高效液相色谱法测芽孢杆菌的DNAG Cmol%

以往细菌分类鉴定都是以表形特征为基础 ,近年来开始对细菌的遗传物质进行研究 ,把细菌分类从人为的分类体系向自然的分类体系推进了一步。最先采用的方法是ＤＮＡＧ Ｃｍｏｌ%的测定。每种细菌都有其特定的Ｇ Ｃｍｏｌ% ,而且其数值比较稳定 ,不受菌龄影响 ,也不因外界条件的改变而改变。据经验 ,一个种内各菌株间的Ｇ Ｃｍｏｌ%不应相差5 %以上 ,同一属不同种Ｇ Ｃｍｏｌ%不应相差1 5 %以上。Ｇ Ｃｍｏｌ%用于芽孢杆菌分类 ,揭示了芽孢杆菌遗传上的异源性 ,结合其他方法 ,芽孢杆菌分类已由原来的一个属 ,发展到现在的七个属。本实验利…     

天山托木尔峰和其他来源的细菌数值分类

将分离自天山托木尔峰样品中的细菌和其他来源的细菌共268株,分为中温芽孢杆菌、高温(55℃生长)芽孢杆菌、革兰氏Bu性杆菌和革兰氏阴性杆菌四群进行传统分类和数值分类。结粜表明：数值分类不但和传统分类基本一致,而且还有其独具的优越性。两群芽孢杆菌都基本上按种形成表观群,其中嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌甚至可分为三个亚群。这三个亚群或许相当于三个亚种或种。革兰氏阴性杆菌则部分菌株按种形成表观群,其余菌株则只能按属形成表观群。革兰氏阳性杆菌的传统分类和数值分类则不甚相符,不能依种或属形成明确的表观群。本文讨论了造成各群间差异的原因,井认为如测定性状选择恰当,数值分类法不但适用于分析各类细菌,而且在测定性状较多的情况下,较容易地根据质和置的差异,将不同类型的细菌归类,井能概括出各类群的鉴别特征来。     

新疆块根芍药(Paeonia anomala)内生细菌XJU-PA-1的鉴定及特性分析

目的:从新疆块根芍药(Paeonia anomala)内生菌中筛选出1株对植物病原菌有抑菌活性的内生菌并对其进行鉴定及特性分析.方法:采用琼脂扩散法进行抑菌实验,基于形态特征,生理生化特性,16S rDNA序列分析并G+C mol%含量对XJU-PA-1进行鉴定.结果:XJU-PA-1对玉米小班病菌和苹果半点落叶病菌有抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径都超过20mm.XJU-PA-1与DQ010109 Bacillus subtilis的16S rDNA序列的同源性达到100%,G+Cmol%含量为54.5%.结论:XJU-PA-1对两种致病菌有较强的抑菌能力,被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) ,在GenBank数据库的注册号为EU741698.     

一株A型肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

从四川成都、重庆、若尔盖,新疆乌鲁木齐,宁夏固原共采集土样319份进行肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌的分离。在若尔盖土样中分离到一株厌氧芽孢杆菌,按《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》(第八版)的方法进行了生物学测定、生理生化试验,并测定了其DNA中G+C mol为24．9％,鉴定为肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌,经血清学试验进一步鉴定为A型肉毒梭菌,编号为As-3。     

具有ACC脱氨酶活性的海滨锦葵(Kosteletzkya pentacarpos)内生细菌对小麦耐盐性的影响

从盐生植物海滨锦葵块根中分离内生细菌43株,经形态学特征和16S r DNA序列相结合的方法鉴定,分属10个种属,其中芽孢杆菌属是优势属,其次是假单胞菌属和农杆菌属,蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)是优势种。对海滨锦葵内生细菌ACC脱氨酶活性的测定显示,其中5种菌明显具有ACC脱氨酶活性。用筛选到的5种细菌接种盐胁迫下小麦根系并测定其对于小麦耐盐性的影响。结果表明,蜡样芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、地衣芽孢杆菌四种芽孢杆菌均能显著提高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的干物质重和叶绿素含量,并能显著提高保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,对盐胁迫的毒害有一定的缓解作用。绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)对小麦幼苗株高、根长、鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量和保护酶活性的提高也具有一定的作用。上述分析表明从海滨锦葵块根中分离出的5株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的内生细菌均能提高小麦幼苗的耐盐性。     

需氧芽孢杆菌分类学研究进展

随着细菌多相分类学技术的发展,需氧芽孢杆菌在分类及命名方面发生了很大的变化。本文总结了现有芽孢杆菌各属的确立依据及其模式种的特征。     

同工酶研究在嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌分类中的应用

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌是一个尚未被严格定义的种,它几乎包括芽孢杆菌属内所有能在65℃以上生长的细菌。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法对151株嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的9种酶(G6PDH、LDH、MDH、IDH、AlaDH、LeuDH、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、酯酶)的酶谱进行测定分析。根据其酶谱的差异,可将151株菌株分成两个类型。两型之间8个酶的13或14个基因产物的相异度约为91.8％,两型间的标准遗传距离是2.55。因此这两种类型的细菌也许可以被看作为两个不同的种。     

原料药生产使用溶剂对微生物生长的影响研究

目的研究原料药生产中使用到的溶剂对微生物生长情况的影响,为生产过程的微生物控制提供指导。方法分别取不同浓度的大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉、环境中G+球菌和G+芽孢杆菌分别加入到甲醇、乙醇、无水乙醇、二氯甲烷、氨水、乙腈、乙酸乙酯、丙酮溶剂中作用一段时间后,采用薄膜过滤法检测溶剂中存活的微生物数量。结论丙酮中各类菌均不能检出,其它各类溶剂中的大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌和环境中G+球菌均不能检出或微量检出;乙腈和乙酸乙酯中的黑曲霉能检出50%以上;除丙酮外各类溶剂中的环境G+芽孢杆菌均能检出10%以上。     

拮抗菌株Kc-t99的鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

通过传统分类与分子生物学技术相结合的方法对从京郊菜园土壤中分离筛选的拮抗菌株Kc-t99进行鉴定,并采用生物测定的方法评价其抑菌活性.结果表明,菌株Kc-t99的形态学特征和生理生化特性与枯草芽孢杆菌基本一致,其16S rDNA序列与GenBank中已鉴定的枯草芽孢杆菌的16S rDNA序列同源性高达98.06%,据此初步确定其为枯草芽孢杆菌.抑菌试验表明该菌株对供试的5种病原真菌和4种细菌均具抑菌活性,其中对甘蓝枯萎病菌、黄瓜角斑病菌和桃褐腐病菌抑制作用显著.     

牙鲆病原秦皇岛弧菌主要生物学性状研究

从秦皇岛某海水养殖场牙鲆(ParalichthysolivaceusL.)细菌性败血感染症的病例中,分离到了相应的病原细菌。经对12株纯培养菌进行形态特征、培养特性、理化特性等方面较系统的表观分类学指征及代表菌株DNA中G+Cmol%的测定,表明为弧菌属(VibrioPacini1854)细菌的一个新种,并定名为秦皇岛弧菌(Vibrioqinhuangdaorasp.nov.)。同时对该菌的血清型进行了检定,表明12株菌具有同种的K抗原和同种的O抗原(血清同源);另外,经以37种抗菌类药物做敏感性测定,结果显示对供试的头孢唑啉等32种药物敏感、对青霉素G等5种耐药,在不同菌株间无明显的敏感与耐药差异。       

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism