生物信息学辅助定位及延伸辐射诱导未知表达序列标签

研究辐射诱导的基因表达调控对于认识细胞对辐射损伤的应激反应有重要意义.在低剂量辐射诱导新基因RIG1表达序列标签(expression sequence tag,EST)片段的基础上,通过非克隆cDNA文库和RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA end)技术获得了其3′末端.依据实验得到的这两段EST序列所提供的信息,通过生物信息学分析将RIG1基因初步定位在20号染色体.对20号染色体RIG1区基因组序列进行外显子扫描,发现预测的外显子正好与实验得到的EST相吻合.利用预测的外显子设计特异引物,成功地克隆了RIG1基因全长序列.同时,对20号染色体RIG1区的生物信息学分析表明,在RIG1基因的上游存在启动子区,从而确定了RIG1基因的基因组序列.因此,通过生物信息学辅助设计实验,快捷地定位及延伸了未知EST片段RIG1,基本完成了RIG1的全基因、基因组序列及染色体定位研究.     

生物信息学研究新基因LRP15

为了利用生物信息学探索网上克隆基因与预测基因功能的新方法,首先用一段1.8kbDNA片段的人类EST数据库中进行电子杂交并对相互重叠的EST片段组装,通过引物设计进行cDNA末端快速扩增,以高通量基因组序列（HTGS）数据库及SAGE库为基础,进行染色体定位及组织表达分析。通过DAS及RPS－BLAST程序预测其蛋白质结构及功能。结果显示,LRP15 cDNA全长1718bp,含一个780bp的开放读码框架,编码259个氨工酸,该基因定位于染色体3p24,在多种组织中表达。其编码蛋白含有N端富含亮氨酸重复序列及潜在的穿膜序列。研究表明,生物信息学是克隆与预测基因功能的有效方法;LRP15基因可能是一个参与细胞发育调控的新基因。     

小鼠睾丸特异表达基因TSEG-1的克隆及序列分析

从表达序列标签(expressed sequence tags, ESTs)数据库ZooDDD中获得小鼠正常睾丸表达的EST, 通过dbEST数据库检索出与其高度同源的EST序列, 构建EST叠加群(contigs), Biolign软件拼接, GeneScan软件预测contigs对应的基因组序列中的外显子、内含子; 针对开放阅读框设计引物序列, 采用RT-PCR从小鼠睾丸组织中克隆新基因的cDNA, 分析该基因在小鼠各脏器中的mRNA表达, 并对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果表明: 在小鼠X染色体的1 668~2 011 kb间克隆出一新基因TSEG-1, 全长为510 bp, 开放阅读框为336 bp, 编码111氨基酸, 分子量12.84258 kDa, 等电点11.4000。RT-PCR证实该基因开放阅读框正确, 在小鼠睾丸组织中特异性表达, 且与小鼠其他cDNA 无同源性, 获得GenBank 登录号EU079024。功能区分析发现TSEG-1蛋白可能为一种跨膜蛋白, 跨膜区位于第41~61氨基酸残基。TSEG-1基因与人类睾丸特异性组蛋白2a变异体基因有较高同源性, 在TSEG-1基因5′-端非编码侧翼预测发现存在1个启动子区域, 范围为680 bp。 TSEG-1蛋白可能有4个抗原性位点, 2个特异性蛋白激酶的磷酸化位点, 其亚细胞定位可能位于线粒体。小鼠睾丸特异性基因TSEG-1的克隆为进一步研究其生物学功能和表达调控奠定了基础。     

EST分析技术在鸡基因组学研究中的应用

表达序列标签（EST）是由大量随机取出的cDNA库克隆经测序得到的组织或细胞基因组的一段cDNA序列,一个EST代表生物体某种组织某一时期的一个表达基因。综述了EST分析技术在鸡基因组研究中的应用。如用于鉴定、发现和预测鸡的新基因,用于基因图谱的绘制,用于筛选基因的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点,用于基因表达分析和基因芯片制作等。EST数据库和生物信息学的联合分析技术在推动家鸡后基因组的研究中发挥着重要的作用。     

通过新基因计算机识别与实验确认对NCBI人类基因数据库一些模式参考序列错误的分析与纠正

采用生物信息学分析与实验确认相结合的技术路线,通过所识别的基因在非冗余数据库比对发现了网上公布的计算机注释人类基因组编码序列存在各种类型的多处错误,包括cDNA水平的一个或一段碱基插入、缺失或突变,或是这些错误的不同排列组合,其中以错误插入为多,往往导致编码氨基酸的移码突变。最先举证了NCBIGENOME Annotation Project预测人类新基因的下列错误类型：(1)开放读码框架(0RF)中错误插入一个碱基造成编码氨基酸移码;(2)错误拼接;(3)开放读框中错误插入一个或一段碱基造成该读框提前终止。只编码N-端氨基酸的cDNA序列而不完整;(4)只有编码c一端氨基酸序列的cDNA而不完整;(5)只是正确基因0RF中间的一段编码蛋白cDNA序列而不完整,缺N-端与C-端氨基酸序列,并且将不完整蛋白氨基酸序列的第一个非起始码氨基酸错误地预测为起始码氨基酸,如将L错误地预测为M;(6)开放读框中错误插入一个或一段碱基造成前面出现不该有的终止码,因而编码蛋白缺开头部分氨基酸;(7)可能将污染基因组序列当作完整基因cDNA序列对待而预测出所谓单一外显子基因。即便真是基因,也只是较长单一外显子mRNA中有一小0RF,而0RF起始码上游同一相位确实存在终止码,无其他特点符合基因条件;(8)所预测基因只有0RF,而0RF两端没有任何EST证据,可据此0RF拼接出受EST和人类基因组双重支持的完整基因cDNA(开放读框上游同一相位有终止码),预示所预测0RF参考序列可能不正确;(9)有EST实验证据支持存在基因的人类基因组序列范围内又被预测出一条相似但更小的蛋白编码基因,因而新预测基因有可能是错误的。     

染色体7q32-ter鼻咽癌相关基因的初步研究

为克隆7q32-ter区域等位基因杂合性丢失最小共同缺失区的鼻咽癌相关基因.以STS D7S509为探针,PCR法筛选位于该区的细菌人工染色体(BAC)克隆,应用EST介导的定位-候选克隆策略并结合生物信息学筛选出在鼻咽癌细胞株和活检组织中表达增强的EST AA773454,cDNA克隆测序和生物信息学资源获取全长cDNA,DNA印迹和甲基化分析研究其表达增强的机制.结果表明,克隆的NAG18基因cDNA全长802 bp,编码227个氨基酸,定位于胞核.该基因分别与人、鼠TAXREB107基因及RPL6基因高度同源.其表达增强的机制不是基因拷贝数的丢失和甲基化位点的改变.可以断定NAG18是定位于7q32-ter最小共同缺失区的鼻咽癌相关基因,它是一高度保守的基因,参与了DNA的转录活化.     

多发性骨髓瘤患者13q14.3区域一个候选抑瘤基因MYETS1的克隆与序列分析

为克隆位于多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)患者染色体13q14.2～13q21.1区域候选抑瘤基因,通过生物信息学分析获取疾病基因定位区域内代表新基因的ESTs,并运用半定量RT-PCR检测它们在正常人与MM患者骨髓组织中的表达水平,发现一条在MM患者骨髓组织中明显表达下调的EST(GenBank收录号:H86826).Northern印迹杂交显示H86826在骨髓组织中转录本大小为1.5kb.通过购买商品化克隆IM-AGE223589测序获得了H86826所代表的基因的1491 bp全长cDNA序列(GenBank收录号:AY368652),人类基因组命名委员会将其命名为MYETS1(myeloma tumor suppressor 1).生物信息学分析其为一个编码分子质量为15.1 kD、等电点为6.13的135个氨基酸的新基因.该基因的功能正在进一步的研究之中.     

PAC579基因组序列外显子计算机分析与预测

为了寻找肝癌相关基因,选择位于人原发性肝细胞肝癌染色体17p13.3杂合性缺失最小共同缺失区内含有D17S926位点的PAC579克隆进行了基因组测序,通过实验分离和克隆了位于PAC579上的4个全长新基因,并将它们在该基因组上进行了外显子定位.使用5种计算机预测外显子的方法和4种剪接位点识别的方法对PAC579前60 kb序列(含上述4个基因)进行扫描,将得到的外显子预测结果和剪切位点结果与实验结果进行了对照与评析,又对未获得基因的区域加以预测.     

绵羊基因组MHC ClassⅢ区段部分基因的分离与鉴定

绵羊基因组MHC段分为ClassⅠ、Class Ⅲ和ClassⅡ（含Ⅱa和Ⅱb两个亚区）3个区段,与另外2个区段相比,Class Ⅲ区的基因信息远少于ClassⅠ和ClassⅡ区.为丰富绵羊基因组 MHC Class Ⅲ 区段基因信息. 本研究用位于中国美利奴羊基因组BAC文库中 MHC ClassⅢ 区段4个BAC克隆的酶切片段制备32P 标记探针,继而采用噬菌斑原位杂交筛选法筛选中国美利奴羊混合组织cDNA 文库,并对分离到的cDNA 阳性克隆进行全序列测定及生物信息学分析.本实验共筛选出 31 个 cDNA 阳性克隆,对其序列进行了测定及分析,确定了序列在ClassⅢ 区段上的位置,并通过在NCBI中的同源检索对其功能做了初步鉴定.由实验可知,利用BAC 文库与 cDNA 文库杂交筛选法对较大区段基因的筛选和分离是有效的.同时,对分离到的表达序列结合生物信息学进行分析,这将有助于对该序列功能的深入研究.     

以绵羊MHC区段BAC克隆酶切片段为探针杂交筛选绵羊混合组织cDNA文库

在已知中国美利奴羊MHC(Major histocompatibility complex)区段BAC(Bacterial artificial chromosome)克隆序列信息和预测的基因注释前提下,用位于中国美利奴羊基因组BAC文库MHC区段的6个BAC克隆酶切片段为探针,以噬菌斑原位杂交筛选法筛选中国美利奴羊混合组织cDNA文库(库库杂交),对分离到的cDNA阳性克隆进行全序列测定,并与相应的已知序列信息和基因注释的BAC克隆比对以及在NCBI Blastn数据库中序列相似性检索,旨在验证基因注释结果的准确性和对基因(序列)功能的初步分析。实验中,经过两轮杂交共筛选出27个cDNA阳性克隆(序列),并发现这些序列均可定位到相应的BAC克隆上,且25条序列处在注释基因的外显子部分;在NCBI数据库中经Blastn序列相似性检索发现,23条序列与牛基因的序列相似性最高,且与免疫功能密切相关。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.