兔结核病模型的应用研究进展

结核病(tuberculosis,TB)由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)感染所致,是严重危害患者身心健康的慢性传染病。目前TB的发病机制尚未完全阐明。因此建立恰当的动物模型有助于进一步探索TB发病机制、研发全新高效疫苗,优化治疗方案提供可靠的实验和理论依据。兔TB模型是应用较为广泛的动物模型之一。综述了兔TB模型构建特点及应用进展,从免疫机制和可行性角度深入分析兔TB模型的优势及其局限性,同时梳理了近年来国内外通过构建兔TB模型用于药物研究、疫苗研发和TB治疗方案评价等方面发挥的作用,为临床研究提供参考。     

滴鼻免疫有效的诱导粘膜及系统免疫反应

为了探讨粘膜疫苗滴鼻免疫对小鼠不同粘膜部位和系统免疫部位的影响,将BALB/c小鼠随机分为三组,每组15只,FSM-2117或FS-5416 4×107cfu/只经滴鼻途径免疫小鼠,间隔两周,4次免后7天活杀,收集鼻咽、肺、肠、生殖道冲洗液和血清,ELISA法检测其中特异性抗福氏、宋内氏LPSIg和AIgG;分离NALT、鼻通道、脾、小肠PP淋巴细胞,细胞中加入全菌破碎抗原共培养,于不同时间取出细胞,提取RNA做RT-PCR.两株菌苗经鼻内免疫均诱发了鼻咽、肺、胃肠道和生殖道等不同粘膜部位及血清中特异性抗福氏、宋内氏LPSIgA、IgG的显著增加(P＜0.01);免疫动物的NALT、NP、PP结淋巴细胞在体外经抗原刺激后均在不同时间出现IFN-γ和IL-4mRNA的表达,而TGF-β mRNA的表达在免疫前后无明显变化.疫苗经鼻粘膜免疫可诱导不同粘膜部位及系统免疫反应的发生,鼻粘膜是一个安全有效的免疫途径.     

免疫重建荷人膀胱癌-SCID鼠模型的建立

目的：探讨建立稳定的荷人膀胱癌SCID 鼠人化复合模型的方法,为在人免疫重建荷人膀胱肿瘤SCID 鼠模型检测重组BCG 的免疫刺激和免疫保护中打下基础。方法：经SCID 鼠腹腔内注射人PBL、皮下接种RT4 膀胱癌细胞,于接种后4 周检测SCID 鼠体内人免疫细咆水平（IgG 和CD^3＋、CD^4＋、CD^8＋ T 细胞）及脾脏重量,观察皮下成瘤潜伏期及成瘤率。结果：模型组100％成瘤,病理类型为移行细胞癌;检测SCID 鼠血中人IgG 均一定水平存在,与对照组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;人CD^3＋、CD^4＋、CD^8＋T 细胞在鼠血及脾中均有表达,而对照组均未检出（P〈0.05）;4 周鼠脾重平均（178.9± 45.2）mg。较对照组（40.6± 14.8）mg 差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：采用腹腔注射人PBL、皮下接种RT4膀胱癌细胞的方法可以有效地建立人化荷人膀胱癌SCID 鼠模型,较好地模拟人浸润性膀胱癌体内生物学特性,是膀胱癌免疫基因治疗的较理想模型。     

内脏利什曼病鼠动物模型建立之探讨

内脏利什曼病是威胁病人生命的人兽共患病。近年来,全世界内脏利什曼病的发病人数约为每年50万,患病人数约250万。在我国,虽然解放后此病流行得到了很好的控制,但是甘肃、四川、新疆等地的新发病例从未间断,并且近年来又有扩大蔓延的趋势。在对内脏利什曼病治疗和预防的研究中,动物模型是不可缺少的实验工具,但其建立有一定的难度。在此,我们将建立内脏利什曼病动物模型的资料进行了整理,以供参考。     

免疫重建荷人膀胱癌 -SCID 鼠模型的建立 *

摘要 目的：探讨建立稳定的荷人膀胱癌 SCID 鼠人化复合型的方法,为在人免疫重建荷人膀胱肿瘤 SCID 鼠型检测重组 BCG 的免疫刺激和免疫保护中打下基础。方法： 经 SCID 鼠腹腔内注射人 PBL、 皮下接种 RT4 膀胱癌细胞, 于接种后 4 周检测 SCID 鼠体内人免疫细咆水平(IgG 和 CD 3+ 、 CD 4+ 、 CD 8+ T 细胞)及脾脏重量, 观察皮下成瘤潜伏期及成瘤率。结果： 型组 100％ 成 瘤,病理类型为移行细胞癌; 检测 SCID 鼠血中人 IgG 均一定水平存在, 与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); 人 CD 3+ 、 CD 4+ 、 CD 8+ T 细胞在鼠血及脾中均有表达, 而对照组均未检出(P<0.05); 4 周鼠脾重平均(178.9± 45.2)mg。较对照组(40.6± 14.8)mg 差异 有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论： 采用腹腔注射人 PBL、 皮下接种 RT4 膀胱癌细胞的方法可以有效地建立人化荷人膀胱癌 SCID 鼠 型, 较好地拟人浸润性膀胱癌体内生物学特性,是膀胱癌免疫基因治疗的较理想型。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病并发结核病小鼠模型的建立及评价

目的建立Ⅱ型糖尿病并发结核病小鼠模型,对其肺组织病变过程进行评价。方法高脂高糖饲料喂养C57BL/6J小鼠,腹腔注射STZ,建立Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型。采用滴鼻的方式将结核分枝杆菌H37Rv接种至糖尿病小鼠体内,建立糖尿病并发结核病小鼠模型。分别于感染后的1~8周、10周及12周解剖小鼠,肉眼观察小鼠肺脏病变情况,活菌菌落计数,肺组织行HE及抗酸染色,镜下观察病理学改变。结果肉眼观察发现,随着感染时间的增长肺部感染情况逐渐加重,至第8周时病灶达到全肺的80%,第10周时病变范围开始缩小;感染8周后HE染色肺组织出现典型的肉芽肿结构,至第10周部分病变肺组织出现修复现象;抗酸染色可见结核分枝杆菌。结论从大体病变、菌落计数及病理改变等方面对小鼠模型进行评价,发现糖尿病并发结核病小鼠模型较单一的结核病小鼠模型具有病变出现早,病程进展快等特点,与临床患者的某些阶段表现类似,因此实验构建的糖尿病并发结核病小鼠模型基本成功。     

猴结核病血清抗体检测方法的建立

目的目前活检猴感染结核病的检疫方法只有结核菌素试验。由于检测方法的单一性,结核菌素试验敏感性和特异性低,给灵长类结核病的管理带来困难。为此,开展了猴结核病血清抗体的检测方法。方法利用胞浆蛋白、结核菌素、Trehalose 6,6-’dimycolate(TDM)分别作为抗原建立猴结核病血清抗体ELISA检测方法,检测了28份自然感染血清和121份阴性血清,评价其应用价值。结果根据三种抗原对标本检测结果的敏感度和特异度,用受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)进行分析比较。胞浆蛋白、结核菌素、TDM三种抗原检测的敏感度分别为89.3%、75%与64.3%;特异度分别为93.4%、95.9%与88.4%。ROC曲线下面积都大于0.5(P<0.01)。结论表明三种抗原能用于抗猴结核病的ELISA检测,具有较好的准确性。其中,胞浆蛋白抗原的敏感性和特异性最高,是猴结核病血清抗体检测较好的一种抗原。     

自然感染途径建立肺炎链球菌感染性肺炎小鼠模型

目的探索自然感染途径制备肺炎链球菌感染性肺炎小鼠模型的方法,为肺炎链球菌性肺炎的相关研究提供实验基础。方法肺炎链球菌标准菌株(CMCC 31203)经血平板培养18 h后配成2麦氏浊度。小鼠浅麻醉状态下,破损鼻黏膜,滴注一定量肺炎链球菌菌液。于3、7、14和21 d分别处死小鼠,取肺脏进行组织病理学观察,确定肺炎小鼠模型制备的最佳方式。结果鼻黏膜破损组小鼠3 d时肺泡间隔内毛细血管扩张,肺泡腔内以红细胞和纤维素渗出为主;7 d时病变以纤维素和中性粒细胞浸润为主;14 d时肺泡腔内渗出减少,炎症开始减轻;21 d时肺脏外观趋于正常,肺泡腔内渗出物质基本溶解吸收。结论以3×107CFU的肺炎链球菌菌液通过破损的鼻黏膜感染7 d时可以制备出比较典型、稳定的肺炎小鼠模型。     

结核分枝杆菌感染实验模型

结核分枝杆菌是引起人结核病的主要病原,全世界约有1/3人口感染结核分枝杆菌。尽管该病原可感染并引起许多动物疾病,但人类是其中心宿主。为研究结核分枝杆菌的致病机理及宿主对本病原的保护性和免疫病理学反应,选择合适的动物模型非常必要。本文阐述了结核病研究中常用的实验模型及各种模型的优缺点。实验模型的合理应用将促进我们对结核病的认识,从中获取的资料将有助于我们发现更好的预防和治疗方案。     

结核杆菌潜伏感染小鼠模型的制备及其评价指标

目前对于结核分枝杆菌进入潜伏期的机制以及再激化的原因知之甚少,一个重要的原因是缺乏潜伏感染(LTBI)动物模型,完整的LTBI模型应包括两种类型,一是低剂量荷菌的持续性感染模型,另一种为潜伏感染模型,即Cornell模型的改进型。综合使用柯氏量表评分、脾肺荷菌数、诱导的IFN-γ和TNF-α水平、组织中IL-10和IL-4的表达、脏器中特异性抗原负荷以及激素诱导TB复发的时间、潜伏感染相关基因的表达水平等指标可以比较准确、客观、特异性的评价小鼠LTBI模型的反应性。     

探讨接种时间和剂量对小鼠肺炎支原体肺炎模型建立的影响

目的 用不同时间和剂量建立BALB/c小鼠的肺炎支原体肺部感染模型,探索小鼠急性肺炎支原体感染的过程.方法 BALB/c小鼠随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组,Ⅰ组在0、1、2 d滴鼻接种肺炎支原体菌液3次,Ⅱ组在0 d滴鼻接种小剂量肺炎支原体菌液1次后于8、9 d再接种和Ⅰ组相同的肺炎支原体菌液2次,均设立不同剂量、批次的生理盐水对照组.全部实验动物在3～18 d内分批处死.所有小鼠均取肺组织做病理切片.以组织病理学评分来确定小鼠的肺部炎症反应程度.取肺组织匀浆及肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行肺炎支原体培养做病原学检测.结果 接种后实验动物全部存活无死亡.实验组动物均出现不同程度的肺炎支原体肺炎样病理改变,组织病理学评分为1.5～14.3分,分别于第5、6天和第11天达到最高,平均分为4.9分;Ⅰ组实验组动物多呈轻、中度改变,Ⅱ组实验组动物多呈中、重度改变.所有实验组动物肺组织匀浆及BALF的肺炎支原体培养在接种后1月内先后出现阳性结果.对照组动物未出现明显肺部炎症改变,组织病理学评分为0～1分,肺炎支原体培养为阴性.结论 成功建立BALB/c小鼠的肺部肺炎支原体感染模型;组织病理学评分方法可用以评价肺部炎症反应的严重程度;不同接种时间和剂量所致的病变程度不同.     

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us understand the disease mechanisms and advance the discoveries of new treatment options. In vitro cell cultures of monolayers or co-cultures lack the three-dimensional (3D) environment and tissue responses. Herein, we describe an innovative in vitro model of a human lung tissue, which holds promise to be an effective tool for studying the complex events that occur during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The 3D tissue model consists of tissue-specific epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which are cultured in a matrix of collagen on top of a porous membrane. Upon air exposure, the epithelial cells stratify and secrete mucus at the apical side. By introducing human primary macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to the tissue model, we have shown that immune cells migrate into the infected-tissue and form early stages of TB granuloma. These structures recapitulate the distinct feature of human TB, the granuloma, which is fundamentally different or not commonly observed in widely used experimental animal models. This organotypic culture method enables the 3D visualization and robust quantitative analysis that provides pivotal information on spatial and temporal features of host cell-pathogen interactions. Taken together, the lung tissue model provides a physiologically relevant tissue micro-environment for studies on TB. Thus, the lung tissue model has potential implications for both basic mechanistic and applied studies. Importantly, the model allows addition or manipulation of individual cell types, which thereby widens its use for modelling a variety of infectious diseases that affect the lungs.     

A Study of Unusual Pacemaker Infection by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Indian Patients

Background

The expanding clinical indications of cardiac rhythm management have led to an increased use of pacemaker implantation which is associated with increased incidence of pacemaker infections. Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis account for the vast majority of pacemaker infections. Pacemaker infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is very rare, only few cases having been reported till date.

Methods

We describe here a study of three patients of pacemaker pocket infection with M. tuberculosis.

Conclusion

The possibility of mycobacterial pacemaker infection should always be kept in mind in patients with delayed pacemaker infection.     

Ultra-low Dose Aerosol Infection of Mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis More Closely Models Human Tuberculosis

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利用雌激素构建小鼠淋病奈瑟菌感染模型

目的探讨用雌激素构建淋病奈瑟菌感染小鼠模型的方法。方法淋病奈瑟菌WHO-A接种经皮下注射苯甲酸雌二醇和真皮下埋植尼尔雌醇片（雌三醇）预处理的雌性ICR小鼠,小鼠阴道拭子接种T-M选择培养基培养分离淋病奈瑟菌,取小鼠阴道分泌物涂片染色观察淋病奈瑟菌感染情况,比较两种雌激素对小鼠淋病奈瑟菌感染的差异。结果与对照组相比,苯甲酸雌二醇小鼠体内淋病奈瑟菌有短时间的定植,而尼尔雌醇组与对照组无差异。结论雌激素（尤其是雌二醇）有利于淋病奈瑟菌在小鼠阴道内的定植。     

化疗性静脉炎小鼠模型的建立

目的通过静脉注射盖诺(vinorelbine,VNB)为化疗性静脉炎(chemotherapy induced phlebitis,CIP)研究,提供效果稳定的CIP模型。方法49只成年小鼠随机分为6个实验组和1个对照组。实验组小鼠分别从右侧鼠尾静脉注射不同浓度的等体积VNB溶液,对照组则注射等体积生理盐水。注射后第5天对CIP临床表现进行分级评价后处死。制作石蜡切片并进行镜下分级。结果随注射VNB浓度及剂量的增加,小鼠静脉炎发生率也逐渐增高,但浓度剂量过高动物出现中毒死亡。用3.2mg/ml的VNB按38mg/kg注射组CIP发生率达100%,无动物死亡,出现红斑、水肿、条索状改变等典型CIP临床症状和内皮脱落、炎细胞浸润、组织水肿等CIP镜下改变,对照组未出现类似变化。结论本实验通过鼠尾静脉注射VNB成功建立了小鼠CIP模型。     

Tuberculosis patients co-infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an urban area of Brazil

In this cross-sectional study, mycobacteria specimens from 189 tuberculosis (TB) patients living in an urban area in Brazil were characterised from 2008-2010 using phenotypic and molecular speciation methods (pncA gene and oxyR pseudogene analysis). Of these samples, 174 isolates simultaneously grew on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) and Stonebrink (SB)-containing media and presented phenotypic and molecular profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whereas 12 had molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis based on the DNA analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue samples (paraffin blocks). One patient produced two sputum isolates, the first of which simultaneously grew on LJ and SB media and presented phenotypic and molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis, and the second of which only grew on SB media and presented phenotypic profiles of Mycobacterium bovis. One patient provided a bronchial lavage isolate, which simultaneously grew on LJ and SB media and presented phenotypic and molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis, but had molecular profiles of M. bovis from paraffin block DNA analysis, and one sample had molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis identified from two distinct paraffin blocks. Moreover, we found a low prevalence (1.6%) of M. bovis among these isolates, which suggests that local health service procedures likely underestimate its real frequency and that it deserves more attention from public health officials.     

Enhanced immunoprotective potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85 complex protein based vaccine against airway Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge following intranasal administration

This study examined the role of intranasal vaccination with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen85 complex proteins formulated in dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide against airway Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. Intranasal vaccination with antigen85A and antigen85B induced a significantly higher level of interferon-gamma, interleukin-12 and interleukin-4 in cervical lymph nodes together with IgA and IgG, predominantly IgG2a isotype in nasal secretion over subcutaneous vaccination. Further, intranasal vaccination with antigen85A and antigen85B imparted protection comparable with that obtained from intranasal or subcutaneous Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunization. These results suggest that mucosal vaccination via the intranasal route is of importance in the development of vaccine for tuberculosis.