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Zusammenfassung Das Gewebe, welches in den Hydathoden zwischen Leitbündelende und Wasserspalten eingeschaltet ist, wird als Hydathodengewebe definiert (topographischer Begriff). Unabhängig davon, ob dieses Gewebe aus Mesophyllzellen besteht (Triticum), ob es ein scheidenloses Epithem vorstellt (Tropaeolum) oder ob es mit einer Scheide versehen in ein Zuleitungs- und ein Ausscheidungsgewebe differenziert ist (Alchemilla, Saxifraga), weist es beim histochemischen Test eine auffallende Aktivität der sauren Phosphatase auf.Da der Phosphatasenachweis in den dem aktiven Gewebe benachbarten Zellen der Epithemscheide, des Mesophylls und der Epidermis bei unseren Objekten negativ ausfällt, muß den Zellen des Hydathodengewebes ein besonderer Stoffwechsel zukommen. Dieser ist bei dem ins Hydathodengewebe vordringenden Xylemparenchym ausgeprägter als im Ausscheidungsgewebe unmittelbar unter den Wasserspalten (Alchemilla, Abb. 4).Es besteht eine auffällige Analogie mit den Nektarien, wo sich das Nektargewebe ebenfalls mit der Phosphatasereaktion gegenüber dem inaktiven Grundgewebe oder dem Mesophyll abgrenzen läßt, und wo das Ausscheidungsgewebe gleichfalls weniger aktiv als das Zuführungsgewebe erscheint. Ferner weisen die Xylemparenchymzellen im Bereiche der Hydathoden eine ähnlich starke Reaktion auf wie die Geleitzellen der Siebröhren. Der gefundene Parallelismus läßt es fraglich erscheinen, ob die Phosphatasereaktion im Phloem und in den Nektarien spezifisch für die Zuckerwanderung sei. Denn man stellt fest, daß die Hydathodengewebe, unabhängig davon, ob sie als Filtrations- oder als Ausscheidungsgewebe ausgebildet sind, eine ähnlich rege Aktivität der sauren Phosphatase entwickeln wie die zuckerverarbeitenden Gewebe. Die nachgewiesene histochemische Analogie der Hydathodengewebe mit dem Nektargewebe muß daher auf einer anderen stoffwechselchemischen Übereinstimmung beruhen.Herrn Professor Dr. K. Höfler zum 70. Geburtstage gewidmet. 相似文献
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Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] is one of the phosphoinositides that controls endosomal trafficking events in eukaryotes. PtdIns(3,5)P2 is produced from PI(3)P by phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase FAB1/PIKfyve. Recently, we reported that FAB1 predominantly localizes on the SNX1-residing late endosomes and a loss-of FAB1 function causes the release of late endosomal effector proteins, ARA7/RABF2b and SORTING NEXIN 1 from the endosome membrane, indicating that FAB1 or its product PtdIns(3,5)P2 mediates the maturation process of the late endosomes. Intriguingly, the ectopic expression of FAB1A could complement the sucrose-dependent seedling growth phenotype of snx1–1 mutant. Here, we demonstrated that the depletion of SNX1 causes the release of SNX2b-mRFP from the endosomal membrane. However, overexpression of FAB1A-GFP reassembles SNX2b-mRFP on the endosomal membrane despite the absence of SNX1. From these results, we proposed that SNX2b homodimer or SNX2a/SNX2b heterodimer might function as functional Sorting Nexin complex instead of SNX1 to attach the endosomal membrane by binding of overproduced PI(3,5)P2 in Arabidopsis. 相似文献
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A. Schinzel 《Human genetics》1979,49(2):167-173
Summary A newborn female is described who exhibited a characteristic facial dysmorphology including deep-set eyes, broad nasal bridge, small mouth, higharched and narrow palate, severely receding mandible and misshapen ears; constant flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints, and short distal phalanges and nails of fingers; a congenital heart defect; marked muscular hypotonia, motor and growth retardation. She died at 4 months of age. Her karyotype revealed an additional band in 1q. Banding patterns and clinical picture suggest duplication of the segment 1q251q32. 相似文献
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α(1B)-Adrenergic receptors mediate many of the actions of the natural catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. They belong to the seven transmembrane domains G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and exert their actions mainly through activation of Gq proteins and phosphoinositide turnover/calcium signaling. Many hormones and neurotransmitters are capable of inducing α(1B)-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation and desensitization; among them: adrenaline and noradrenaline, phorbol esters, endothelin-I, bradykinin, lysophosphatidic acid, insulin, EGF, PDGF, IGF-I, TGF-β, and estrogens. Key protein kinases for these effects are G protein coupled receptor kinases and protein kinase C. The lipid/protein kinase, phosphoinositide-3 kinase also appears to play a key role, acting upstream of protein kinase C. In addition to the agents employed for cells stimulation, we observed that paracrine/autocrine mediators also participate; these processes include EGF transactivation and sphingosine-1-phosphate production and action. The complex regulation of these receptors unlocks opportunities for therapeutic intervention. 相似文献
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Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, produced predominantly by peripheral immune cells but also by glia and some neuronal populations within the brain. Its signalling is mediated via the binding of IL-1α or IL-1β to the interleukin-1 type one receptor (IL-1RI). IL-1 plays a key role in inflammation-induced sickness behaviour, resulting in depressed locomotor activity, decreased exploration, reduced food and water intake and acute cognitive deficits. Conversely, IL-1 has also been suggested to facilitate hippocampal-dependent learning and memory: IL-1RI−/− mice have been reported to show deficits on tasks of visuospatial learning and memory. We sought to investigate whether there is a generalised hippocampal deficit in IL-1RI−/− animals. Therefore, in the current study we compared wildtype (WT) mice to IL-1RI−/− mice using a variety of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tasks, as well as tests of anxiety and locomotor activity. We found no difference in performance of the IL-1RI−/− mice compared to WT mice in a T-maze working memory task. In addition, the IL-1RI−/− mice showed normal learning in various spatial reference memory tasks including the Y-maze and Morris mater maze, although there was a subtle deficit in choice behaviour in a spatial discrimination, beacon watermaze task. IL-1RI−/− mice also showed normal memory for visuospatial context in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm. In the open field, IL-1RI−/− mice showed a significant increase in distance travelled and rearing behaviour compared to the WT mice and in the elevated plus-maze spent more time in the open arms than did the WT animals. The data suggest that, contrary to prior studies, IL-1RI−/− mice are not robustly impaired on hippocampal-dependent memory and learning but do display open field hyperactivity and decreased anxiety compared to WT mice. The results argue for a careful evaluation of the roles of endogenous IL-1 in hippocampal and limbic system function. 相似文献
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Marta I. R. Reis Ana do Vale Pedro J. B. Pereira Jorge E. Azevedo Nuno M. S. dos Santos 《PloS one》2012,7(11)
Interleukine-1β (IL-1β) is the most studied pro-inflammatory cytokine, playing a central role in the generation of systemic and local responses to infection, injury, and immunological challenges. In mammals, IL-1β is synthesized as an inactive 31 kDa precursor that is cleaved by caspase-1 generating a 17.5 kDa secreted active mature form. The caspase-1 cleavage site strictly conserved in all mammalian IL-1β sequences is absent in IL-1β sequences reported for non-mammalian vertebrates. Recently, fish caspase-1 orthologues have been identified in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) but very little is known regarding their processing and activity. In this work it is shown that sea bass caspase-1 auto-processing is similar to that of the human enzyme, resulting in active p24/p10 and p20/p10 heterodimers. Moreover, the presence of alternatively spliced variants of caspase-1 in sea bass is reported. The existence of caspase-1 isoforms in fish and in mammals suggests that they have been evolutionarily maintained and therefore are likely to play a regulatory role in the inflammatory response, as shown for other caspases. Finally, it is shown that sea bass and avian IL-1β are specifically cleaved by caspase-1 at different but phylogenetically conserved aspartates, distinct from the cleavage site of mammalian IL-1β. 相似文献
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Zhang Qi Lei Yu-Hong Zhou Jue-Pu Hou Ye-Ye Wan Zheng Wang Hong-Lei Meng Hao 《Neurochemical research》2019,44(9):2031-2043
Neurochemical Research - As one of the major cell organelles responsible for ATP production, it is important that neurons maintain mitochondria with structural and functional integrity; this is... 相似文献
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Fiona McDonnell Mustapha Irnaten Abbot F. Clark Colm J. O’Brien Deborah M. Wallace 《PloS one》2016,11(4)
PurposeFibrosis and a hypoxic environment are associated with the trabecular meshwork (TM) region in the blinding disease glaucoma. Hypoxia has been shown to alter DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism involved in regulating gene expression such as the pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and the anti-fibrotic Ras protein activator like 1 (RASAL1). The purpose of this study was to compare DNA methylation levels, and the expression of TGFβ1 and RASAL1 in primary human normal (NTM) with glaucomatous (GTM) cells and in NTM cells under hypoxic conditions.MethodsGlobal DNA methylation was assessed by ELISA in cultured age-matched NTM and GTM cells. qPCR was conducted for TGFβ1, collagen 1α1 (COL1A1), and RASAL1 expression. Western immunoblotting was used to determine protein expression. For hypoxia experiments, NTM cells were cultured in a 1%O2, 5%CO2 and 37°C environment. NTM and GTM cells were treated with TGFβ1 (10ng/ml) and the methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) (0.5μM) respectively to determine their effects on DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and RASAL1 expression.ResultsWe found increased DNA methylation, increased TGFβ1 expression and decreased RASAL1 expression in GTM cells compared to NTM cells. Similar results were obtained in NTM cells under hypoxic conditions. TGFβ1 treatment increased DNMT1 and COL1A1, and decreased RASAL1 expression in NTM cells. 5-aza treatment decreased DNMT1, TGFβ1 and COL1A1 expression, and increased RASAL1 expression in GTM cells.ConclusionsTGFβ1 and RASAL1 expression, global DNA methylation, and expression of associated methylation enzymes were altered between NTM and GTM cells. We found that hypoxia in NTM cells induced similar results to the GTM cells. Furthermore, DNA methylation, TGFβ1 and RASAL1 appear to have an interacting relationship that may play a role in driving pro-fibrotic disease progression in the glaucomatous TM. 相似文献
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Weidemann Alexander Breyer Johannes Rehm Margot Eckardt Kai-Uwe Daniel Christoph Cicha Iwona Giehl Klaudia Goppelt-Struebe Margarete 《Cell communication and signaling : CCS》2013,11(1):1-7