无量山大寨子黑长臂猿（Nomascus concolor fingdongensis）种群生存力

据2003年9月至2005年9月,对云南中部无量山大寨子黑长臂猿种群（5个群体）进行了观察,获得了群体大小、配偶体制、繁殖间隔、环境容纳量、死亡率、灾害的发生频率等种群参数,并结合近缘种的一些相关数据,利用旋涡模型（Vortex 914）,对无量山大寨子地区黑长臂猿亚种群的动态进行了模拟分析。结果显示：大寨子亚种群是一个具有很强的潜在繁殖力的种群,如果没有偷猎,亚种群在100a之内不会灭绝,并且能迅速达到环境容纳量。但是每年如果有1只成年雄性和1只成年雌性被猎杀,该种群将会在第78年灭绝,且灭绝概率为100％。不同程度的死亡率对种群影响不大,但高死亡率显著延缓了种群到达环境容纳量的时间。环境容纳量对种群遗传多样性损失具有重要的影响,在没有猎杀的情况下,种群的长期存活需要一个较大的环境容纳量。因此,在黑长臂猿受到严格保护、且栖息地主要在保护区内的今天,严密监控火灾的发生,限制牲畜进入林区等人为干扰的影响,保护好黑长臂猿栖息地是首要工作之一。但如果能使其栖息地周围的森林植被得到恢复,增加其栖息范围,将有利于该地区黑长臂猿的发展。     

无量山大寨子黑长臂猿(Nomascus concolor jingdongensis)种群生存力

据2003年9月至2005年9月,对云南中部无量山大寨子黑长臂猿种群(5个群体)进行了观察,获得了群体大小、配偶体制、繁殖间隔、环境容纳量、死亡率、灾害的发生频率等种群参数,并结合近缘种的一些相关数据,利用旋涡模型(Vortex 914),对无量山大寨子地区黑长臂猿亚种群的动态进行了模拟分析。结果显示:大寨子亚种群是一个具有很强的潜在繁殖力的种群,如果没有偷猎,亚种群在100a之内不会灭绝,并且能迅速达到环境容纳量。但是每年如果有1只成年雄性和1只成年雌性被猎杀,该种群将会在第78年灭绝,且灭绝概率为100%。不同程度的死亡率对种群影响不大,但高死亡率显著延缓了种群到达环境容纳量的时间。环境容纳量对种群遗传多样性损失具有重要的影响,在没有猎杀的情况下,种群的长期存活需要一个较大的环境容纳量。因此,在黑长臂猿受到严格保护、且栖息地主要在保护区内的今天,严密监控火灾的发生,限制牲畜进入林区等人为干扰的影响,保护好黑长臂猿栖息地是首要工作之一。但如果能使其栖息地周围的森林植被得到恢复,增加其栖息范围,将有利于该地区黑长臂猿的发展。     

云南中部无量山黑长臂猿(Nomascus concolor jingdongensis)栖息地乔木层物种多样性和结构特征

无量山是黑长臂猿景东亚种的唯一分布区,现栖息着98群500余只黑长臂猿。长臂猿是典型的树栖性灵长类动物,通过对无量山西坡大寨子地区250个样方的调查,分析了随海拔梯度升高,黑长臂猿栖息地植被乔木层物种多样性和结构的变化情况。共记录乔木111种,隶属于33科;木质藤本23种,隶属于18科。其中优势科主要有樟科(Lauraceae)、木兰科(Magnoliaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)和杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)。根据不同海拔乔木层物种组成的差异,该区可划分为半湿润常绿阔叶林(2100~2300m)和中山湿性常绿阔叶林(2400~2600m)两种植被类型。多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)随海拔升高在两种植被类型中均呈下降趋势;均匀度指数(Pielou指数)在半湿润常绿阔叶林中呈下降趋势,在中山湿性常绿阔叶林中无明显变化。半湿润常绿阔叶林中,阳坡的乔木物种多样性低于阴坡;而阳坡物种多样性在两种植被类型间差异显著。随着海拔的升高,乔木层的平均高度和上层乔木(Ⅰ层)的比例均逐渐降低,但下层乔木却呈上升趋势。6种优势乔木树种的种群年龄结构分析表明,该区植被的乔木层呈现稳定增长的趋势。     

云南无量山黑长臂猿对植物种子的传播作用

2005年9月至2006年4月,对无量山一群黑长臂猿进行观察,研究黑长臂猿在植物种子传播中的作用.观察记录黑长臂猿一天的排便次数并收集粪便.通过直接观察和收集长臂猿粪便确定长臂猿取食的果实种类.以森林中采集的果实种子为对照标本,对粪便中的种子进行鉴定,并记录各种种子的数量,测量其长度、宽度和重量.结果表明观察期间黑长臂猿共取食31种果实,其中有1种在被取食时尚未成熟,另有2种果实的种子在取食后遭到破坏,还有1种植物的种子不能被长臂猿吞食而得不到传播,黑长臂猿可为27种植物传播种子.黑长臂猿个体平均每天排便2次,粪便的平均湿重为22.7 g,每份粪便平均含有1种植物的种子;在不包含小种子(直径<3 mm)的情况下,平均每份粪便中含有12粒种子.总的来说,黑长臂猿是有效的种子传播者.     

无量山大寨子黑长臂猿一夫二妻制的群体结构及其行为学原因

2003年8月—2005年8月,对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时,记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6·2只;到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6·4只,其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出,且有3只幼猿出生。在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日,当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后,两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶,并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱,成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性,10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离,并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出,及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。     

景东无量山自然保护区黑长臂猿的数量与保护

无量山地处云南中部,为黑长臂猿（Ｈｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓｃｏｎｃｏｌｏｒ）的主要分布区之一。近年来国内外学者虽然对黑长臂猿进行了较多的行为,生态与保护研究,然而有关该地区黑长臂猿的数量估计却有很大差异（６６－３００群）如：蓝道英（１９８９）报道有６６－１４４群,Ｈａｉｍｏｆｆ等（１９８６）认为有２２５－２５０群,Ｂｌｅｉｓｃｈ等（１９９）也认为有较多的群体,达１６０－３００群之多,而Ｚｈａｎｇ等（１９９     

无量山大寨子黑长臂猿一夫二妻制的群体结构及其行为学原因

2003年8月—2005年8月，对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时，记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6.2只；到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6.4只，其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出，且有3只幼猿出生。 在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日，当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后，两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶，并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱， 成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性，10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离，并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出，及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。     

黄腹角雉人工种群生存力初步分析

黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)为我国特有珍稀雉类。目前,其野生种群仅分布于湖南东南部、浙江南部和西南部、江西、福建、广东北部和广西东北部,估计数量约为4000只。湖南省雉类繁殖基地自1997年通过对执法检查中获得的黄腹角雉个体进行收容、救护以及驯养繁殖工作以来,该人工种群已经成功繁殖4年,至2004年年底种群数量为131只。本文利用8年的驯养繁殖过程中获得的种群生态学参数,借助漩涡模型(Vortex9.51)对该种群100年内的动态进行了模拟。结果显示,按照过去8年的生存情况,该种群在100年灭绝的概率为97%。成年雌性的高死亡率和频繁的灾害是影响种群长期存活的两个关键因素。如果成年雌性的死亡率降低到饲养后3年(2002—2004年)时的水平,种群的灭绝概率降低至5%,如果同时控制灾害的发生,其灭绝概率降至0。增加环境容纳量没有降低种群的灭绝概率和增加其增长速度,但增加环境容纳量对100年后的种群数量和基因杂合度有明显的影响。在降低成年雌性死亡率和杜绝灾害发生的情况下,可以考虑对种群进行收获(用作向野外放养),每次收获的数量应该控制在5只成年雄性和5只成年雌,开始收获时间为种群连续繁殖10年以后。降低成年雌性的死亡率、杜绝食物中毒和火灾等灾害的发生以及增加环境容纳量是该人工饲养种群长期存活和发展壮大的重要管理手段。     

黑长臂猿(Hylobates concolor)鸣叫行为研究

本文基于对云南黑长臂猿多年的野外研究,报道其鸣叫行为的一些特性。黑长臂猿通常在上午鸣叫,且大多数发生在930分以前,鸣叫的起始时间具季节性变化,有两个较为集中的时间,一个在730分左右,另一个在830分左右,然而起始时间并不与日出时间一致。黑长臂猿平均每两天鸣叫一次,日鸣叫发生频次在50％左右,鸣叫的发生也随着季节而变化。鸣叫的持续时间无群体的差异,一次鸣叫的平均时间在12分钟左右（除了GG群）,但群体在不同季节鸣叫时间长短不一。本文的研究结果同时还表明一个群体的鸣叫并未引起邻近其它群体的鸣叫。     

盐城獐种群生存力的初步分析

本文采用Ｖｏｒｔｅｘ６．０计算机程序对盐城獐（Ｈｙｄｒｏｐｔｅｓｉｎｅｒｍｉｓ）种群的生存力进行了分析。结果表明：若无狩猎和海潮侵袭的影响,在能容纳５００头獐的栖息地中,盐城獐可长期生存。如狩猎死亡率达５％和１０％,拥有１００～２００头獐的种群分别在３２～５０年和１５～２７年内灭绝率超过５％;拥有３００～５００头的现存种群分别在９０～９５年和２９～４２年内灭绝率超过５％。在有海潮侵袭的栖息地中,不管现存种群多大,在未来２５年左右的时间内种群灭绝率大于５％,在５０年内种群绝灭的可能性超过５０％。根据该地的实际情况,建议在无海潮侵袭的堤内选择至少能容纳２００头獐的栖息地和在相临的堤外选择能容纳５００头獐的栖息地建立保护区,才能保证盐城獐种群长期生存。     

Status and distribution pattern of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountains, Yunnan, China: implication for conservation

The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor), or black gibbon, one of the lesser apes (Hylobatidae), is mainly distributed in Yunnan, China. Of the four recognized subspecies, N. c. jingdongensis is endemic to the Wuliang Mountain, central Yunnan, China. Of all the subspecies, this one has the largest population of any black gibbon. However, the data were all based on brief estimates. We carried out an extensive field survey on population and group distribution of the black gibbon in the Wuliang Mountains by use of loud morning songs and interviews with local people. Ninety-eight groups were confirmed and located in the mid-montane range of Wuliang Mountains. More groups are found on the east slope and the southern region than in the west and the north. Gibbons are more disjunctly distributed on the west slope, especially in the northern part. Deforestation in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was the main reason for rapid loss of habitat and population decline. Hunting was another key reason for population decline and, in many cases, the main reason for local extinction.     

西黑冠长臂猿雄性取代前后鸣叫行为的变化

本文通过长时间的野外监测,首次报道了西黑冠长臂猿的一次雄性取代行为。一个研究群体(G3)中的1 只亚成年雄性长臂猿在10 岁左右取代了相邻群体(G2)中的成年雄性。整个取代过程持续了15 d时间。雄性取代发生前,G2 中雌雄的配对关系已经不稳固,这为雄性取代提供了机会。而G2 与G3 群的一次长时间冲突可能消耗了G2 中成年雄性大量体能,这为G3 中的亚成年雄性打败并取代G2 中的成年雄性创造了机会。本研究在取代发生后,对新形成群体的鸣叫行为进行了连续4 个月的监测。结果表明与处于稳定时期的G2 群相比,新形成群体的鸣叫频次更高,但每次二重唱中雌性的平均激动鸣叫次数降低。这证明了Geissmann (1986)提出的假说,新配对的群体应该在尽量短的时间内多练习二重唱,这样导致新配对群体的鸣叫频率明显升高。虽然经历了4 个月的合唱练习,新形成群体的激动鸣叫次数仍然偏低,并且两只雌性同时激动鸣叫的频次也比较低。这说明新形成的配对之间配合依然不默契,或者说明配对之间的关系还不稳定。     

Singing behavior and singing functions of black‐crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang,central Yunnan,China

We used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black‐crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) on Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. The major functions proposed for loud gibbon songs include resource defense, mate defense, pairbonding, group cohesion and mate attraction. Duet bouts are generally initiated by adult males, who select the highest trees near to ridges or on steep slopes as singing trees. Such trees facilitate voice transmission and inter‐group communication. Singing trees tended to be located near important food patches and sleeping sites, which supports the resource defense hypothesis. The adult male and two adult females always sang interactively, alternating male phrases with the females' stereotyped great calls, to produce the duets, and females rarely produced great calls if they were more than 30 m from the male. The two females usually produced great calls synchronously during the duet, especially when they were close together. These features support both the mate defense and pairbonding hypotheses. The number of great calls and their degree of synchrony transmit information about spatial relationships and possibly pairbond strength to members to neighboring groups and floating animals. During or after the duet bouts, the adult females and juvenile moved toward to the adult male; and group members maintained a close spatial relationship, which supports the group cohesion hypothesis. Other incidents observed suggest a mate competition role for duets. The adult male always sang when the females started duetting with the subadult male. The subadult male sang solo bouts, but they were not more frequent or longer than bouts initiated by the adult male. Although mate attraction is the likely function of subadult solos, it was not convincingly demonstrated. In conclusion, all hypotheses concerning the function of singing are supported by at least some of the data, and none can be excluded. Am. J. Primatol. 71:539–547, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Influence of food availability and climate on behavior patterns of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) at Mt. Wuliang,Yunnan, China

Food abundance and climatic factors can significantly affect the behavior of animals and constrain their activity budgets. The population of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Mt. Wuliang lives in montane forest and is close to the northern extreme of the distribution for gibbons (Hylobatidae). Their habitats show remarkable seasonal variation in terms of food availability, temperature, and rainfall. To understand behavioral adaptations of western black crested gibbons to different sets of ecological conditions, we examined relationships among food availability, mean temperature, rainfall, and behavior patterns by observing two groups for 1 year each. Our results revealed that activity budget was affected by food availability and mean temperature. The gibbons spent more time eating flowers when that resource was more available and spent less time moving when fruit was more available. The gibbons spent less time feeding and more time resting, and spent less feeding time on fruit and leaves when the mean temperature was lower. These results suggest that the gibbons displayed a pronounced preference for flowers as a food resource and adopted a time minimizer strategy when high‐nutrient food items (i.e., fruit) were more available. In addition, the gibbons adopted an energy‐conserving strategy during periods of low temperature. The flexibility of behavioral patterns in responding to food availability and temperature may potentially improve the gibbons’ prospects of surviving and reproducing in a northern montane forest.     

东黑冠长臂猿鸣叫声谱分析

2007 年9 月至2009 年6 月,利用Sony TC - D5 Pro2 录音机、Sony C - 76 指向性话筒和Sony 录音磁带对广西邦亮自然保护区3 群东黑冠长臂猿的鸣叫进行了录音,对每群录音效果较好的5 个声音用Signal/ RTS 4.0 软件进行声谱分析。结果表明:东黑冠长臂猿叫声的频率较高,最高频率已经达到甚至超过了5 kHz;雄性的鸣叫声由起始音(boom)、简单的重复音节(aa notes)、调节前音节(pre-modulated note)和调节音句(modulated phrases)组成,雌性长臂猿一般只会发出一种固定而刻板的激动鸣叫,二者互相配合组成结构复杂的二重唱。通常,二重唱由成年雄性发起和结束,并占主导地位。同时,将东黑冠长臂猿二重唱的声谱结构与近缘种西黑冠长臂猿和海南长臂猿进行比较,结果显示雄性和雌性的叫声、以及二者配合发出的激动鸣叫序列在三者之间都有明显差异。因此,从声谱特征角度可以有效论证这三种长臂猿独立物种的分类地位。     

Sleeping sites, sleeping trees, and sleep-related behaviors of black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China

Data on sleep-related behaviors were collected for a group of central Yunnan black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China from March 2005 to April 2006. Members of the group usually formed four sleeping units (adult male and juvenile, adult female with one semi-dependent black infant, adult female with one dependent yellow infant, and subadult male) spread over different sleeping trees. Individuals or units preferred specific areas to sleep; all sleeping sites were situated in primary forest, mostly (77%) between 2,200 and 2,400 m in elevation. They tended to sleep in the tallest and thickest trees with large crowns on steep slopes and near important food patches. Factors influencing sleeping site selection were (1) tree characteristics, (2) accessibility, and (3) easy escape. Few sleeping trees were used repeatedly by the same or other members of the group. The gibbons entered the sleeping trees on average 128 min before sunset and left the sleeping trees on average 33 min after sunrise. The lag between the first and last individual entering the trees was on average 17.8 min. We suggest that sleep-related behaviors are primarily adaptations to minimize the risk of being detected by predators. Sleeping trees may be chosen to make approach and attack difficult for the predator, and to provide an easy escape route in the dark. In response to cold temperatures in a higher habitat, gibbons usually sit and huddle together during the night, and in the cold season they tend to sleep on ferns and/or orchids.