两种肠内营养制剂血糖指数的测定

测定一种糖尿病专用肠内营养制剂(EN1)和一种纤维型匀浆膳(EN2)的血糖指数。12名健康成年人随机分为EN1组和EN2组,分别在不连续的3d内测定口服相当于含有50g碳水化合物的EN1或EN2及50g葡糖糖后引起的血糖反应,计算EN1和EN2的血糖指数。结果显示,EN1的血糖指数为44.58±3.82,EN2的血糖指数为50.33±3.42。结果表明,EN1和EN2均属低血糖指数食物,可用于糖尿病患者饮食。     

饮食限制延长寿命的遗传机制

饮食限制(Dietary restriction,DR)有效延长了哺乳动物的寿命,也使许多年龄依赖性疾病的发病率降低且延缓其进展。理解饮食限制引起长寿的遗传机制,会对将来处理衰老相关的医疗问题产生深远影响。然而直到最近人们对后生动物的这些机制几乎仍一无所知。通过理解能量感知和寿命控制遗传基础的最新进展,在酵母、无脊椎动物和哺乳动物中,已开始解决这个难题。越来越多的证据表明,后生动物大脑在感应饮食限制和促进寿命延长中起关键作用,因此文章综述了近来后生动物DR长寿的调解因子与DR长寿的基因和神经调节机制及有关理论的进展。     

Mechanistically linking age-related diseases and dietary carbohydrate via autophagy and the ubiquitin proteolytic systems

Epidemiological data indicate that consuming diets that deliver sugar to the blood rapidly (called high glycemic index, GI) is associated with enhanced risk for age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These debilities are associated with accumulation of toxic protein aggregates as observed in other protein precipitation or amyloid diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases and encephalopathies. Barriers to recommending lower-GI diets to promote health include the absence of established intracellular biochemical mechanisms that link high-GI diets to compromised homeostasis. The data herein corroborate the epidemiological findings and provide platforms to elucidate additional mechanistic aspects of salutary effects of consuming diets of different GIs. They are also useful for testing drugs, including autophagy enhancers, glycemia regulators, or nutraceuticals, which can be exploited to extend health.     

Enhancement of carbohydrates in a methylotrophic yeast

The use of methylotrophic yeasts has been suggested for recycling CO₂ to human food in extended space missions. Since the human diet requires higher carbohydrate levels than those normally found in microbes, attempts were made to increase the levels of storage carbohydrates, principally glycogen, through cultural and genetic methods. The effect of defining cultural conditions for the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha resulted in increasing the storage carbohydrate content of the dry weight of the cells from 30 to 46%. During this analysis, a growth requirement for potassium was discovered. Several mutant strains were selected for high glycogen storage on plates and analysed for storage carbohydrate levels in submerged culture. These strains exhibited an additional 4–16% increase in the levels of storage carbohydrates over the parent strain in stationary phase. One strain was also able to store excess carbohydrate during exponential growth at levels 10% above the parent strain. Through a combination of cultural control and genetic modification, carbohydrate levels in this yeast were raised to 60% of the cell dry weight. Through additional genetic selection these levels are likely to be increased even further.     

Mechanistically linking age-related diseases and dietary carbohydrate via autophagy and the ubiquitin proteolytic systems

Epidemiological data indicate that consuming diets that deliver sugar to the blood rapidly (called high glycemic index, GI) is associated with enhanced risk for age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These debilities are associated with accumulation of toxic protein aggregates as observed in other protein precipitation or amyloid diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases and encephalopathies. Barriers to recommending lower-GI diets to promote health include the absence of established intracellular biochemical mechanisms that link high-GI diets to compromised homeostasis. The data herein corroborate the epidemiological findings and provide platforms to elucidate additional mechanistic aspects of salutary effects of consuming diets of different GIs. They are also useful for testing drugs, including autophagy enhancers, glycemia regulators, or nutraceuticals, which can be exploited to extend health.     

Dietary fibers as emerging nutritional factors against diabetes: focus on the involvement of gut microbiota

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and other secondary complications, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, etc. The important risk factors for the pathogenesis of DM are aging, family history, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity. Evidence from epidemiological studies also indicates that DM is characterized by specific alterations in the human gut microbiota (GM). GM transplantation in rodents and humans revealed that a specific GM constituent can be the cause and not just the consequence of the DM condition and complications. These findings suggest a potential role of GM in human health, disease prevention, and treatment. Dietary intervention studies using dietary fibers (DFs) suggested that modulation of the GM can suppress the metabolic risk markers in humans. However, a causal role of GM in such studies remains unexplored. Long-term follow-up studies disclosed that the diet rich in insoluble and non-viscous fibers are responsible for DF-mediated antidiabetic activities, while soluble and viscous fibers have little influence on DM despite having a profound impact on glycemia. However, general conclusions cannot be drawn simply based on these findings. Long-term follow-up studies are urgently required in this area to explore the therapeutic potential of different DFs in treating DM and to delineate the exact role of GM involvement. Here we review and discuss the signature of GM during DM, antidiabetic activity of metformin via GM modulation, DFs from different sources and their antidiabetic activity, and the possible role of GM involvement.     

Dietary restriction enhances germline stem cell maintenance

Dietary restriction (DR) increases lifespan in species ranging from yeast to primates, maintaining tissues in a youthful state and delaying reproductive senescence. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which this occurs. Here we demonstrate that, concurrent with extending lifespan, DR attenuates the age‐related decline in male germline stem cell (GSC) number in Drosophila. These data support a model whereby DR enhances maintenance of GSCs to extend the reproductive period of animals subjected to adverse nutritional conditions. This represents the first example of DR maintaining an adult stem cell pool and suggests a potential mechanism by which DR might delay aging in the tissues of higher organisms.     

Alterations of markers related to synaptic function in aging rat brain, in normal conditions or under conditions of long-term dietary manipulation

Neurochemical alterations of markers related to synaptic function are potential candidates for age-related impairment of brain function and cognition. The process of aging, including brain aging, can be counteracted to some degree by maintaning animals in long-term conditions of caloric restriction, or supplementing their diet with antioxidant substances. We report here that the age-related decline of the cholinergic and GABAergic systems, that takes place in some CNS regions of aged rats, is not affected by maintaining them under conditions of dietary restriction and, therefore, of reduced calorie intake, from the 12th to the 30th month of age. We also notice the same lack of effect by adding, during the same period, the aging rat diet with the potential antioxidant substance, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The same dietary manipulations are also unable to counteract the derangement of the first step of the main biosynthetic pathway for polyamines, putative neuromodulators in the CNS, that occurs in the aged spinal cord. Some age-related alterations in the expression of different subunits of the NMDA-type glutamate receptors in some CNS regions of aged rats were instead, at least in some cases, counteracted by long-term dietary manipulation.     

Lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans by complete removal of food

A partial reduction in food intake has been found to increase lifespan in many different organisms. We report here a new dietary restriction regimen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, based on the standard agar plate lifespan assay, in which adult worms are maintained in the absence of a bacterial food source. These findings represent the first report in any organism of lifespan extension in response to prolonged starvation. Removal of bacterial food increases lifespan to a greater extent than partial reduction of food through a mechanism that is distinct from insulin/IGF-like signaling and the Sir2-family deacetylase, SIR-2.1. Removal of bacterial food also increases lifespan when initiated in postreproductive adults, suggesting that dietary restriction started during middle age can result in a substantial longevity benefit that is independent of reproduction.