大黄鱼TRIM25基因克隆和表达分析

三重基序蛋白25 (Tripartite motif-containing protein 25, TRIM25)属于E3泛素连接酶家族, 在先天免疫反应中发挥重要作用。为研究TRIM25基因在大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)先天抗病毒免疫反应中的作用, 研究鉴定并克隆大黄鱼TRIM25基因(命名为LcTRIM25)。LcTRIM25基因编码序列2097 bp (GenBank登录号: MK327541), 编码698个氨基酸。蛋白结构域预测发现LcTRIM25包括保守的RING结构域、B-box2结构域、Coiled-coil结构域和可变的C末端PRY/SPRY结构域。多序列比对以及系统进化树分析表明LcTRIM25基因与斜带石斑鱼同源性高, 与哺乳动物、爬行动物、两栖动物和鸟类同源性相对低, 这说明不同物种受到来自环境不同的选择压力, 导致进化程度不同。应用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析大黄鱼TRIM25基因的表达水平。结果分析发现LcTRIM25基因在健康大黄鱼的9个组织中均有广泛表达, 且在肝脏中表达量最高, 在心脏中表达量最低。在poly(I:C)刺激后, 在外周血、头肾、脾脏和肝脏中LcTRIM25基因表达量迅速且明显上调, 均出现上升达到峰值后下降的趋势。LcTRIM25基因表达量在头肾和脾脏中6h达到最高表达量, 在肝脏中12h达到峰值, 外周血中在24h达到最高表达量。上述结果表明, 不同组织中LcTRIM25基因表达模式具有差异性。研究结果推测大黄鱼TRIM25基因参与抗病毒免疫反应且发挥十分关键的作用, 为进一步了解大黄鱼抗病毒免疫机制提供理论基础。     

Parthenolide inhibits TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of toll-like receptors in RAW264.7 macrophages

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in induction of innate immune responses for host defense against invading microbial pathogens. Microbial component engagement of TLRs can trigger the activation of myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)- and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent downstream signaling pathways. Parthenolide, an active ingredient of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), has been used for centuries to treat many chronic diseases. Parthenolide inhibits the MyD88-dependent pathway by inhibiting the activity of inhibitor-κB kinase. However, it is not known whether parthenolide inhibits the TRIF-dependent pathway. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of parthenolide, its effect on signal transduction via the TRIF-dependent pathway of TLRs induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly [I:C]) was examined. Parthenolide inhibited nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 activation induced by LPS or poly[I:C], and the LPS-induced phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 as well as interferon-inducible genes such as interferon inducible protein-10. These results suggest that parthenolide can modulate TRIF-dependent signaling pathways of TLRs, and may be the basis of effective therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases.     

大黄鱼ATG10基因的分子特征及其在抗病毒免疫中的功能

为了研究自噬相关基因ATG10(Autophagy related gene 10)在鱼类免疫应答中的功能, 研究克隆了大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)ATG10基因(LcATG10)的cDNA序列, 其开放阅读框全长747个核苷酸, 编码248个氨基酸的蛋白, 包含1个Autophagy_act_C结构域。系统进化分析显示, LcATG10和其他硬骨鱼类ATG10聚成一支, 与金头鲷和石斑鱼ATG10亲缘关系最近。LcATG10在所检测的正常大黄鱼各组织中都有表达。在病毒类似物poly (I:C)刺激后, 大黄鱼脾脏和头肾组织中LcATG10的表达水平显著上调, 分别在12h和6h达到峰值(9.4和5.9倍)。LcATG10在大黄鱼头肾细胞系(LYCK)、原代巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞中也均有表达, 在原代粒细胞中的表达量相对较高; 在poly (I:C)刺激后, 大黄鱼原代头肾粒细胞和LYCK细胞中LcATG10的表达水平显著上调。过表达LcATG10的鲤上皮瘤(Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid, EPC)细胞受鲤春病毒血症病毒(Spring viremia of carp virus, SVCV)感染48h后, 细胞病变效应(Cytopathic effects, CPEs)明显低于对照组; 细胞培养上清中SVCV病毒滴度为103.55 TCID₅₀/mL, 显著少于对照组; SVCV标志基因SVCV- G、SVCV-M和SVCV- P的表达水平也显著低于对照组, 分别是对照组的0.022、0.015和0.022倍。这些研究结果表明LcATG10在大黄鱼抗病毒免疫应答中发挥作用, 为深入研究自噬在大黄鱼抗病毒免疫中的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Combined CpG and poly I:C stimulation of monocytes results in unique signaling activation not observed with the individual ligands

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) bind to components of microbes, activate cellular signal transduction pathways and stimulate innate immune responses. Previously, we have shown in chicken monocytes that the combination of CpG, the ligand for TLR21 (the chicken equivalent of TLR9), and poly I:C, the ligand for TLR3, results in a synergistic immune response. In order to further characterize this synergy, kinome analysis was performed on chicken monocytes stimulated with either unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) and polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) individually or in combination for either 1 h or 4 h. The analysis was carried out using chicken species-specific peptide arrays to study the kinase activity induced by the two ligands. The arrays are comprised of kinase target sequences immobilized on an array surface. Active kinases phosphorylate their respective target sequences, and these phosphorylated peptides are then visualized and quantified. A significant number of peptides exhibited altered phosphorylation when CpG and poly I:C were given together, that was not observed when either CpG or poly I:C was given separately. The unique, synergistic TLR agonist affected peptides represent protein members of signaling pathways including calcium signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and Endocytosis at the 1 h time point. At the 4 h time point, TLR agonist synergy influenced pathways included Adipocytokine signaling pathway, cell cycle, calcium signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Using nitric oxide (NO) production as the readout, TLR ligand synergy was also investigated using signaling protein inhibitors. A number of inhibitors were able to inhibit NO response in cells given CpG alone but not in cells given both CpG and poly I:C, as poly I:C alone does not elicit a significant NO response. The unique peptide phosphorylation induced by the combination of CpG and poly I:C and the unique signaling protein requirements for synergy determined by inhibitor assays both show that synergistic signaling is not a simple addition of TLR pathways. A set of secondary pathways activated by the ligand combination are proposed, leading to the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and ultimately of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Since many microbes can stimulate more than one TLR, this synergistic influence on cellular signaling may be an important consideration for the study of immune response and what we consider to be the canonical TLR signaling pathways.