三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳对水淹的光合和生长响应

为阐明三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳(Salix variegata)对水淹的耐受机制,模拟三峡库区消落带水淹发生的情况,研究了在不同水淹时间和水淹深度处理下秋华柳的光合和生长特性。实验设置了对照(不进行水淹,常规供水管理)、水淹根部(植株置于水中,植株地下部分被淹没)、水下0.5 m(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下0.5 m)和水下2 m(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下2 m)4个不同的水淹深度和0、10、20、40、60和90 d 6个不同的水淹时间处理,并测定了在不同水淹时间和水淹深度处理下秋华柳的光合作用、叶绿素荧光和生长。研究结果发现:随着水淹时间的延长,对照和水淹根部植株都具有高的净光合速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率。水淹40 d后,相同水淹深度处理秋华柳植株的净光合速率显著高于耐水湿环境的垂柳(Salix babylonica)(p<0.05)。水淹90 d后,全淹处理植株的光合能力较对照有显著的下降(p<0.05),对照、水下0.5 m和水下2 m植株的净光合速率分别为13.2、10.1和8.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,同时全淹植株PSII的最大光化学效率也有一定程度的下降,显著低于对照和水淹根部处理的植株(p<0.05)。水淹40、60和90 d后,全淹植株的胞间CO₂浓度都高于对照和水淹根部植株。随着水淹时间的增加,水淹根部植株不定根数量不断增加,而全淹植株只有极少量的不定根产生。水淹根部植株的主茎长的增量、分枝数的增量、主茎新生叶片数、根生物量的积累和总生物量的积累都高于全淹植株,全淹植株在水淹过程中,其主茎长、分枝数、主茎新叶数、根生物量和总生物量都有增加,同时其凋落叶片较多。水淹90 d后,秋华柳植株的存活率为100%。研究结果表明,秋华柳在经过较长时间的水淹后,表现出较强的光合和生长适应性,可以考虑将秋华柳列为三峡库区消落带植被构建的物种之一。     

水淹对三峡库区两种岸生植物秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)和野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)水下光合的影响

为了阐明水淹对三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)和野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)水下光合作用的影响,模拟三峡库区消落带水淹发生情况,考察了在不同水淹处理下秋华柳和野古草的水下光合.实验设置了对照(不进行水淹,常规供水管理)和2m深度水淹(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下2 m)2个不同的水淹深度和5、15、20、40 d和60 d等5个不同的水淹时间处理,采用Chlorolab-2液相氧电极(英国Hansatech公司生产)测定了在不同水淹时间和水淹深度处理下秋华柳和野古草的水下光合作用.实验结果表明: (1) 水淹60d后,秋华柳和野古草的存活率均为100%,而典型的陆生植物香樟和马唐分别在水淹40d和15d后全部死亡.(2) 在相同的水淹时间和水淹深度下,秋华柳和野古草的水下光合速率(放氧速率)显著高于典型的陆生植物(香樟(Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl.)和马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis (L.)Scop.)) (3) 在长期水淹的条件下,秋华柳和野古草仍具有水下光合的能力.在水淹60 d后,水淹2 m的秋华柳和野古草植株的水下放氧速率显著低于对照植株的水下放氧速率,但仍具有水下光合的能力,其水下光合速率分别为0.202 μmol · m-2 · s-1和0.139 μmol · m-2 · s-1.同时,研究也表明在水淹40 d和60 d后,秋华柳表现出比野古草强的水下光合能力.研究表明,秋华柳和野古草在存活率和水下光合方面对长期水淹表现出良好的适应性,是可以用于三峡库区消落区植被构建的优良植物物种.     

刈割与水淹对三峡库区消落带优势物种狗牙根存活及恢复生长的影响

三峡库区消落带蓄水期间植物腐烂分解释放的养分会增加库区的富营养化风险,水淹前刈割是消减水体污染风险的有效方式之一,但刈割对库区消落带适生植物恢复生长的影响尚不清楚。为探究三峡库区消落带适生植物对水淹和刈割胁迫的耐受情况,选取消落带适生植物狗牙根为研究对象,设置对照(CK)、浅淹(SF)、浅淹-对照(SFK)、全淹(TF)、全淹-对照(TFK)5种水淹处理和不刈割(NC)、留茬30 cm(S30)、留茬20 cm(S20)、留茬10 cm(S10)4个刈割强度,研究不同水淹和刈割处理对狗牙根存活、生长和光合特征的影响。结果表明：(1)狗牙根在不同水淹和刈割处理下整体可保持较高的存活率(≥83.3%)。(2)刈割和水淹处理对狗牙根的形态生长和生物量分配均存在显著影响。与对照相比,SF组狗牙根的根长、基径和生物量显著降低,TF组狗牙根的株高、基径、根长和生物量显著降低,但是SFK和TFK处理(脱离水淹胁迫)相比SF和TF组却显著增长。(3)刈割和水淹处理对狗牙根的光合速率影响显著,其中SF组狗牙根的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Ci)显著降低,TF处理叶片全部凋落无光合作用...     

三峡库区岸生植物野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)光合作用对水淹的响应

为了阐明水淹对三峡库区岸生植物野古草光合作用的影响,模拟了三峡库区消落带水淹发生情况,考察了在不同水淹处理下野古草(Arundinella anomalaSteud.)的光合及叶绿素荧光特性。实验设置了对照(不进行水淹,常规供水管理)、半淹(植株置于水中,植株地上部分一半被淹没)、水下0.5m(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下0.5m)、水下2m(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下2m)4个不同的水淹深度和02、0、40d和60d等4个不同的水淹时间处理,测定了在不同水淹深度和水淹时间处理下野古草的净光合速率、总叶绿素含量、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率与羧化效率。结果发现,在水淹前期,水淹对野古草的光合特性影响较小,直到水淹60d后,才对野古草的光合特性产生明显影响,且影响程度随水淹深度的不同而不同。野古草在水淹20d和水淹40d后,各水淹处理的净光合速率与对照相比无明显降低,其中水淹20d后,半淹处理的野古草叶片净光合速率比对照还高出16.1%。水淹60d后,水下0.5m和水下2m的净光合速率显著低于对照和半淹,其净光合速率分别为7.51μmol.m-2.s-1和9.15μmol.m-2.s-1。结果表明,水淹20d和40d对野古草的电子传递速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率没有影响。水淹处理60d后,与对照植株相比,半淹处理植株的电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率没有明显变化,但水下0.5m和水下2m处理植株的电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率有明显降低。在整个实验期间,半淹处理植株的净光合速率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率没有受到任何不利影响。尽管在水淹60d后水下0.5m和水下2m处理植株的净光合速率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率降低,但降低后的数值仍不低于甚至高于一些自然生长的未受水淹的植物物种。研究表明,野古草对水淹具有很好的耐受能力,是一种可以用于三峡库区消落区植被构建的优良植物物种。     

三峡库区岸生植物野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)光合作用对水淹的响应

为了阐明水淹对三峡库区岸生植物野古草光合作用的影响,模拟了三峡库区消落带水淹发生情况,考察了在不同水淹处理下野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)的光合及叶绿素荧光特性。实验设置了对照 (不进行水淹,常规供水管理)、半淹 (植株置于水中,植株地上部分一半被淹没)、水下0.5m (植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下0.5m)、水下2m (植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下2m) 4个不同的水淹深度和0、20、40d和60d等 4个不同的水淹时间处理,测定了在不同水淹深度和水淹时间处理下野古草的净光合速率、总叶绿素含量、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率与羧化效率。结果发现,在水淹前期,水淹对野古草的光合特性影响较小,直到水淹60d后,才对野古草的光合特性产生明显影响,且影响程度随水淹深度的不同而不同。野古草在水淹20d和水淹40d后,各水淹处理的净光合速率与对照相比无明显降低,其中水淹20d后,半淹处理的野古草叶片净光合速率比对照还高出16.1%。水淹60d后,水下0.5m和水下2m的净光合速率显著低于对照和半淹,其净光合速率分别为7.51μmol•m－2•s－1和9.15μmol•m－2•s－1。结果表明,水淹20d和40d对野古草的电子传递速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率没有影响。水淹处理60d后,与对照植株相比,半淹处理植株的电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率没有明显变化,但水下0.5m和水下2m处理植株的电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率有明显降低。 在整个实验期间,半淹处理植株的净光合速率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率没有受到任何不利影响。尽管在水淹60d后水下0.5m和水下2m处理植株的净光合速率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率降低,但降低后的数值仍不低于甚至高于一些自然生长的未受水淹的植物物种。研究表明,野古草对水淹具有很好的耐受能力,是一种可以用于三峡库区消落区植被构建的优良植物物种。     

外源乙烯和醎萘乙酸对三峡库区岸生植物野古草和秋华柳茎通气组织形成的影响

为了探究乙烯和α-萘乙酸(α-NAA)是否是水淹环境条件下植物体内通气组织形成的直接原因,对三峡库区岸生植物野古草（Arundinella anomala）和秋华柳（Salix variegata） 在无水淹环境条件下施加乙烯利和α-NAA后茎中通气组织的形成情况进行了研究。实验分3种处理：单独用乙烯利溶液处理（浓度分别为0、250和500 mg●L^－1）、单独用α-NAA溶液处理（浓度分别为0、50和100 mg●L^－1）和二者混合处理（250 mg●L^－1乙烯利溶液 +50 mg●L^－1 α-NAA溶液）。处理5 d后,采用切片法制备其茎中部横切面切片,用E80i Nikon显微镜进行观察,并运用ACT-2U和Simple PCI软件分析野古草和秋华柳茎中通气组织的形成情况。结果显示：在这3种处理条件下,野古草和秋华柳茎中通气组织形成均有明显增强,并且较高浓度的乙烯利溶液促使茎通气组织形成更多,施加的α-NAA浓度越高,形成通气组织的能力越强;混合溶液处理与单独施加250 mg●L^－1乙烯利或单独施加50 mg●L^－1 NAA的处理相比,对通气组织形成的增强效应无明显差异。研究表明,在水淹条件下植物体内通气组织的发生与乙烯和生长素含量的增加有直接关系。     

外源乙烯和醎萘乙酸对三峡库区岸生植物野古草和秋华柳茎通气组织形成的影响

 为了探究乙烯和α-萘乙酸(α-NAA)是否是水淹环境条件下植物体内通气组织形成的直接原因,对三峡库区岸生植物野古草（Arundinella anomala）和秋华柳（Salix variegata） 在无水淹环境条件下施加乙烯利和α-NAA后茎中通气组织的形成情况进行了研究。实验分3种处理：单独用乙烯利溶液处理（浓度分别为0、250和500 mg●L^－1）、单独用α-NAA溶液处理（浓度分别为0、50和100 mg●L^－1）和二者混合处理（250 mg●L^－1乙烯利溶液 +50 mg●L^－1 α-NAA溶液）。处理5 d后,采用切片法制备其茎中部横切面切片,用E80i Nikon显微镜进行观察,并运用ACT-2U和Simple PCI软件分析野古草和秋华柳茎中通气组织的形成情况。结果显示：在这3种处理条件下,野古草和秋华柳茎中通气组织形成均有明显增强,并且较高浓度的乙烯利溶液促使茎通气组织形成更多,施加的α-NAA浓度越高,形成通气组织的能力越强;混合溶液处理与单独施加250 mg●L^－1乙烯利或单独施加50 mg●L^－1 NAA的处理相比,对通气组织形成的增强效应无明显差异。研究表明,在水淹条件下植物体内通气组织的发生与乙烯和生长素含量的增加有直接关系。     

长期水淹条件下香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的存活及生长响应

人工构建三峡库区消落区植被是控制消落区水土流失、保护消落区生态环境的重要措施,选择能够耐受长时间完全水淹的植物物种是该措施实施的关键.为了验证香根草、菖蒲、空心莲子草能否用于消落区植被的构建,实验模拟消落区的长期完全水淹条件,设置30d、60d、90d、120d、150d和180d等6个完全水淹时间水平,研究了3种植物在完全水淹条件下生长、生物量积累及存活状况.结果发现:(1)3种植物在经受长时间的完全水淹后有较高的存活率,180d全淹处理后,香根草、菖蒲和空心莲子草的存活率分别为87.5%、100%和50%.(2)这3种植物有不同的水下生长能力.全淹条件下,香根草生长缓慢,几乎没有产生新的叶片,总叶长也没有显著变化;菖蒲能够持续产生较对照植株更为细长的叶片,空心莲子草只在水淹初期(30d内)能够快速伸长地上部分的枝条,并迅速产生新叶片,但随水淹时间的延长,总枝条长及总叶片数没有再显著增加.(3)与对照植株相比,全淹处理抑制了3种植物总生物量的增加,但对3种植物的地上、地下部分生物量抑制程度不同.全淹条件下,香根草的地上部分和地下部分生物量与水淹0d水平(水淹处理开始前一天,下同)相比无显著变化,根冠比高于对照植株;菖蒲的地上部分生物量随水淹时间延长而降低,但却高于对照植株,地下部分生物量始终低于水淹0d水平,根冠比低于对照植株;空心莲子草的地上部分生物量与水淹0d水平相比无显著差异,但地下部分生物量与水淹0d水平相比大幅降低,根冠比低于对照植株.结果表明,这3种植物都有很强的水淹耐受能力,可应用于三峡库区消落区植被的构建.同时,发现植物对长期完全水淹的耐受能力很大程度上与植株在水下的生长情况及植株的营养储备水平相关,剧烈的水下生长会消耗大量的营养储备,进而造成植株存活率降低.植株在全淹条件下有限的生长能力及丰富的营养储备可能是耐淹物种的重要特征.     

饥饿和再投喂对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响

在温度18.2～20.6℃,盐度23～25,pH 7.96～8.14 的条件下,研究了饥饿和再投喂对青蛤幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响.结果表明:在饥饿状态下,幼虫具有生长现象,且随着饥饿时间的延长,壳长逐渐接近一个常值而不再生长;幼虫可以由面盘幼虫发育到足面盘幼虫.随饥饿时间延长存活率下降;且足面盘幼虫及其变态规格、单水管稚贝规格随着饥饿时间延长而减小;幼虫的不可逆点(PNR)为12.48d;延迟变态时间长达12.7d.饥饿后再投喂相同的时间,幼虫能够恢复生长,存活的幼虫能够变态;稚贝表现出补偿生长现象,以壳长作为衡量标准,完全补偿生长能力依次为:S10＞S11＞S12＞S1＞S2＞S3;超补偿生长能力依次为:S9＞S8＞S7＞S6＞S5＞S4.     

冬季水淹对秋华柳的开花物候及繁殖分配的影响

开花物候及繁殖分配是植物适应环境的重要因素,为了解长期冬季水淹对三峡库区耐淹物种秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)繁殖的影响,研究了长期冬季水淹条件下秋华柳的开花物候和繁殖分配情况。实验在2006年11月份设置了如下处理:对照,完全水淹(植株置于水中,顶部距水面2m)30,60,90,120d和150d。结果表明:(1)对照及各水淹处理的秋华柳花期都较长,在7-11月份持续开花,个体开花进程(开花振幅曲线)呈单峰曲线。(2)冬季水淹对秋华柳群体及个体的开花物候有显著影响。水淹时间越长,始花期越晚,花期持续时间越短(P0.05)。(3)长期冬季水淹下,秋华柳显著降低了繁殖分配比例和全株生物量及单株花序数(P0.05)。(4)开花物候指数与繁殖分配的相关分析表明:始花时间越晚的个体,花期持续时间越短。花期持续时间越短的个体花序数越少,致使繁殖分配越小。总的来说,冬季水淹下,秋华柳通过推迟开花日期、缩短花期持续时间使繁殖分配比例降低,将更多的资源分配到生存力上,是秋华柳对长期冬季水淹的一种适应。同时,在长期冬季水淹后,秋华柳仍保持一定的开花繁殖能力,是其在应用于三峡水库消落区植被构建后产生后代延续种群的前提条件。     

三峡库区河岸植物野古草(Arundinella anomala var. depauperata Keng)茎通气组织发生对水淹的响应

野古草(Arundinella anomala var. depauperata Keng)在三峡库区长江及其支流江(河)岸有广泛分布,对水淹有很好的耐受能力.有研究表明许多植物在水淹时通气组织发生增强,通气组织的产生改善了植株通气状况,提高了植物对水淹的抵御能力.为了研究水淹是否会影响野古草的通气组织发生以及野古草通气组织发生对水淹的反应,考察了不同水淹深度、不同水淹时间和不同水淹方式处理时野古草茎中通气组织的发生情况.实验中共设置3个水淹深度:不进行水淹(对照)、植株地下部分淹没、植株完全淹没于水下2m深处;5个淹没时间:植株被淹没的时间长度分别为5、10、20、30d和60d;2种水淹方式:连续水淹和间歇水淹.实验结果表明:(1)在无水淹情况下野古草茎中可以产生通气组织,通气组织产生随植株的生长而增强;水淹加快了野古草通气组织发生的进程,促进了野古草通气组织的提前发生.(2)野古草茎中通气组织并不会因为水淹的时间越长而产生越多,植株通气组织的大小达到一定程度后不再因水淹时间的增长而继续增大.(3)淹没深度对通气组织发生有一定影响,总的看来,地下部分淹没野古草植株的通气组织发生要强于完全淹没植株.(4)不同水淹方式对野古草通气组织发生的影响因水淹深度不同而有差异.在完全淹没情况下,连续水淹植株的通气组织比间歇水淹植株的通气组织发达;在地下部分淹没情况下,除水淹初期外,随水淹时间的延长,连续水淹植株通气组织发生与间歇水淹植株没有差异.     

Ecology of Salix variegata seed germination: Implications for species distribution and conservation in the Three Gorges region

The Three Gorges Project in China has brought significant changes to the region's riparian environment, posing serious challenges to biodiversity conservation. Salix variegata is a native shrub distributed on riverbanks in the Three Gorges reservoir region, and has important ecological function in the community. In this study, we studied the ecology of seed germination of S. variegata as efforts to understand its spatial distribution and develop conservation strategies. We found that soil type, soil moisture content and temperature all had significant effects on seed germination in S. variegata. Germination rate increased with the increasing soil moisture, while decreased in over-saturated soil. The germination rate in riverbank sand was higher than in sandy soil and clay loam. The optimal temperature for seed germination was 24 °C, under which 100% of germination was reached in 7 days. Seed viability and germination declined significantly with time after being released from fruits. The results suggest that soil moisture is the determining factor on seed germination, and influenced distribution of S. variegata. The tributary riverbanks above 175 m in the Three Gorges reservoir region can be used for the conservation of the species, as their fluvial patterns should have not been disturbed by the hydropower project.     

Effects of simulated submergence on survival and recovery growth of three species in water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges reservoir

Paspalum distichum, Cynodon dactylon and Hemarthria altissima distribute widely in natural water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges region. To investigate whether they are suitable for growing in the artificial water fluctuation zone, which has longer submergence time and different submergence rhythm, of the Three Gorges reservoir, three complete submergence depths (0.5, 1 and 2 m) were conducted for about 6 months (from 12 November 2007 to 30 April 2008), and the survival and recovery growth of the three species were recorded after re-emergence for two weeks. The three species could start recovery growth within one week and more than 50% plants could survive. Among the three species, P. distichum had the largest increments in branch number and maximum stem length, and the smallest root shoot ratio. C. dactylon, however, had the smallest maximum stem length increment, and its survival and branch number increment were both larger than those of H. altissima. For C. dactylon and H. altissima, the survival and branch number increment significantly increased, while maximum stem length increment tended to decrease when submergence depth went higher. For P. distichum, the survival and the shoot mass were the lowest after 2 m submergence depth, but the other parameters were not different among different submergence treatments. Compared with control plants, submergence increased root shoot ratio of C. dactylon and H. altissima, but did not affect that of P. distichum. These results demonstrated that the three species are submergence-tolerant and can be applied in vegetation reconstruction in water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges reservoir. Meanwhile, the results also suggested that the three species developed different survival tactics during the long-term submergence.     

Effects of simulated submergence on survival and recovery growth of three species in water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges reservoir

Paspalum distichum, Cynodon dactylon and Hemarthria altissima distribute widely in natural water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges region. To investigate whether they are suitable for growing in the artificial water fluctuation zone, which has longer submergence time and different submergence rhythm, of the Three Gorges reservoir, three complete submergence depths (0.5, 1 and 2 m) were conducted for about 6 months (from 12 November 2007 to 30 April 2008), and the survival and recovery growth of the three species were recorded after re-emergence for two weeks. The three species could start recovery growth within one week and more than 50% plants could survive. Among the three species, P. distichum had the largest increments in branch number and maximum stem length, and the smallest root shoot ratio. C. dactylon, however, had the smallest maximum stem length increment, and its survival and branch number increment were both larger than those of H. altissima. For C. dactylon and H. altissima, the survival and branch number increment significantly increased, while maximum stem length increment tended to decrease when submergence depth went higher. For P. distichum, the survival and the shoot mass were the lowest after 2 m submergence depth, but the other parameters were not different among different submergence treatments. Compared with control plants, submergence increased root shoot ratio of C. dactylon and H. altissima, but did not affect that of P. distichum. These results demonstrated that the three species are submergence-tolerant and can be applied in vegetation reconstruction in water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges reservoir. Meanwhile, the results also suggested that the three species developed different survival tactics during the long-term submergence.     

Unnatural flooding alters the functional diversity of riparian vegetation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

1. The response of riparian vegetation to flow regulation has been a research focus for decades. Several studies have shed light on the effects of flow stabilisation on riparian woody species, but other life forms exposed to intensified inundation have been overlooked. Furthermore, studies from a functional perspective are scarce.
2. We evaluated the functional response of riparian vegetation along the shores of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the Yangtze River in China to unnaturally long annual flooding (>7 months) after the first year of filling. We aimed to answer the following: (1) can we derive well-defined flow-response guilds from the riparian zones of the Yangtze River? and (2) which plant traits and guilds are favoured or disfavoured by the unnaturally long flooding environment?
3. Woody and herbaceous species were inventoried in 12 reaches along the shorelines of the Three Gorges Reservoir and another 12 reaches along the free-flowing Yangtze River. We performed a cluster analysis to derive riparian guilds using abundance data (projective coverage) from 40 riparian plant species and 13 responsive traits. Structural composition and functional diversity of the unnaturally and naturally flooded riparian vegetation were compared.
4. Unnaturally long flooding substantially reduced species richness, but it did not change the riparian vegetation cover. This novel flooding reduced functional diversity, mostly owing to the loss of stress-tolerant woody species and competitive perennial herbs. However, competitive annual herbs and flood-tolerant riparian herbs, as the most abundant functional guilds, were favoured even under such long-term hypoxic conditions.
5. These guilds under regulation revealed a high functional resilience to prolonged flooding along the upstream reaches of the Yangtze River. Flooding tolerance and the capacity to synchronise germination and growth with short-exposure periods underlie the plant species changes. Our findings are useful for anticipating the effects of long-lasting inundation on riparian areas triggered by flow regulation or warmer climates. The functional perspective lends confidence that our conclusions can be generalised to other geographical regions despite not sharing the same species pool. Finally, the plant species that showed a high flooding tolerance should be considered for the restoration of riparian areas affected by the Three Gorges Reservoir.