, S. dolichostoma 34, and Viviparus rivularis 64. The mitotic chromosome complement of S. libertina has nine metacentric pairs and nine submetacentric pairs, and S. dolichostoma has three metacentric pairs and 14 submetacentric pairs of chromosomes. Viviparus rivularis showed two metacentric pairs and 30 submetacentric pairs of chromosomes.     

Karyological characteristics of Siberian fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies sibirica</Emphasis> Ledeb.) in Central Siberia

Data are presented on the karyotype structure of the Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) from five populations of the Central Siberia. The chromosome set (2n = 24) contains seven pairs of metacentric (I–VII), four pairs of submetacentric (VIII and X–XII), and one pair of intercentric (IX) chromosomes. The morphometric parameters of the identified chromosome groups had close values in the studied populations. The variation coefficients of chromosomal parameters of the Siberian fir correspond to very low and low variability. The intraspecific chromosome polymorphism of the Siberian fir is connected mainly to variations in the number and peculiarities of the nucleolar organizing regions of chromosomes. In the territory with technogenic loading, a wide spectrum of genomic mutations of the mixoploidy type was observed in the seed off-spring of the Siberian fir; triploid seedlings, as well as rare cases of somatic reduction of chromosomes, were revealed.     

The karyotype of the golden monkey (Rhinopithecus r. roxellanae)

In this paper, the karyotype and G-banding pattern of the chromosomes of cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes in R. r. roxellanae were investigated. The chromosome number of this species is 44 in both sexes. In R. r. roxellanae, as in other monkeys, sex is determined by specific sex chromosomes, i.e. the male is XY and the female is XX. The 21 pairs of autosomes consist of 7 pairs of metacentric chromoomes, 13 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes and one acrocentric pair. Chromosome measurements were made from highly enlarged photographic prints. They included the relative length, arm ratio and centromere index of each chromosome. Both chromosomal and chromatid aberrations were observed. They were 0·67 and 2%, respectively. Finally, G-banding pattern analysis of chromosomes of R. r. roxellanae were carried out. The results show that each homologous pair has its own special banding pattern, so that each of them is easily recognizable. Idiograms of chromosome complements with the Giemsa banding pattern are constructed.     

普通小麦-簇毛麦6V代换系45S rDNA和5S rDNA位点的FISH分析

采用顺序基因组原位杂交和双色荧光原位杂交技术,对普通小麦-簇毛麦6v代换系K0736的45S rDNA和5S rDNA基因位点进行了分析.结果表明,该代换系2n=42,有1对簇毛麦6V染色体,为6V/6A代换系,45S rDNA位点有8对,位于7对染色体上.5S rDNA位点有6对,分别位于6对染色体上.在1AS、1BS、5DS的端部同时存在458 rDNA和5S rDNA位点,并在物理位置上紧密相邻.同时讨论了rDNA位点的数目和分布位置存在变异的可能因素.     

The karyotype of Brachyteles arachnoides (E. Geoffroy, 1806) (Primates: Platyrrhini)

The karyotype of one female Brachyteles arachinoides (E. Geoffroy, 1806) was studied. The specimen exhibited 62 chromosomes, which could be arranged in three clearly distinguishable groups: the first one including 5 pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes, the second one including 8 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes and the third one including 18 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The X chromosome pair could not be identified.This study was supported by grants from CNPq (SIP 04/011), Brazil.     

丽纹攀蜥粗线期染色体核型及微小染色体的分析

本文以精巢、四肢骨和脊椎骨为材料,利用直接制片法制备了丽纹攀蜥（Japalura splendida）染色体标本,首次对其精巢减数分裂粗线期染色体,特别是微小染色体的长度进行了测量,描述了染色体特征,并进行了核型分析.同时与二倍体细胞染色体的核型进行了比较,发现11对微小染色体类型中包括8对中着丝粒染色体、2对端着丝粒染色体和1对点状染色体.     

Chromosome markers in 12 inbred strains of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus.

Morphological details of metaphase chromosomes were compared among 12 inbred strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus) by means of conventional Giemsa staining and by a sequential Q- and C-banding method. Inter-strain variations were found in seven pairs, as identified on the basis of size differences in the short arms and/or satellites of chromosomes 3 and 12 and the X chromosome and in the centromeric C-bands of chromosomes 4, 5, 7, and 9. All pairs were homomorphic in the inbred strains, while F1 hybrids between two inbred strains showed certain heteromorphic pairs expected from the parents. These chromosome markers appear to be useful for characterization of inbred strains as well as for various genetic studies, including linkage analyses.     

MFASAT: a new alphoid DNA sequence isolated from Macaca fascicularis (Cercopithecidae, Primates).

A new highly repeated DNA fragment isolated from Macaca fascicularis (MFASAT) is described. Our findings obtained by sequencing, Southern blot analysis, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on metaphasic chromosomes strongly suggest that MFASAT can be considered as a member of the alphoid DNA family characteristic of Old World monkeys. The chromosomal localization of MFASAT, obtained by FISH, showed that this alphoid DNA is present in the peri-centromeric area of all the chromosomes. MFASAT showed a high degree of conservation when compared, by sequence alignment, to other Macaca species and Papio papio as expected for species with considerable genome conservation. A low degree of homology has been found comparing M. fascicularis alphoid DNA with a more distantly related Cercopithecidae species such as Cercopithecus aethiops.     

Characterization of Hordeum chilense chromosomes by C-banding and in situ hybridization using highly repeated DNA probes.

C-banding patterns of Hordeum chilense and of Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring' - H. chilense disomic addition lines were analyzed and compared with in situ hybridization patterns using a biotin-labeled highly repetitive Triticum tauschii DNA sequence, pAs1, and a wheat 18S-26S rDNA probe. All seven H. chilense chromosomes pairs and the added H. chilense chromosomes present in the addition lines were identified by their characteristic C-banding pattern. Chromosome morphology and banding patterns were similar to those of the corresponding chromosomes present in the parent H. chilense accession. A C-banded karyotype of the added H. chilense chromosomes was constructed and chromosome lengths, arm ratios, and relative length, as compared with chromosome 3B, were determined. The probe pAs1 was found to hybridize to specific areas on telomeres and interstitial sites along the chromosomes, allowing the identification of all seven pairs of the H. chilense chromosomes. Comparison of the patterns of distribution of the hybridization sites of clone pAs1 in the T. tauschii and H. chilense chromosomes was carried out by in situ hybridization on somatic metaphase chromosomes of the HchHchDD amphiploid. In situ hybridization using the 18S-26S rDNA probe confirmed that the H. chilense chromosomes 5Hch and 6Hch were carrying nucleolus organizer regions. The results are discussed on the basis of phylogenetic relationships between D and Hch genomes.