亚热带不同树种凋落叶分解对氮添加的响应

为探究不同质量凋落物对氮(N)沉降的响应, 该研究采用尼龙网袋分解法, 在亚热带福建三明格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)自然保护区的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林, 选取4种本区常见的具有不同初始化学性质的树种凋落叶进行模拟N沉降(N添加)分解实验(施N水平为对照0和50 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)。研究结果表明: 在2年的分解期内, 对照处理的各树种凋落叶的分解速率依次为观光木(Michelia odora, 0.557 a ^-1)、米槠(0.440 a ^-1)、台湾相思(Acacia confusa, 0.357 a ^-1)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata, 0.354 a ^-1); N添加处理凋落叶分解速率依次为观光木(0.447 a ^-1)、米槠(0.354 a ^-1)、杉木(0.291 a ^-1)、台湾相思(0.230 a ^-1), 除杉木凋落叶外, N添加显著降低了其他3种凋落叶分解速率。N添加不仅使4种树木凋落叶分解过程中的N释放减慢, 同时还抑制凋落叶化学组成中木质素和纤维素的降解; N添加在凋落叶分解过程中总体上提高β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和酸性磷酸酶活性, 对纤维素水解酶的活性影响不一致, 而降低β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性和酚氧化酶活性。凋落叶分解速率与凋落叶中的碳获取酶(βG)活性以及其化学组分中的可萃取物含量极显著正相关, 与初始碳浓度、纤维素和木质素含量极显著负相关, 与初始N含量没有显著相关性。凋落物类型和N添加的交互作用虽未影响干质量损失速率, 但对木质素和纤维素的降解具有显著效应。综上所述, 化学组分比初始N含量能更好地预测凋落叶分解速率, 而N添加主要通过抑制分解木质素的氧化酶(如PHO)来降低凋落叶分解速率。     

改变凋落物输入对杉木人工林土壤呼吸的短期影响

从2007年1月至12月, 在长沙天际岭国家森林公园, 通过改变杉木林凋落物输入, 研究杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林群落去除凋落物、加倍凋落物土壤呼吸速率及5 cm土壤温、湿度的季节变化。结果表明: 去除和加倍凋落物对土壤温度和湿度产生的差异不显著(p>0.05), 对土壤呼吸全年产生的差异接近显著(Marginal significant)(p=0.058)。按植物生长期分别分析, 去除和加倍凋落物对土壤呼吸产生的差异, 在生长旺盛期差异显著(p=0.003), 在生长非旺盛期差异性不显著(p=0.098)。去除凋落物年均土壤呼吸速率为159.2 mg CO₂·m^-2·h^-1, 比对照处理土壤呼吸速率(180.9 mg CO₂·m^-2·h^-1)低15.0%, 加倍凋落物的土壤呼吸为216.8 mg CO₂·m^-2·h^-1, 比对照处理高17.0%。去除和加倍凋落物土壤呼吸季节动态趋势与5 cm深度土壤温度相似, 它们之间呈显著指数相关, 模拟方程分别为: y=27.33e^{0.087 2t}(R²=0.853, p＜0.001), y=37.25e^{0.088 8t}(R²=0.896, p＜0.001)。去除和加倍凋落物的Q₁₀值分别为2.39和2.43, 均比对照2.26大。去除和加倍凋落物土壤呼吸与土壤湿度之间关系不显著(p>0.05)。这一结果使我们能够在较短时间内观察到改变凋落物输入对土壤呼吸的影响, 证明凋落物是影响土壤CO₂通量的重要因子之一。     

三株丝状真菌分解樟子松凋落物酶活性

该研究以在樟子松凋落物层中高频出现的3株丝状真菌Alternaria sp.、Penicillium sp.和Pestalotiopsis sp.为供试菌株, 以樟子松新鲜落叶为作用底物, 通过发酵纯培养的方法, 测定了底物有机物质质量损失及发酵过程中产生的漆酶(Laccase)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)和滤纸酶(FPA)酶活性变化, 并验证了酶活性与底物降解的关系。结果表明, Alternaria sp. 引起底物总有机物质质量损失最大, 且产生的漆酶、羧甲基纤维素酶和滤纸酶活性都较高; Penicillium sp. 产生的锰过氧化物酶活性最高。3株丝状真菌同属于真菌功能群中的木质纤维素分解者。     

红假单胞菌去除养鱼废水三态氮及COD的研究

利用红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas sp.)wps对鲫鱼养殖废水三态氮及COD进行处理.菌株wps对水体亚硝氮的去除率随菌浓的降低而降低,当添加菌液量降到0.4 mL(终浓度约为5×10⁴cell·mL^-1)时,其对亚硝氮的去除效果已不明显,但同时投加400μg碳源明显提高其亚硝氮去除率,高出对照20.06%;菌株wps对氨氮也有一定去除效果,但碳源的添加对氨氮的去除影响更大;同时施加0.4 mL wps菌液和40μg碳源对硝氮和COD的去除率分别比对照提高20.51%和22.03%.光照与否对其处理养鱼废水的效果影响不大.PCR-DGGE结果分析显示,菌株wps在与土著光合细菌的竞争中处于劣势.     

基于冠层塔吊原位测定长白山温带阔叶红松原始林群落主要树种的光合特征

为了更好地理解温带阔叶红松原始林群落主要树种的生理生态学特征,为森林生态系统碳动态的模拟预测提供基础数据,本研究依托中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位站,首次利用冠层塔吊原位测定了阔叶红松原始林群落4个主要树种成熟大树的CO₂响应曲线,并利用FvCB模型计算了一些重要的光合生理参数.结果表明: 红松的光合速率(A)、最大羧化速率(V_{c max})和气孔导度(g_s)均最小,而其气孔对光合的限制性(L_s)最大.水曲柳、蒙古栎和紫椴这3个阔叶树种的光合特征也存在显著差异.基于叶片面积的V_{c max}大小顺序为:水曲柳(83.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、蒙古栎(89.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>紫椴(68.4 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、红松(68.8 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)(P<0.05),而基于叶片质量的V_{c max}大小顺序为:水曲柳(1.36 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)>蒙古栎(1.03 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)>紫椴(0.90 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)>红松(0.42 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)(P<0.05).7—9月,水曲柳和蒙古栎的A值显著降低,而紫椴和红松的A值变化不显著;所有树种V_{c max}都随季节发生显著下降.在温带阔叶红松林生态系统碳动态的模拟预测中,应该考虑V_{c max}的季节变化.     

眼点拟微绿球藻对抗生素的敏感性及其无菌藻株的培养

研究了5种抗生素在不同浓度下对眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis ocutala)生长的影响。结果表明:浓度为50μg·mL^-1时,氯霉素对眼点拟微绿球藻生长的抑制作用最明显,抑制率高达85.30%,2d和4d的Ic₅₀分别为293.64μg·mL^-1和67.69μg·mL^-1。其次为青霉素、硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸卡那霉素,4d的抑制率分别为8.95%、7.62%和3.84%,其中硫酸庆大霉素2d的Ic₅₀为316.40μg·mL^-1。链霉素对藻细胞生长的抑制作用最轻,抑制率仅为3%。按照抗生素对眼点拟微绿球藻生长抑制作用,由强到弱依次加入50μg·mL^-1青霉素,50μg·mL^-1硫酸庆大霉素,100μg·mL^-1硫酸卡那霉素和50μg·mL^-1链霉素,获得了无菌藻株。     

中国唇柱苣苔属校订(Ⅰ)

英国学者D.Don于1822年代F.Buchanan发表了Chirita Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don,^[30],于1825年描述了这属的三个种^[13]:C.urticifolia Buch.Ham.ex Don,C.bifolia D.Don及C.pumila D.Don.Chirita属于苦苣苔亚科Cyrtandroideae的长蒴苣苔族Didy-mocarpeae,与这族的另一大属长茹苞苔属Didymccarpus Wall.近缘,二者的主要区别在于柱头的特征上^{[1] [13] [17] [28]},本属的柱头为位于花柱下方的一个薄片,而上方的柱头财完全消失,在长茹筐苔属,柱头呈扁球形或盘状,可能是由二枚柱头合生而成。     

外源氮输入和水分变化对荒漠草原凋落物分解的影响

全球气候变化背景下,大气氮沉降和降水变化日益显著,其对荒漠草原凋落物分解的影响存在很大的不确定性.采用裂区设计,设置主区为自然降雨、增雨30%和减雨30% 3个水分处理,副区为0(N₀)、30(N₃₀)、50(N₅₀)和100 kg·hm^-2·a^-1(N₁₀₀)4个氮素水平,经过21个月(2016年1月—2017年10月)水氮处理,研究水氮共同作用对荒漠草原常见物种猪毛菜、短花针茅和木地肤3种植物凋落物分解的影响.结果表明: 3种凋落物干物质残留率随时间增加而减少,用Olson负指数衰减模型拟合效果较好,凋落物分解系数(k)大小为猪毛菜>短花针茅>木地肤.增雨30%N₁₀₀处理分解系数最高,为0.028.单因素处理下,增雨30%和N₅₀的凋落物分解最快.水氮共同作用下,增雨 30%N₁₀₀处理凋落物分解最快.3种凋落物初始化学全氮含量大小为猪毛菜>短花针茅>木地肤,猪毛菜和短花针茅k值与全氮含量呈显著正相关;全碳含量、纤维素含量、木质素含量、C/N、木质素/N和纤维素/N大小为木地肤>短花针茅>猪毛菜,猪毛菜k值与各指标均呈显著负相关,短花针茅和木地肤k值与C/N、木质素/N和纤维素/N均呈显著负相关.猪毛菜分解最快,木地肤分解最慢.适量的水、氮添加有利于荒漠草原凋落物的分解,可以促进土壤养分循环,对荒漠草原可持续发展及生态平衡有积极作用.     

蕲艾内生细菌的分离鉴定及抑菌活性分析

为探究蕲艾(Artemisia argyi var.argyi‘Qiai’)不同组织内生菌组成及其次级代谢产物的抑菌活性，该研究采用组织培养法对蕲艾根、茎和叶内生细菌进行分离，用滤纸片法检测内生菌发酵液挥发物对6种常见病原菌的抑菌活性，并分别对其最低抑菌浓度(MICs)和最低杀菌浓度(MBCs)进行测定，结合形态观察、生理生化性质及16S rDNA序列测定对分离菌株进行鉴定。结果表明：(1)菌株lzy-21、lzy-20和lzy-1分别具有较强的分泌纤维素酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶的能力。(2)菌株lzy-20和wnn4-3发酵液挥发物对大肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的MICs均为16μg·mL^-1;对三者的MBCs依次为32、32、16μg·mL^-1和16、32、32μg·mL^-1。(3)菌株lzy-12对金黄色葡萄球菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的MICs均为16μg·mL^-1,对二者的MBCs分别为32μg·mL^-1和16μg·mL^-1。(4)菌株lzy-17...     

黑龙江省红松人工林枝条分布数量模拟

基于黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗林场的12块样地65株人工红松解析木的955个枝解析数据,以Poisson回归模型和负二项回归模型作为备选模型,构建了人工红松二级枝条数量分布模型,并采用AIC、Pseudo-R²、均方根误差(RMSE)和Vuong检验对模型的拟合优度进行比较.结果表明: 每轮一级枝条分布数量集中在3~5个,均值为4个,一级枝条分布数量与人工红松自身的枝条属性相关.一级标准枝上二级枝条分布的离散程度较大,利用全部子回归技术构建二级枝条分布数量模型,最终选择以负二项回归模型为基础的E(Y)=exp(β₀+β₁lnRDINC+β₂RDINC²+β₃HT/DBH+β₄CL+β₅DBH)作为二级枝条分布数量最优预测模型(β为参数;RDINC为相对着枝深度;HT为树高;DBH为胸径;CL为冠长).最优模型的Pseudo-R²为0.79,平均偏差接近于0,平均绝对偏差<7.对于所建立的模型,lnRDINC、CL和DBH的参数为正值,RDINC²和HT/DBH的为负值,随着RDINC增大,在树冠内二级枝条分布数量存在最大值.总的来说,所建立的人工红松二级枝条分布数量模型的预测精度为96.4%,可以很好地预估该研究区域人工红松二级枝条分布数量,为以后枝条的光合作用和生物量的研究提供了理论基础.     

5种优势腐生真菌降解华山松针叶的酶活测定

【目的】分析腐生真菌降解华山松落针过程中各种酶活性变化与酶间关系,探索真菌对华山松落针的降解能力。【方法】通过形态学观察和转录间隔区ITS序列分析,鉴定分离自华山松凋落物的5种优势菌株。以此为供试菌株,华山松落针为底物,通过发酵纯培养方法,测定底物总有机物质(Total organic matter,TOM)质量损失率及在发酵过程中产生的内切葡聚糖酶(Endoglucanase,EG)、木聚糖酶(Xylanase,Xyl)、木质素过氧化物酶(Lignin peroxidase,Li P)、锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidase,Mn P)和酸性磷酸酶(Acid phosphatase,AP)活性。【结果】5种菌株分别为Mucor sp.、Pestalotiopsis sp.、Allantophomopsis sp.、Phoma sp.和Hypocrea sp.。5种菌引起的针叶TOM质量损失率在6.63%-15.77%之间,Pestalotiopsis sp.具有最高的AP酶活性,且EG酶、Xyl酶和Li P酶3种酶活性较高。Allantophomopsis sp.的Li P酶活性最高,并具有很高的Mn P酶活。Hypocrea sp.分泌的EG酶、Xyl酶活性低,但能产生Li P酶且有较高的AP酶活。相关性分析表明菌株分泌的AP酶活性与TOM质量损失率负相关,EG酶、Xyl酶及AP酶3种酶之间存在协同作用,特别是EG与AP之间。【结论】5种腐生真菌对华山松针叶均有降解作用,降解能力:Pestalotiopsis sp.>Allantophomopsis sp.>Hypocrea sp.>Phoma sp.>Mucor sp.。酶活大小及酶协同作用共同影响针叶降解,Pestalotiopsis sp.、Allantophomopsis sp.和Hypocrea sp.能产生木质纤维素降解酶并能引起较高的质量损失率,因此这3株菌为木质纤维素降解真菌。     

再接种内生真菌对葡萄叶内生真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】探讨回接内生真菌对葡萄叶内生真菌群落结构的影响。【方法】将葡萄叶中分离到的8株内生真菌回接到健康生长的玫瑰蜜葡萄叶片上,同时设置管理上喷施农药与未喷施农药两组处理,3个月后分析不同真菌菌剂处理后葡萄叶片内生真菌的分离率、优势度和多样性指数。【结果】5种菌剂的处理(Xylaria sp.、Nigrospora sp.、Alternaria sp.1、Alternaria sp.2和Colletotrichum sp.)在处理后的叶片中分离到了较多数量的接种菌。不同菌剂处理后葡萄叶片菌群结构差异显著。【结论】与对照处理的葡萄相比,菌剂的处理增加了叶内生真菌的分离率,但显著降低了内生真菌的多样性指数;发现喷施农药组叶片内生真菌的分离率较低,但多样性相对较高。     

Involvement of lignocellulolytic enzymes in the decomposition of leaf litter in a subtropical forest

The involvement of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, such as laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), and filter paper activity (FPA), in the decomposition process of leaf litter driven by 6 soil-inhabiting fungi imperfecti was studied under solid-state fermentations. All the tested fungi exhibited varied production profiles of lignocellulolytic enzymes and each caused different losses in total organic matter (TOM) during decomposition. Based on the results, the 6 fungi could be divided into 2 functional groups: Group 1 includes Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Acremonium sp., and Trichoderma sp., and Group 2 includes Pestalotiopsis sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus. Group 1, with higher CMCase and FPA activities, showed a higher decomposition rate than the fungi of Group 2 over the first 16 d, and thereafter the cellulolytic activities and decomposition rate slowed down. Group 2 showed the maximum and significantly higher CMCase and FPA activities than those of the Group 1 fungi during the later days. This, combined with the much higher laccase activity, produced a synergistic reaction that led to a much faster average mass loss rate. These results suggest that the fungi of Group 1 are efficient decomposers of cellulose and that the fungi of Group 2 are efficient decomposers of lignocellulose. During cultivation, Pestalotiopsis sp. produced an appreciable amount of laccase activity (0.56+/-0.09 U/ml) without the addition of inducers and caused a loss in TOM of 38.2%+/-3.0%, suggesting that it has high potential to be a new efficient laccase-producing fungus.     

Endophytic fungi in rose (Rosa hybrida) in Bogota, Colombia

We have investigated the presence of endophytic fungi associated with rose plants (Rosa hybrida) in Colombia. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of ten ornamental roses plants from gardens cultured in malt extract, peptone, yeast extract agar plates (MPY). We sampled 560 leaves fragments, 56 per sample. Endophytic fungi comprised 92 isolates (16.4%); of these isolates, 41 were classified as sterile mycelium (without reproductive structures that allowed their identification), 31 isolates were identified to genus or to species, and 20 isolates could not be identified at all. The identified endophytic fungi were as follow: Nigrospora oryzae, Aureobasidium spp, Acremonium spp. The fungi Nodulisporium sp, Gliocladium virens, Cladosporium sp, Alternaria sp, Phoma sp and Chaetomium globosum were represented by one isolate each. Since the endophytic fungi are known for their capacity to produce metabolites with biological activity, it is possible that the microorganisms found in this study have potential as antagonist of rose pathogens.     

Effects of attack of saprobic fungi on twig litter decomposition by endophytic fungi

Endophytic fungi of healthy twig tissues act as dominant primary colonizers of twig litters and are exposed to the attacks of saprobic secondary colonizers. In the present study, we examined the effect of interspecific interactions on the decay rate of twigs in laboratory experiments using two endophytic ascomycetes (Phomopsis sp. and Xylaria sp.) and two saprobic basidiomycetes (Mycena polygramma and Phanerochaete filamentosa) on twigs of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) as a model system. Both endophytes were defensive against two saprobes on 2% malt agar, and were not replaced by the saprobes in the twigs during the incubation period. However, inoculation of the saprobes reduced the mass loss of twig components (acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR), holocellulose, soluble carbohydrate, and polyphenol). Especially when the twigs previously inoculated with Xylaria sp. or Phomopsis sp. were successively inoculated with M. polygramma the net weight of AUR increased, which was probably due to the synthesized melanin in hyphae of the endophytes. Our findings indicate that interspecific interactions between endophytic and saprobic fungi do affect the total mass of humic substances produced during the litter decay process.     

Biodegradation of eucalyptus urograndis wood by fungi

We focused in selecting four fungi, naturally living in Eucalyptus sp. fields, for application in accelerating stump decay. The wood-rot fungi Pycnoporus sanguineus (Ps), Lentinus bertieri (Lb) and Xylaria sp. (Xa) were isolated from Eucalyptus sp. field and the fungus Lentinula edodes (Led) was obtained from a commercial strain. All fungi were studied according to their capacity to degrade eucalyptus urograndis wood. In order to evaluate mass losses of seven years old eucalyptus urograndis' wood test blocks from heartwood were prepared added to glass flasks with red clay soil. The humidity of the soil was adjusted with 50 and 100% of its water retention capacity. Mass loss evaluations occurred at 30 until 120 days after eucalyptus wood degradation. Chemical analysis and soil pH were measured only in the last evaluation. Mycelial growth assays with potato-dextrose-agar, malt-agar and sawdust-dextrose-agar at three temperatures was carried out in order to get information about the best conditions of fungi growth. On the 120^th day, Ps and Lb showed good capacity of wood degradation by leading to a high mass loss in soil with highest humidity. These fungi were the best consumers of lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and extractives, caused acidification in the soil. Ps and Lb had faster mycelial growth in sawdust-dextrose-agar, especially in high temperature, comparing to Xa and Led. Xa and Led are not good eucalyptus urograndis heartwood degraders, because they consume preferentially hemicellulose.     

Seasonal and tissue age influences on endophytic fungi of Pinus tabulaeformis (Pinaceae) in the Dongling Mountains, Beijing

Endophytic fungi associated with Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.were investigated in the Dongling Mountains of Beijing.A total of 16200 tissue segments of P.tabulaeformis from four sample collections were processed,and 10659 fungal isolates were recovered.The overall colonization and isolation rates of endophytic fungi from high to low were spring>winter>autumn>summer and in different tissues were bark>needle>xylem,irrespective of sampling seasons.The colonization rates of endophytic fungi of needles increased with age in the four sample collections.There were no significant differences of the colonization rates of endophytic fungi among 1-,2-,and 3-year-old bark and xylem,except for significantly lower colonization rates in 1-year-old bark than in 2- and 3-year-old bark in summer.A similar trend of the isolation rates of endophytic fungi occurred.A total of 24 fungal taxa were recorded,of these five taxa Alternaria alternata,Leptostroma sp.,Pestalotiopsis besseyi,Phoma lingam,and Phomopsis archeri,were consistently isolated as the common fungi in each sample collection.Our results suggest that some fungi show a certain degree of tissue recurrence or specificity,and the composition of endophytic assemblages is not conspicuously influenced by the seasonal factor.     

Jatrorrhizine and columbamine alkaloids isolated from Argemone mexicana are inhibitory to spore germination of some plant pathogenic fungi

The isomeric alkaloids jatrorrhizine and columbamine isolated from the whole plant of Argemone mexicana were assessed against spore germination of some fungi, e.g. Alternaria cajani, Bipolaris sp., Helminthosporium sp., Fusarium udum and Curvularia sp. Both the alkaloids were effective against most of the fungi tested. Jatrorrhizine was highly effective against spore germination of Bipolaris sp., Fusarium udum and Curvularia sp. at 5000 ppm concentration, whereas columbamine was highly effective against Alternaria cajani, Helminthosporium sp. and Fusarium udum at 5000 ppm.     

茅苍术内生真菌的分离鉴定及在组培苗中的回接

从茅苍术的叶、茎和根中分离鉴定内生真菌,并观测内生菌回接对茅苍术组培苗生长的影响。共获得茅苍术内生菌16株,其中叶片中14株,根茎中各获得一株。分别为交链孢霉、镰刀霉、小克银汉霉、青霉、茎点霉、小菌核菌、孔球孢霉和不产孢类。经内生菌和茅苍术快繁苗实验初筛,得到两株对植物无害的内生菌:小菌核菌和孔球孢霉,将它们回接到茅苍术组培苗中,可以从苗叶片中染色观察到菌丝。其中小菌核菌能提高茅苍术炼苗的存活率,接入内生菌的茅苍术叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于未接菌的对照,脂肪酸不饱和指数基本不变,说明分离自茅苍术的内生菌回接后可以与宿主建立共生关系。