饥饿对杂交鲟仔鱼摄食、生长和体成分的影响

仔鱼期是鱼类生活史中最脆弱,对环境条件最敏感的时期,饥饿是导致此阶段仔鱼死亡的主要原因之一,也是海洋鱼类补充量研究的焦点之一。殷名称曾指出采用饥饿研究的方法,可以确定仔鱼的初次摄食期和不可逆点(Point of no return),这对于鱼类苗种培育和人工养殖具有十分重要的意义。最近,王吉桥等、宋昭彬等开始将饥饿研究应用于多种淡水鱼类仔鱼。然而,有关鲟类仔鱼的饥饿研究至今未见报道。       

短期饥饿胁迫对鲵鱼生化组成、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成的影响

在水温(22±1)℃条件下,研究了短期饥饿胁迫对我(鲵)鱼幼鱼生化组成、脂肪酸和氨基酸的影响.幼鱼分别饥饿Od(S0)、饥饿3d(S3)、饥饿6d(S6)、饥饿9d(S9)、饥饿12d(S12)和饥饿15d(S15).结果表明:鱼体内的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类随着饥饿时间的延长而逐渐降低,而水分和灰分随着饥饿时间的延长而逐渐升高.饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)显著下降(P＜0.05);而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)呈先上升趋势.(鲵)鱼幼鱼短期饥饿胁迫过程中,首先利用饱和脂肪酸,然后利用低不饱和脂肪酸,最后才动用高不饱和脂肪酸.双键位置不同的脂肪酸在饥饿过程中的损失速度也有差异,具体为n-9 PUFA＞n-6 PUFA＞n-3 PUFA.S0主要氨基酸为天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸.经过不同时间饥饿后,氨基酸总量和必须氨基酸总量显著下降,与S0组均差异显著(p＜0.05),但S9、S12和S15的基酸总量和必须氨基酸总量差异性不显著(p＞0.05).     

培养条件对钝顶螺旋藻(Sp)NS-90020脂肪酸组成和含量的影响

研究了不同培养条件对钝顶螺旋藻（Sp）NS－90020脂肪酸合成的影响。随着温度升高,其不饱和脂肪酸,γ一亚麻酸（GLA）相对含量降低,总脂肪酸含量升高,当温度为40℃时总脂肪酸和γ-亚麻酸绝对含量都达到最大值,分别为73．4mg／g干重和11．9mg／g干重;当培养基中NaCl浓度高于0．017mol／L时,其GLA相对含量降低,但低于0．0017mol／L时,对其脂肪酸组成无显著影响;氨水使其脂肪酸和GLA绝对含量升高,并在50mgN（NH3·H2O）时达到最大值,分别为67．96mg／g干重和13．63mg／g千重;暗处理92h使其总脂肪酸和GLA绝对含量升高;缺乏Fe2 或Mg2 或Mo2 时,其总脂肪酸和GLA绝对含量降低,而缺乏PO43-时,其总脂肪酸和GLA绝对含量略有升高。     

培养条件对钝顶螺旋藻(Sp)NS-90020脂肪酸组成和含量的影响

研究了不同培养条件对钝顶螺旋藻（Ｓｐ）ＮＳ－９００２０脂肪酸合成的影响,随着温度升高,其不饱和脂肪酸,γ－亚麻酸（ＧＬＡ）相对含量降低,总脂肪酸含量升高,当温度为４０℃时总脂肪酸和γ－亚麻酸绝对含量都是达到最大值,分别为７３．４ｍｇ／ｇ干重和１１．９ｍｇ／ｇ干重,当培养基中ＮａＣｌ浓度高于０．０１７ｍｇ／Ｌ时,其ＧＬＡ相对含量降低,但低于０．００１７ｍｏｇ／Ｌ时,对其脂肪酸组成无显著影响;氨水使其     

氮源及其浓度对三角褐指藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

为了研究氮源的类型和浓度对微藻脂肪酸组成的影响 ,用含有不同浓度NO3 -、NH4 、NH2 CONH2 的培养基 ,对三角褐指藻 (Phaeodactylumtricornutum)进行了培养 ,并测定了其生长和脂肪酸组成。结果表明 ,培养基中不添加氮源时 ,三角褐指藻生长缓慢 ,但多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs)和C18脂肪酸 (C18∶0 ,C18∶2 (n -6) ,C18∶3 (n -6) )占总脂肪酸的比例较高 ;氮浓度较低 (<1 8mmol/L)时 ,三角褐指藻以NH4 为氮源 ,生长较快 ;氮浓度较高 (>3 5mmol/L)时 ,以NH2 CONH2 为氮源 ,生长较快。以NH4 或NH2 CONH2 为氮源时 ,EPA(Eicosapentaenoicacid)和PUFAs占总脂肪酸的比例随着其浓度的增加而上升 ;而以NO3 -为氮源时 ,EPA和PUFAs随着NO3 -浓度增加先上升后下降 ,最适NO3 -浓度为 1 8mmol/L ,此时的EPA占总脂肪酸的比例为 16 7%。EPA占干重 (w/w)的比例 ,不管是哪种氮源 ,均随着氮浓度的增加而升高 ,但是在 0 9— 3 5mmol/L之间 ,3种氮源间EPA含量差异不显著。当氮源浓度为 7 0mmol/L时 ,以NH2 CONH2 为氮源 ,EPA和PUFAs含量最高 ,分别为 2 6 %和 4 4 %。PUFAs占干重的比例随着NO3 -浓度增加而下降 ,随NH2 CONH2 浓度增加而升高 ,而受NH4 浓度变化的影响不显著。     

ELF MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PHOSPHOLIPID FRACTION AND REPRODUCTION OF RATS' TESTES

In this study, we investigated how rat reproductive cells, testosterone, and the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of rats' testis cells are affected by extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF). The change in fatty acid composition of the membrane phospholipid fraction can be the mechanism for this effect. We used a total of 26 male Wistar Albino rats, 14 experimental, and 12 controls. The experimental group rats were exposed to a magnetic field (0.8 mT) for 5 weeks, 3 hr per day. The control group rats were kept between inactive coils. After 5 weeks, the testis tissues and sperm cells of all rats were histopathologically investigated and sperm counts determined. Epididymal sperm count did not change compared to the control group (p>.05). Besides this, amorphous head, banana-like head, hammer head, coiled tail, abnormal mid-piece and tail, multiple, and cytoplasmic-droplet type cell numbers did not change in either group (p>.05). However, a statistical difference was found between the control and experimental groups with respect to head with lack of hook and isolated head type sperm (p<.05). In addition, testosterone levels were also found to be altered (p<.05). In the histopathologic investigation of testis tissue, decreased spermatogenesis in some seminiferous tubules, congestion in blood vessels of the interstitium, and increases in interstitial edema and Sertoli cells were observed. Leydig cells were found to be normal in appearance. The fatty acid of the testis cell membrane phospholipids was decreased in the experimental group with respect to the control group.     

稀有(鱼句)鲫的脂肪酸组成

稀有(鱼句)鲫汉源种群和彭州种群全鱼中共检测到3种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),它们是C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0.4种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA),它们是C14∶1、C16∶1、C18∶1、C20∶1.4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),它们是C18∶2、C20∶4、C20∶5(EPA)、C22∶6(DHA).SFA 占总脂肪酸的23.63-28.97%,MUFA 占40.73-54.32%,PUFA 占9.96-23.17%,EPA占0.41-1.74%,DHA占0.11-5.37%.EPA 含量一般低于 DHA.UFA(MUFA+PUFA)%＞SFA%,且 MUFA%＞PUFA%,n-3FA/n-6FA为0.33-0.99.此外还测定了鱼肌、内脏脂肪、肝脏、性腺等的脂肪酸组成和含量.     

稀有鮈鲫的脂肪酸组成

稀有鲫汉源种群和彭州种群全鱼中共检测到 3种饱和脂肪酸 (SFA) ,它们是C1 4∶0、C1 6∶0、C1 8∶0。 4种单不饱和脂肪酸 (MUFA) ,它们是C1 4∶1、C1 6∶1、C1 8∶1、C2 0∶1。 4种多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA) ,它们是C1 8∶2、C2 0∶4、C2 0∶5 (EPA)、C2 2∶6 (DHA)。SFA占总脂肪酸的2 3 6 3— 2 8 97% ,MUFA占 40 73— 5 4 3 2 % ,PUFA占 9 96— 2 3 1 7% ,EPA占 0 41— 1 74% ,DHA占 0 1 1— 5 3 7%。EPA含量一般低于DHA。UFA(MUFA +PUFA) % >SFA % ,且MUFA % >PUFA % ,n 3FA/n 6FA为 0 3 3— 0 99。此外还测定了鱼肌、内脏脂肪、肝脏、性腺等的脂肪酸组成和含量     

INFLUENCE OF IRRADIANCE ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON1

Eight species of marine phytoplankton commonly used in aquaculture were grown under a range of photon flux densities (PEDs) and analyzed for their fatty acid (FA) composition. Fatty and composition changed considerably at different PFDs although no consistent correlation between the relative proportion of a single FA and μ or chl a · cell^?1 was apparent. Within an individual species the percentage of certain fatty acids covaried with PFDs, growth rate and/or chl a · cell^?1. The light conditions which produced the greatest proportion of the essential fatty acids was species specific. Eicosapentaenoic acid. 20:5ω3 increased from 6.1% to 15.5% of the total fatty acids of Chaetoceros simplex Ostenfield grown at PFDs which decreased from 225 μE · m^?2· s^?1 to 6 μE · m^?2· s^?1, respectively. Most species had their greatest proportion of 20: 5ω3 at low levels of irradiance. Conversely, docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6ω3, decreased from 9.7% to 3.6% of the total fatty acids in Pavlova lutheri Droop as PFD decreased. The percentage of 22:6ω3 generally decreased with decreasing irradiances. In all diatoms the percentage of 16:0 was significantly correlated with PFD, and in three of five diatoms, with growth rate (μ). Results suggest that fatty acid composition is a highly dynamic component of cellular physiology, which responds significantly to variation in PFD.     

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF ETHANOLAMINE PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES IN MYELIN AND SYNAPTOSOMAL PLASMA MEMBRANES

Abstract— Three dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA), 3 0, 0 75 and 0 07 calorie-% were fed to rats for two generations or more. Myelin was isolated at the ages of 18, 30, 45 and 120 days and synaptosomal plasma membranes at 18, 30 and 45 days. No difference was found in the lipid composition between the dietary groups in either subcellular fraction. The fatty acid patterns of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) were analysed. In myelin the proportions of 18:1 and 20:1 increased with age, while those of 20:4 (n-6) and 22:6 (n-3) decreased, in synaptosomal plasma membranes the proportions of 20:4 (n-6) decreased with age, but 22:6 (n-3) increased and the sum of the polyunsaturated fatty acids was constant. At no age were significant differences found between the proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, in either myelin or the synaptosomal plasma membrane fraction, when the different dietary groups were compared. In myelin from rats fed 007 calorie-% EFA the proportions of 20:4 (n-6) were slightly lower than in the two other groups, while those of 22 6 (n-3) were considerably lower. The synaptosomal plasma membranes fraction of rats fed O-07 calorie-% EFA had equal or slightly larger amounts of 20:4 (n-6) than in the two other groups, while 22:6 (n-3) was considerably smaller. In both subcellular fractions the decreased proportion of fatty acids of linoleic and linolenic acid series was compensated for by an increase in 20:3 (n-9) and 22:3 (n-9). The sum of these two fatty acids was equal in the EPG of myelin and synaptosomal plasma membranes at 18 days of age. At 30 and 45 days of age a lower value was found in the synaptosomal plasma membranes, while in the myelin fraction a slight decrease was found only at 120 days of age.     

EFFECT OF HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF LIPIDS OF RAT BRAIN MYELIN

Abstract— We have studied the fatty acid compositions of cerebral myelin lipids in phenyl-alanine-treated and control rats. The proportion of long chain fatty acids and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of whole brain lipids was low in the penylalanine-treated animals. Both of these reductions were more pronounced in the myelin from phenylalanine-treated rats. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in ethanolamine phosphatides was markedly decreased in the hyperphenylalaninemic condition. The reduction in the proportion of long chain fatty acids was predominant in non-hydroxy fatty acids in cerebrosides and ethanolamine phosphatides. The lipid composition of the myelin expressed as mole percentages of individual phospholipid and sphingolipid components was not significantly different in the two groups of rats, nor did it change with age. Our results indicate a deficiency in the fatty acid elongation and desaturation system in the brains of phenylalanine-treated rats. We suggest that in hyperphenylalaninemic rats, a reduction in the amounts of unsaturated fatty acid and long chain fatty acid alters, respectively, the biochemical reactivity and the stability of the myelin.     

渗透胁迫对棉花根和下胚轴PM脂肪酸组分和ATPase的影响

实验结果表明：棉花根和下胚轴ＰＭ脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸（１６：０）,硬脂酸（１８：０）,亚油酸（１８：２）和亚麻酸（１８：３）组成。用－０．３ＭＰａ和－１．１ＭＰａ根际胁迫,棉花根和下胚轴ＰＭ饱和脂肪酸含量增加,不饱和脂肪酸和不饱和指数（ＩＵＦＡ）降低,这几种组分中棕榈酸含量上升较大,亚麻酸含量下降较大。胁迫处理使膜透性增高,脂肪酸组分发生变化,致使ＰＭ Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ＾＋＋－ＡＴＰ－ａｓ     

EFFECTS OF VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE. II. ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF EIGHT SPECIES OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

Eight species of marine phytoplankton showed significant variation in the relative amount of some fatty acids (FAs) in response to variation in temperature. Large changes in relative amounts of certain FAs occurred as a result of a 15° C change in growth temperature. For example, 14:0 increased from ?4% of total FAs at 10° C to > 20% at 25° C for Chaetoceros simplex and Isochrysis aff. galbana but decreased for Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The percentage of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 16:ω1 was consistently greater at 10° C than at 25° C, and the converse was usually true for 16: 4ω3. Calculated over all eight species, there was a modest but significant inverse relationship between the percentage of PUFAs and temperature. Only for Thalassiosira pseudonana was the percentage of either of the PUFAs and nutritionally essential fatty acids (EFAs) also an inverse function of temperature. For T. pseudonana, the percentage of the EFA 22:6ω3 decreased linearly with increasing temperature over the range from 10 to 25° C. For three species, the ratio of unsaturated/saturated FAs was correlated with growth rate when growth rate was controlled by variation in irradiance and temperature. Only for Thalassiosira pseudonana was the ratio of unsaturated/saturated FAs also an inverse function of temperature alone.     

饲料脂肪水平对杂交鲟幼鱼生长、饲料消化率、抗氧化水平和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

研究旨在探究饲料中不同脂肪水平对西伯利亚杂交鲟(Acipenser baerii Brandt♀×A. schrenckii Brandt♂)幼鱼生长、饲料消化率、血清生化指标及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油为脂肪源,配制4种脂肪水平分别为5%(D05)、10%(D10)、15%(D15)和20%(D20)的等氮饲料。选用初始体重为(152.83±0.67) g的杂交鲟,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼。养殖周期为12周。结果显示,饲料中不同脂肪水平对杂交鲟的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中, D15组杂交鲟幼鱼的末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于D05、D10和D20组(P<0.05),饲料效率(FE)显著高于D05和D10组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中脂肪含量的增加,杂交鲟幼鱼脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)及肌肉、肝脏中的脂肪含量显著上升(P<0.05)。饲料中不同脂肪水平对干物质(ADCd)、蛋白质(ADCp)表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。D10、D15和D20组脂肪表观消化率(ADCf)显...     

越冬胁迫对草鱼抗氧化能力及脂肪酸组成的影响

为了探讨草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)越冬期间氧化应激状况及其与组织脂肪酸比例变化的关联性,将草鱼[初始体重(1053.33±16.11) g]分别置于室外水泥培育池,自然越冬处理0、1周、2周、4周、8周、12周和16周后,进行生物学性状指标,肝胰脏、肌肉、前肠、脂肪组织和血清抗氧化能力指标及肝胰脏、肌肉、脂肪组织脂肪酸比例的测定,同时进行了抗氧化能力指标与脂肪酸比例间的关联性分析。结果表明,在越冬期间,草鱼机体体重、肝胰脏重量、肥满度、肝体比、脏体比、肠体比和腹腔脂肪指数均发生显著下降(P<0.05);但是肾指数和脾指数显著上升(P>0.05)。氧化胁迫应激最大的3个组织分别是脂肪组织、肝胰脏和肌肉。肝胰脏PUFA比例对总体脂肪酸比例产生了主要的影响(主成分载荷特征值>0.5),肌肉C18:2n-6和C16:0比例对总体脂肪酸组成产生主要影响,脂肪组织中的PUFA、n-6PUFA、SFA和MUFA比例对总体脂肪酸比例产生了主要影响;关联分析表明草鱼脂肪组织中SFA在越冬期间供应能量同时,与氧化应激乃至机体损伤显示正相关关联性,肌肉中PUF...     

冷冻干燥条件下酿酒酵母细胞脂肪酸组成变化的研究

以气相色谱法测定酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cereuisiae) F159细胞膜类脂中脂肪酸的组成。结果表明,在低温干燥条件下,酿酒酵母细胞能自身调节脂肪酸的不饱和度,出现C_(16:1)脂肪酸含量增加,C_(16:0)脂肪酸含量略有所增,而C_(18:0)脂肪酸含量却有下降,不饱和直链脂肪酸之和与饱和直链脂肪酸之和的比值增加。说明这些变化使酿酒酵母细胞膜保持流动状态而维持细胞的稳定性和活性。初步探讨了冷冻干燥对酿酒酵母细胞脂肪酸组成的影响,为进一步探索和研究微生物抗冷冻干燥生理生化机制提供了依据。     

EFFECT OF LIGHT CYCLE ON DIATOM FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY1

Quantitative cytological and fatty acid composition was determined for the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz, Data from four separate experiments were examined to elucidate changes that may occur with respect to daily photoperiod. Overall, fatty acid composition is similar to that reported for other diatoms with the exception that the C16 fatty acids constitute approximately 70% of all fatty acids. The major fatty acids are C14:0, 16:1, 16:0, 18:0, and 20:5. Fatty acids that are present in minor amounts are iso-14:0, iso-15:0, 15:0, 17:0, 18:4, 18:2, 18:1, 19:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 23:0. Cytological composition is similar to that previously reported with the chloroplast and vacuole being the largest compartments within the cell. Changes in both cytological and fatty acid composition were studied with respect to the light / dark cycle. Chloroplast and lipid relative volume are greatest during the early part of the dark period. Nuclear relative volume is lowest in the dark and increases throughout the light period. Total unsaturated fatty acids, including the C20:5 fatty acid, are lowest in the early part of the light period and highest in the dark. The sum of the C16 fatty acids remains constant at 70% of total fatty acids in the cells throughout the light/dark cycle, although percent composition of these two fatty acids shifts. The data suggest that cyclical changes occur in both quantitative morphology and fatty acids composition with respect to daily photoperiod. The cells, although not rigidly synchronized, most likely divide in the latter part of the dark period or in the first hours of the light period. Lipids increase dramatically in the dark. The ecological implications of lipid storage are discussed in relation to lipophilic toxicants.     

植物多糖抗肿瘤作用与机理研究——Ⅲ、茯苓多糖(PPS)和刺五加多糖(ASPS)对S180细胞膜脂肪酸组成的影响

我们先前的研究表明,植物多糖抑制体外培养的小鼠肉瘤S180细胞增殖并使细胞膜磷脂含量减少,同时抑制膜磷脂酰肌醇转换。为进一步探讨植物多糖与膜磷脂的关系,本文采用毛细管柱气相色谱法分析了茯苓多糖(PPS)、刺五加多糖(ASPS)与S180细胞一同温育24h后,细胞膜磷脂和中性脂的脂肪酸组成变化,发现中性脂的脂肪酸组成和不饱和性不受影响,磷脂的脂肪酸组成发生明显改变,花生四烯酸(C(20:4))和豆蔻酸(C(14:0))降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),与用作阳性药物对照的氨甲喋呤作用相似。本文对膜磷脂脂肪酸组成变化的意义结合先前的实验结果进行了讨论,认为在PPS、ASPS的抗肿瘤机理中,细胞膜磷脂生化特性的改变是重要环节。