甘肃省莲花山鬼鸮繁殖巢址记达

鬼鸮在世界上呈环北极分布,其甘肃亚种自1928年在甘肃西北部的天堂寺首次发现后,80多年来在甘肃一直未见报道,其它分布点亦非常零散.1999～2003年,作者在甘肃省莲花山区发现鬼鸮分布,并记录鬼鸮繁殖巢址3个.鬼鸮营巢于针叶树的树洞中,雌雄共同育雏.     

甘肃省莲花山鬼鸮繁殖巢址记述

鬼鸮在世界上呈环北极分布,其甘肃亚种自1928年在甘肃西北部的天堂寺首次发现后,80多年来在甘肃一直未见报道,其它分布点亦非常零散。1999～2003年,作者在甘肃省莲花山区发现鬼分布,并记录鬼鸮繁殖巢址3个。鬼鸮营巢于针叶树的树洞中,雌雄共同育雏。     

鬼鸮甘肃亚种繁殖期叫声研究

利用叫声回放和声谱分析对莲花山自然保护区鬼甘肃亚种(Aegolius funereus beickianus)繁殖期的叫声进行了研究。共记录了领域叫声、尖叫声等6种叫声,分析了各种叫声的特征及与行为的联系。发现不同地点录制的领域叫声存在差异,但同一个体的叫声也有变化。甘肃亚种的领域叫声和欧洲的指名亚种A.f.fu-nereus及北美的亚种A.f.richardsoni相比较,单音数量少,单音长度小,频率高,但差异不大。     

Auditory prey location in a pause--travel predator: search height, search time, and attack range of Tengmalm's owls (Aegolius funereus)

We studied the nocturnal hunting and diurnal roosting behaviorof 17 radio-equipped Tengmalm's owls (Aegolius funereus), 12males and 5 females, in coniferous forest during their nestingseason. The owls perched lower when hunting than when roosting,probably because hunting perches were selected to minimize thepredator-prey distance or to obtain unobstructed access to theground-dwelling small mammal prey, whereas roosting percheswere selected to minimize the probability of being detectedby an avian predator. There was no difference between perchingheights associated with giving up and prey attack, nor werethere any differences between perching heights, perching times,and attack distances associated with successful and unsuccessfulattacks. There were no sexual differences in perching heightduring hunting or roosting. However, giving-up times tendedto be longer for females than for their mates, which is expectedbecause females are larger than males, and the relative costof flight increases with body mass. The instantaneous attackrate was independent of perching time. The owls gave up theirperches at a constant rate and independently of the amount oftime already spent on the perch in an exponentially decayingpattern. The owls perched longer, however, before launchingan attack than before giving up, probably in order to observedetected prey until the right moment for an attack. Attack distancewas independent of both perching height and perching time. Perchingtime was inversely related to perching height, which fits thetheoretical expectation that the search area will decrease withincreasing height in birds that locate prey auditorily.     

Fasting endurance and cold resistance without hypothermia in a small predatory bird: the metabolic strategy of Tengmalm's owl,Aegolius funereus

The energetic adaptations of non-breeding Tengmalm's owls (Aegolius funereus) to temperature and fasting were studied during the birds' autumnal irruptions in western Finland. Allometric analysis (including literature data and two larger owl species measured in this study) indicates that the basal metabolic rate of owls is below the mean level of non-passerine birds. However, the basal metabolic rate of the 130-g Tengmalm's owl (1.13 W) is higher than in other owls of similar size. This is probably related to its northern distribution and nomadic life history. Relative to its size, Tengmalm's owl has excellent cold resistance due to effective insulation (lower critical temperature +10°C, minimum conductance 0.19 mW·cm^-2·°C^-1). Radiotelemetric measurements of body temperature showed that the level of body temperature is lower than for birds in general (39.4°C at zero activity) and that the amplitude of the diurnal cycle is also low (0.2–0.6°C). In contrast to many other small birds, Tengmalm's owls do not enter hypothermia during a 5-day fast at thermoneutrality or in cold. Moreover, while the metabolic rate per bird shows the expected mass-dependent decrease, the mass-specific rate decreases only slightly during the fast. In line with this, there was no decrease in the plasma triiodothyronine concentration during the fast in the owl, whereas a dramtic drop was observed in the pigeon and Japanese quail that were used as a reference. Despite this, the owl has an excellent capacity for fasting because of its ability to accumulate extensive fat depots and its low overall metabolic rate. Fasting reduced evaporative water loss to 50% of that in the fed state. Calculations show that the oxygen consumption observed in fasting birds would involve a production of metabolic water barely sufficient to compensate for evaporative water loss. The threat of dehydration may thus set a limit to the decrease in metabolic rate in fasting owls (owls rely totally on water either ingested with food or produced metabolically). We conclude that the metabolic strategy in Tengmalm's owl is largely dictated by an evolutionary pressure for fasting endurance. With the restrictions set by small body size and water economy, this bird has apparently taken these adaptations to an extreme. The constraints that preclude hypothermia, which could increase the capacity for fasting even more, remain unknown.Abbreviations BM body mass - BMR basal metabolic rate - EWL vaporative water loss - MR metabolic rate - T₃ triiodothyronine - T _a ambient temperature - T _b body temperature - VO₂ oxygen consumption     

猪蛔虫生长发育与繁殖力的研究

经对猪蛔虫雌虫体长,体重,子宫瞬间怀卵总量,相对毓力测定,发现怀卵总量与体长,体重有密切关系,呈正相关,还发现相对繁殖力,以体重１．０１－３．００ｇ,范围最佳,繁殖能力最强。     

Effect of Age, Body Weight and Multiple Mating on Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Reproductive Potential and Longevity

Successful behavioral-based control methods rely on the accurate knowledge of the mating dynamics of the target insect. Age at first mating affects reproductive potential and the chance of multiple mating. The cabbage moth, Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) is an important pest of a number of commodities. We investigated combinations of age, body size and mating history to determine how these variables affect insect reproductive capacity. Fecundity and fertility decreased as the age of mating pairs increased, heavy and average sized females laid more eggs than light females. Female multiple mating did not enhance fecundity nor fertility potential. Furthermore, spermatophore size did not determine female re-mating behavior. However, female fecundity and fertility was related to the male mating history. Our results show that SIT is a valuable tool for controlling this pest.     

锡林郭勒草原布氏田鼠体重和体长关系的研究

1991～ 1998年对内蒙古阿巴嘎旗那仁宝力格苏木布氏田鼠 (Microtusbrandti)体长、体重和胴体重资料进行了调查和分析 ,得到如下结论 :田鼠体长、体重、胴体重的均值在低密度回升期均逐年增高 ;雌性越冬鼠的胴体重均值低于雄性越冬鼠且有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;秋季雄鼠与雌鼠的 3项指标的均值无显著差异(P >0 10 ) ,体长、体重和胴体重间相关极显著 (P =0 0 0 0 1)。分别给出了体重与体长 :胴体重与体长的模型W =aLb,其中W为体重或胴体重 ,L为体长 ;胴体重与体重的关系适合于模型NW =W / (a bW ) ,其中NW为胴体重 ,W为体重。     

Effect of Morphology and Age on the Closure Ability of Asian Box Turtles(Cuora)

The ability of box turtles to close their shell as an antipredation adaptation and the potential impact of the anterior and posterior lobes of the plastron on the closing force and closing time remain relatively unexplored. Here, keeled(Cuora mouhotii) and flowerback(C. galbinifrons) box turtles, whose shell cannot and can be completely closed, respectively, were studied. Anterior and posterior closing forces were measured using a force transducer, and the closing time was recorded. The anterior...     

Effect of Body Weight on Reproductive Performance in Cnephasia jactatana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The larger-the-better theory predicts that fitness is positively linearly associated with body size or weight. We used the kiwifruit pest, Cnephasia jactatana Walker, to test whether larger insects perform better reproductively. We divided our insect population into three weight groups: light, average, and heavy, and assessed the reproductive performance of 9 breeding treatments (3 male weights × 3 female weights). Female fecundity is positively correlated with female body weight in low and average weight groups. There is no such correlation in the heavy weight group, suggesting that further weight increase has no fitness gain for females. The positive linear relationship between fertility and female weight in all weight groups may be attributed to the fact that permanently paired heavy females are more likely to remate, gaining more sperm and thus higher fertility. However, the previous study also indicates that mated females are less likely to be mated again when males have a choice. Therefore, in the natural environment the realized fertility may still follow an asymptotical pattern similar to the fecundity in relation to female weight. Males' beneficial effect on female reproductive outputs increases linearly with their body weight in all weight groups, indicating that male reproductive performance fits the larger-the-better theory. Fertility rate is not affected by the body weight of either sex. Heavy and average females lay eggs earlier and have higher daily fecundity and fertility than light females. Females of all weight groups have similar oviposition and postoviposition periods. Male weight and female–male weight interactions have no effect on oviposition parameters.     

人工养殖大鲵全长与体重关系的回归分析

大鲵(Andrias davidianus)隶属两栖纲,有尾目,隐鳃鲵科,大鲵属,为我国特有的珍稀濒危两栖动物。目前在我国一些主要历史分布区掀起了一股大鲵养殖高潮,但是对当前养殖效果缺乏成熟的评价手段,因此本研究通过对陕西省汉中市和安康市两大鲵养殖场养殖的1530尾大鲵的体重和全长进行实际测量,利用SPSS分析软件对数据进行了回归分析。结果表明,体重与全长之间存在极显著的相关关系,体重与全长之间的关系主要表现为幂函数关系,其关系式为:Y=0.010X2.867。本研究的顺利完成,为今后评价大鲵的人工养殖效果提供了科学的方法。     

体重、年龄和应激刺激对菲牛蛭繁殖性能的影响

采用单因素方差分析等方法探讨人工养殖条件下体重、年龄和环境应激对菲牛蛭繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,体重对卵茧大小和湿质量及幼蛭体长、体宽和湿体质量无显著影响(P>0.05),而亲蛭性腺系数、平均产茧数、孵化率和平均孵化数在各组间差异显著(P<0.05),其中体重10～15g组明显高于其他组(P<0.05);年龄对亲蛭平均产茧数、孵化率、平均孵化数和卵茧大小影响显著(P<0.05),其中2～3年龄亲本具有最高的平均产茧数、孵化率和平均孵化数,8月龄亲本所产卵茧个体明显大于其他年龄组(P<0.05),而卵茧湿质量及幼蛭体长、体宽和湿体质量在各年龄组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。环境应激对亲蛭的平均产茧数、孵化率和平均孵化数影响显著(P<0.01),其中1～2次操作应激下的平均产茧数和孵化数最高,无操作刺激下的孵化率略高于1～2次操作刺激(P>0.05),而卵茧大小和湿质量及幼蛭体长、体宽和湿体质量在各应激处理组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究获得了菲牛蛭繁殖的最佳体重和年龄,建议繁育生产中挑选10～15g和2～3年龄的个体作为亲本,期间进行1～2次操作刺激可提高其繁殖性能。     

阿拉善荒漠区五趾跳鼠不同年龄组体重与体尺特征的关系模型

啮齿动物年龄的划分对研究其年龄结构和种群数量变化等生态学特征具有重要的意义。利用体重来划分年龄组不仅对于野外实验研究方便快捷,而且能够较为真实地反映年龄与其形态特征指标的关系。五趾跳鼠（Allactaga sibirica）是我国北方分布较为广泛的啮齿动物之一,对其年龄组进行划分,是了解其生活史特征的有效方法。本文利用系统聚类法对2012至2014年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区捕获的五趾跳鼠体重进行分析,将五趾跳鼠划分为3个年龄组,Ⅰ龄组体重62 ~ 80 g（包括80 g）,Ⅱ龄组体重80 ~ 110 g（不包括80,但包括110 g）,Ⅲ龄组体重 > 110 g;并建立五趾跳鼠体重（W,g）与4个体尺特征指标体长（LB,mm）、尾长（LT,mm）、后足长（LP,mm）及耳长（LE,mm）的关系模型：Ⅰ龄组WⅠ =﹣1.032 + 0.137LB + 0.259LT,R2 = 0.244,AIC =﹣50.394 1,F = 0.005;Ⅱ龄组WⅡ = 0.072 + 0.099LB + 0.060LT + 0.214LP,R2 = 0.212,AIC =﹣131.021 5,F = 0.001。结果表明,五趾跳鼠的体尺指标在整个生长发育过程中并不是统一生长的,在特定阶段固定的体尺指标会开始生长。耳长在Ⅰ龄时已经完成生长或生长速度减缓;体长与尾长在Ⅰ龄时与体重具有较强的关系,在Ⅱ龄时生长速度减慢;后足长在Ⅱ龄时与体重关系较强,且生长速度加快;Ⅲ龄时体长、尾长和后足长停止生长或生长速度缓慢。荒漠区五趾跳鼠体重与体尺特征关系模型直观地反映了年龄与体尺特征的生长发育关系。     

不同月龄哲罗鲑主要形态性状与体重的关系

为确定影响哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)体重的主要形态性状,随机选取5个生长阶段共计710尾哲罗鲑为实验对象(3月龄240尾、6月龄180尾、12月龄110尾、18月龄90尾、36月龄90尾),测量其体重(y)、体长(x_1)、体宽(x_2)、体高(x_3)、头长(x_4)、眼径(x_5)、尾鳍长(x_6)、尾鳍高(x_7)、尾柄高(x_8)9个性状。通过相关分析、通径分析和回归分析,计算相关系数、通径系数和决定系数,获得相关回归方程,对不同月龄间的形态性状对体重的影响程度进行了比较分析。结果表明,3月龄、6月龄、18月龄和36月龄个体体长对体重的直接作用较大,12月龄个体则是体宽对体重的影响较大。利用逐步回归分析方法,以体重为依变量(y),形态性状为自变量(x_1~x_8),建立了哲罗鲑不同月龄最优多元线性回归方程分别为:y3=﹣14.911+1.561 x_1+3.448 x_2+5.232 x_3;y6=﹣70.321+5.192 x_1+0.962 x_2+0.473 x_3;y12=﹣217.446+7.129 x_1+23.147 x_2+44.055 x_3;y18=﹣891.041+20.234 x_1+65.786x_2+53.266 x_3;y36=﹣5748.099+88.187 x_1+301.984 x_2+66.702 x_7。该研究结果为哲罗鲑选择育种的具体应用提供了重要参考依据。     

Aggressive Behavior and Territoriality in the Olive Fruit Fly,Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae): Role of Residence and Time of Day

Bactrocera oleae is a worldwide olive fruit pest. In late afternoon males form swarms on the windward side of trees. Within the swarm, each male occupies a leaf and aggressively excludes male conspecifics before starting courtship displays. Females display aggressive interactions each other too, particularly when they are in close proximity of oviposition sites. In this research, the aggressive behavior displayed by both sexes was quantified. Aggressions were composed by wing waving, fast running towards the opponent, pouncing and boxing on the head and thorax of the foe. High-speed videos highlighted that the parameters characterizing the aggressions did not strongly differ between sexes and between residents and intruders. Resident flies won more combats, both in male-male and female-female aggressive interactions. In both sexes, aggressions were more frequent in the late morning than in the afternoon. Among males, aggressions could be functional to maintain single leaf territories in which each fly can perform courtship displays. Through aggressions females could gain and maintain single oviposition sites. Lastly, by favorable fight outcomes B. oleae could also get access to food sources on olive leaves and fruits.     

The Relation of Energy Metabolism and Body Weight in Bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

On the basis of experimental and published data, the interspecific and intraspecific (ontogenetic) dependence of energy metabolism on body weight in bivalves was calculated. Changes in the parameters of intraspecific allometric dependence under the effect of environmental factors were analyzed. The rate of comparable standard metabolism (coefficient a at k = 0.76) was shown to vary in different taxonomic and zoogeographic groups of bivalves.     

Diet of the Long-eared Owl,Asio otus,in Central Anatolia (Aves: Strigidae)

In a one-year study on the diet of the Long-eared Owl, Asio otus, in the area of Karap?nar in Central Anatolia, 5324 prey items were recovered from 3314 pellets collected at monthly intervals. At least 7 species of mammals belonging to Insectivora (Crocidura suaveolens) and Rodentia (Allactaga williamsi, Cricetulus migratorius, Meriones tristrami, Mescocricetus brandti, Microtus guentheri, M. sp., Mus macedonicus) were identified. Rodentia were dominant and contributed 93.8% of the number of prey items of the Long-eared Owl. Microtus guentheri accounted for 83.9% of the rodent remains. The diet pattern was more diverse in summer, when some 24% of the diet consisted of non-mammal prey items (birds, insects).     

光周期对布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠体重和能量代谢的影响

本文测定了光周期对雄性布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠的体重、基础代谢率和能量代谢的影响。动物从长光照(16L∶8D , LD) 转入短光照(8L∶16D , SD) 条件下驯化6 周(田鼠) 和7 周(沙鼠) 。结果显示: (1) 无论在LD还是SD 条件下, 两种动物的体重都趋于增加, 但反应程度不同也具有种间差异性。两种动物的体重对光周期的反应有时段性, 约14 d 前两种动物的体重增加迅速, 而后增加缓慢, 3 周左右趋于稳定。短光照条件下布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠的体重分别增长了37 %和11 % , 均低于长光照组(分别为47 %和25 %) , 说明短光照条件下布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠的体重增长较长光照缓慢; (2) 光照对两种动物的摄入能、消化能和可代谢能均没有显著影响,摄入能与体重的增长无关; (3) 光照对两种动物的基础代谢率无显著影响。这些结果表明: 布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠在自然环境中, 可能以光周期作为一种信号, 当环境温度降低、食物质量变劣时, 采取降低体重以减少绝对能量需求的策略而适应环境。     

A New Owl Species of the Genus Otus (Aves: Strigidae) from Lombok,Indonesia

The avifauna of Indonesia is one of the richest in the world but the taxonomic status of many species remains poorly documented. The sole species of scops owl known from Lombok has long been assigned to the widespread Moluccan Scops Owl Otus magicus on the basis of superficial similarities in morphology. Field work in 2003 has shown that the territorial song of the scops owls inhabiting the foothills of Gunung Rinjani differs dramatically from that of O. magicus and is more similar to those of Rufescent Scops Owl O. rufescens and Singapore Scops Owl O. cnephaeus. Detailed comparisons of sound recordings and museum specimens with those of other scops owls in Wallacea and the Indo-Malayan region have confirmed the distinctiveness of the Lombok population. We describe Otus jolandae as a new species, the Rinjani Scops Owl. It is locally common at elevations from 25–1350 m. and occurs within Gunung Rinjani National Park. The new species is known from seven specimens collected by Alfred Everett in 1896. Otus jolandae represents the first endemic bird species from Lombok.