C反应蛋白检测在感染性和非感染性发热鉴别中的作用

目的：探讨C反应蛋白（C reactive protein,CRP）在感染性和非感染性发热鉴别中的作用。方法：对758例以发热为主要症状的患者进行各项检查,并在入院24小时内采集静脉血用免疫比浊法检测CRP,计算特异度、灵敏度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比。结果：758例患者中,确诊为感染性发热的患者616例,占81.27%,非感染性发热患者142例,占18.73%。感染性发热患者的CRP值显著高于非感染性发热患者,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。CRP检验的特异度、灵敏度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比和阴性似然比的值分别为87.32%、97.89%、95.91%、97.10%、90.51%、7.72和0.02。结论：CRP的检测能有效鉴别感染性发热与非感染性发热。     

从发热的鉴别诊断思路谈实习医师的临床思维培养

目的目的建立发热性疾病的鉴别诊断思路,指导实习医师的临床实践。方法回顾性分析我院1997年1月至2003年3月收住的以发热为主要临床表现的患者706例,进行鉴别诊断思路研究。结果感染性疾病550例(81.12%),其中,局灶感染203例(29.94%),多系统性感染347(51.18%),非感染性疾病107例(15.78%)。结论对临床思维的训练实行归纳演绎式的教学方法,取得了良好的教学效果。     

马方综合征并发感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗体会

目的：探讨马方综合征并发感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗的体会。方法：回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年12月我院30例马方综合征并发感染性心内膜炎患者,男19例,女11例,年龄23.58（41．6±15．2）岁,所有患者均进行了抗生素治疗和心瓣膜置换或成形术,其中对患者进行经典Bent,all手术12例,纽扣法Bentall手术18例,比较分析手术治疗马方综合征并发感染性心内膜炎疗效。结果：手术时间276．742（405．0±125．0）min,体外循环时间115—319（159．0±43．0）rain,机械通气辅助时间1～12（2．4±2．0）d．住院时间10．60（28．5±11．0）d,术后出现并发症有7例,经二期手术治愈有5例,2例抢救无效死亡,并发症发生率为23.3％,死亡率为6．7％。结论：对于马方综合征并发感染性心内膜炎患者,正确把握手术的时机和抗感染药物治疗剂量,积极采取外科手术治疗是最佳的治疗方法。     

放线菌与诺卡菌所致感染性皮肤肉芽肿的鉴别诊断及治疗

感染性肉芽肿是一类慢性增生性炎症。放线菌和诺卡菌所致感染性肉芽肿实属少见,但两者临床症状、体征相似,易误诊或漏诊。本文报道1例放线菌与1例诺卡菌所致皮肤感染性肉芽肿,通过皮肤组织病理学检查、细菌培养、生化鉴定及细菌分子生物学检测,最终明确诊断。进一步分析2种感染的病因学、流行病学、临床表现、诊断和鉴别诊断及治疗,并结合最新研究进展,可帮助临床医师更好地认识放线菌属细菌所致感染性皮肤肉芽肿,以便于及时诊断、及时治疗。这2种感染有很多相似之处,也有各自特点,需临床医师求同存异,仔细鉴别;还需与其他感染性肉芽肿如皮肤结核、孢子丝菌病或着色芽生菌病等鉴别诊断。     

外科老年病人感染性休克的护理

感染性休克是因感染引起有效循环血容量锐减,微循环灌注不足的循环功能衰竭综合征。多年来,感染性休克的病死率一直居高不下（50％）。老年人由于生理功能衰退、体弱多病、易受外界因素干扰,适应能力减弱,在原发病基础上,一旦出现急性感染易发展为感染性休克,治疗过程漫长,疗效不一。我科于2004年1月和2005年4月,对6例老年病人进行了抗感染性休克的护理,现将护理体会总结如下。     

慢性坏死性肺曲霉病18例临床分析

目的 探讨慢性坏死性肺曲霉病（CNPA）的临床特征、诊断与治疗,以提高对该病的认识。方法 对2003年1月-2006年3月广州呼吸疾病研究所经病理证实的18例慢性坏死性肺曲霉病住院病例进行回顾性研究,结合文献分析其临床表现、影像学、诊断和治疗方法。结果CNPA症状无特异性,主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰18例（100.0％）,咯血9例（50.0％）,咳血痰1例（5．6％）,发热7例（38．9％）,气促5例（27．8％）,盗汗3例（16．7％）,胸痛3例（16.7％）,消瘦3例（16．7％）,疲乏无力2例（11.1％）。右肺病变5例（27．8％）,左肺病变11例（61．1％）,双肺受累2例（11.1％）。病灶位于下肺6例（33．3％）,上中肺9例（50.0％）,双肺弥漫病变1例（5．6％）,双肺多发空洞1例（5．6％）,左侧毁损肺1例（5．6％）,不常见的胸膜（腔）受累共4例。“空气新月征”有提示诊断意义,在本组中发现8例（44.4％）。全部病例均经病理确诊,其中经支气管肺组织活检确诊7例。结论CNPA临床表现无特异性,影像学检查在诊断中起重要作用,而诊断需要病理依据。存在肺部基础疾病,出现发热、血痰及空气新月征三联征时,应高度警惕CNPA。系统抗真菌治疗无效、合并大咯血或肺部阴影与肿瘤不能鉴别时,可考虑手术切除。     

发热原因待查208例临床分析

目的:分析总结208例发热原因待查(fever of unknown origin,FUO)患者的临床特点,指导临床FOU诊断。方法:回顾性分析208例FUO患者的临床表现、相关辅助检查、诊断经过、诊断性治疗等情况。结果:208例FUO患者最后确诊182例,确诊率为87.5%。182例确诊病例中感染性发热98例(53.8%),其中普通细菌感染51例(52.0%),结核感染36例(36.7%);非感染性发热84例(46.2%),其中风湿病57例(67.9%),恶性肿瘤17例(20.2%)。结论:感染性发热仍是临床上发热最常见的原因。结核感染、结缔组织病及造血系统恶性肿瘤所致的发热是FUO常见的原因:一些疑似的结核病可积极进行诊断性治疗,并积极病理组织活检以明确诊断。发热原因待查患者中结缔组织病的比例较前有明显提升,结缔组织病合并感染也可引起高热,需引起足够重视,以免误诊。     

氧化酶和尿素酶试验对HP感染的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨氧化酶和尿素酶对幽门螺杆菌（HP）感染的检出率和鉴别诊断。方法 采用氧化酶和尿素酶和涂片对1738例胃病患者进行HP检测。结果 1738例中氧化酶试验、尿素酶试验试验阳性检出率分别为47．41％、89．99％,阳性预测值为89．76％,阴性预测值为95．3％;尿毒酶试验的敏感性为99．72％,特异性为96．02％,阳性预浊值为95．36％,阴性预测值为9．76％,两者相比较各个参数间均无明显差（P＞0．05）。结论 氧化酶试验和尿毒酶试验一样对检测HP快速有效,两者联合应用可提供对HP感染诊断和鉴别诊断的准确性。     

252例胸膜恶性肿瘤的临床病理分析

目的：探讨胸膜恶性肿瘤的病理类型、肿瘤所占比例、临床病理特征及鉴别诊断。方法：结合病理形态学及免疫组化方法对252例胸膜恶性肿瘤进行诊断及鉴别诊断。结果：252例胸膜恶性肿瘤包括胸膜穿刺活检120例,胸腔镜活检25例,伴有胸膜转移的恶性胸水107例;男性143例,女性109例,年龄19—87岁,平均年龄59．9岁。临床主要症状是胸闷、气短、咳嗽、胸痛等。CT表现为胸膜增厚、胸水（90％）、多发或单发胸膜结节和原发器官占位性病变。活检病例中,转移性癌86例（34．1％）,包括肺腺癌64例（25．4％）,小细胞癌11例（4．4％）,鳞癌11例（4．4％）,恶性间皮瘤47例（18．7％）,滑膜肉瘤9例（3．6％）,非霍奇金淋巴瘤3例（1．2％）;恶性胸水病例病例中转移性癌95例（37．7％）,包括肺腺癌85例（33．7％）,小细胞癌6例（2．4％）,鳞癌2例（0．8％）,乳腺腺癌2例（0．8％）,恶性间皮瘤8例（3．2％）,非霍奇金淋巴瘤4例（1．6％）。结论：胸膜恶性肿瘤中以转移性腺癌多见,其次为恶性间皮瘤,结合形态学及免疫组织化学检测不同标志物的表达有助于诊断胸膜恶性肿瘤的种类。     

儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎临床分析

目的分析并讨论儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法等。方法回顾性分析上海长征医院皮肤科在1993年3月至2008年6月间16例经病原学确诊的隐球菌性脑膜炎患儿临床资料。结果患儿平均年龄7．25岁（2～15岁）,男女比例2．2：1,主要症状包括头痛（87．5％）、发热（81．25％）、恶心呕吐（75％）等,10例颅内压升高。确诊依据脑脊液真菌涂片、培养或隐球菌抗原检查。治疗采用两性霉素B和（或）两性霉素B脂质体静滴,5一氟胞嘧啶口服,辅以两性霉素B鞘内注射,联合氟康唑、伊曲康唑等药物治疗。16例患儿痊愈9例,病情明显好转5例,死亡2例。结论儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎起病缓慢,临床症状缺乏特异性,对疑有中枢神经系统感染性疾病时,应及早行脑脊液检查,并反复多次检查、联合检查以确定诊断,减少误诊、漏诊。早期诊断和及时、系统、足量、长程的抗真菌治疗是提高治愈率和患儿生存质量的关键。     

Uveitis- a rare disease often associated with systemic diseases and infections- a systematic review of 2619 patients

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Uveitis is an autoimmune disease of the eye that refers to any of a number of intraocular inflammatory conditions. Because it is a rare disease, uveitis is often overlooked, and the possible associations between uveitis and extra-ocular disease manifestations are not well known. The aim of this study was to characterise uveitis in a large sample of patients and to evaluate the relationship between uveitis and systemic diseases. METHODS: The present study is a cross-sectional study of a cohort of patients with uveitis. Records from consecutive uveitis patients who were seen by the Uveitis Service in the Department of Ophthalmology at the Medical University of Vienna between 1995 and 2009 were selected from the clinical databases. The cases were classified according to the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Study Group criteria for uveitis. RESULTS: Data were available for 2619 patients, of whom 59.9% suffered from anterior, 14.8% from intermediate, 18.3% from posterior and 7.0% from panuveitis. 37.2% of all cases showed an association between uveitis and extra-organ diseases; diseases with primarily arthritic manifestations were seen in 10.1% of all cases, non-infectious systemic diseases (i.e., Behcet's disease, sarcoidosis or multiple sclerosis) in 8.4% and infectious uveitis in 18.7%. 49.4% of subjects suffering from anterior uveitis tested positively for the HLA-B27 antigen. In posterior uveitis cases 29% were caused by ocular toxoplasmosis and 17.7% by multifocal choroiditis. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmologists, rheumatologists, infectiologists, neurologists and general practitioners should be familiar with the differential diagnosis of uveitis. A better interdisciplinary approach could help in tailoring of the work-up, earlier diagnosis of co-existing diseases and management of uveitis patients.     

Quantitative determination of anti-hydatid antibodies by ELISA without a colorimetric reading

A simple and sensitive immunoenzymatic technique for titration of anti-E. granulosus antibodies is described. The method employs the Diffusion-In-Gel-ELISA (DIG-ELISA) technique that needs no plate reader and thus could be widely used in endemic areas. Seventy five human sera, including patients with hydatid disease (26), other parasitic diseases (20), infectious diseases (9), non-infectious diseases (4) and healthy donors (16), were assayed to evaluate diagnostic specificity. The results obtained indicate that DIG-ELISA exhibits sensitivity and specificity similar to other serological techniques for hydatid diagnosis, and in addition improves simplicity.     

八种常见儿童感染性疾病相关指标差异性研究

摘要 目的：探讨异型淋巴细胞、白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、C-反应蛋白及血沉等在儿童感染性相关疾病不同疾病种类、不同年龄段及性别的差异情况,并进行分析,从而为疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗提供依据。方法：选取2017年1月-2018年12月266例患感染性疾病的儿童,根据疾病类型分为八组,分别为传染性单核细胞增多症（41例）、EB病毒感染（18例）、支气管肺炎（43例）、支气管炎（42例）、急性上呼吸道感染（48例）、急性化脓性扁桃体炎（18例）、肺炎（19例）、粒细胞减少（37例）等,应用检验相关手段,对患儿异型淋巴细胞、白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、C-反应蛋白及血沉等进行检测,采用SPSS17.0统计学分析软件,计算各检验结果的平均值与标准差,进行相关t检验,进而对不同疾病的检验项目进行统计学分析。结果：在八种疾病相关检验的比较中,传染性单核细胞增多症与其余七种感染性疾病在异型淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞及血沉的数据进行比较,其之间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其余各组疾病相关指标没有统计学差异。在年龄段的分组比较中,异型淋巴细胞在各年龄段之间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在性别分组比较中,白细胞在性别与各年龄段之间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：不同种类感染性疾病及不同年龄、性别相关细胞检查存在差异,各类检测结果的综合对比分析,更有利于疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

Euthermic Endocarditis

Background

Most patients with infective endocarditis (IE) manifest fever. Comparison of endocarditis patients with and without fever, and whether the lack of fever in IE is a marker for poorer outcomes, such as demonstrated in other severe infectious diseases, have not been defined.

Methods and Results

Cases from the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases IE registry, a single-center database that contains all cases of IE treated at our center. Diagnosis date between 1970 and 2006, which met the modified Duke criteria for definite endocarditis, without fever was included. There were 240 euthermic endocarditis cases included in this analysis, with 282 febrile controls selected by frequency matching on gender and decade of diagnosis. Euthermic patients had a median age of 63.6 years (±16.1) as compared to 59.0 years (±16.4) in the febrile control group (p=0.001). Median (IQR) symptom duration prior to diagnosis was 4.0 (1.0, 12.0) weeks in the euthermic group compared to 3.0 (1.0, 8.0) weeks in the febrile controls (p= 0.006). From unadjusted analyses, survival rates were 87% in euthermic cases versus 83% in febrile controls across 28-day follow-up (p=0.164), and 72% in euthermic group cases versus 69% in febrile controls across 1-year follow-up (p=0.345). Also unadjusted, the 1-year cumulative incidence rate of valve surgery was higher in euthermic cases versus febrile controls (50% vs. 39%, p= 0.004).

Conclusions

Patients with euthermic endocarditis are older, and lack of fever was associated with longer symptom duration and delayed diagnosis prior to IE diagnosis. Despite a higher unadjusted rate of valve surgery in euthermic patients, the result was not significant when adjusting for baseline confounders. Differences in survival rates at both 28-days and 365-days were not statistically significant between the two groups.     

剑阁县2001～2010 年法定传染病流行特征及防治对策分析

目的:通过分析10年法定传染病疲情的流行趋势和三间分布特征,为制定传染病预防控制策略和措施提供依据.方法:采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情趋势和三间分布情况,数据资料用SPSS10.0和Excel 2003进行统计分析.结果:2001～2010年共报告乙、丙类传染病25种26 129例,年均发病率386.89/10万,年均死亡率0.15/10万,10年间报告法定传染病以血源及性传播传染病和呼吸道传染病为主,居第1位的是血源及性传播传染病,共报告5种12 453例,占53.03％;其次是呼吸道传染病,共报告5种9828例,占41.85％,近3年发病居于各类传染病首位;第三位的是肠道传染病,共报5种1149例,占4.89％.发病居前5位的传染为乙肝、肺结核、流行性腮腺炎、痢疾、麻疹,主要传染病以乙肝、肺结核为主,近年性传播疾病呈快速增长趋势.结论:血源及性传播传染病和呼吸道传染病是今后重点防控传染病.     

Enhanced passive surveillance dengue infection among febrile children: Prevalence,co-infections and associated factors in Cameroon

Dengue virus (DENV) causes a spectrum of diseases ranging from asymptomatic, mild febrile to a life-threatening illness: dengue hemorrhagic fever. The main clinical symptom of dengue is fever, similar to that of malaria. The prevalence of dengue virus infection, alone or in association with other endemic infectious diseases in children in Cameroon is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dengue, malaria and HIV in children presenting with fever and associated risk factors.Dengue overall prevalence was 20.2%, Malaria cases were 52.7% and HIV cases represented 12.6%. The prevalence of dengue-HIV co-infection was 6.0% and that of Malaria-dengue co-infection was 19.5%. Triple infection prevalence was 4.3%. Dengue virus infection is present in children and HIV-Dengue or Dengue- Malaria co-infections are common. Dengue peak prevalence was between August and October. Sex and age were not associated with dengue and dengue co-infections. However, malaria as well as HIV were significantly associated with dengue (P = 0.001 and 0.028 respectively). The diagnosis of dengue and Malaria should be carried out routinely for better management of fever.     

Idiopathic aortitis: an underrecognized vasculitis

Aortitis is a general term denoting inflammation of the aortic wall. Various infectious and non-infectious diseases can be complicated by aortitis; in addition, isolated idiopathic aortitis has also been described. In a 12-year nationwide Danish population-based study, the prevalence of aortitis among 1,210 resected thoracic aorta samples was 6.1%, with nearly three-quarters of cases being idiopathic. Identified risk factors for aortitis included advanced age, a history of connective tissue disease, diabetes mellitus, and heart valve pathology. As in virtually all pathological studies, this study has a bias toward reporting the most severe cases of aortitis requiring surgical repair.     

Role of faecal gas analysis for the diagnosis of IBD

The diagnosis of IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) is based on the clinical evaluation of symptoms and signs leading to a series of investigations. The investigations used are often unpleasant for patients; they are invasive, costly and potentially dangerous. Patients often report that the odour of flatus, or the gas emitted from faeces, is abnormal during a flare of their IBD. Our group has characterized the VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the headspace gas emitted from faecal samples from healthy subjects, from patients with infectious diarrhoea and from those with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, both in relapse and remission. Painstaking analysis of gas chromatography-MS data (VOC profiling) has revealed patterns of compounds that are strongly associated with specific infectious diseases and with IBD. These compounds represent a change in the microflora and/or the metabolism of bacteria and/or the epithelium in disease states. These profiles offer a potential for rapid non-invasive assessment of a range of infectious and non-infectious gastrointestinal diseases. The study of VOCs may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD.     

急性传染病休克的临床诊治与转归分析

目的:探讨急性传染病休克患者的诊治策略,提高救治成功率.方法:回顾分析急性传染病休克患者的人口学、流行病学、病因分类、传染病发生至休克出现时间、早期临床诊治与转归等情况,总结诊治经验.结果:本组68例急性传染病休克主要来自呼吸道、消化道传染病,细菌和病毒是休克发生的主要病原,分别占54.4％和30.9％,仅25％的病例病前有明确的传染病接触史.51.9％的患者存在误诊误治现象.在明确休克发生病理机制的前提下,早期快速有效的抗休克、抗感染治疗,短期使用糖皮质激素,积极纠正酸碱、电解质紊乱,并给予必要的对症支持治疗,治愈出院率92.6％,平均康复住院时间3～11天,平均(5.8±2.4)天.结论:急性传染病休克早期误诊现象突出;给予积极抗体克、抗感染、激素治疗,纠正酸碱和电解质紊乱,结合对症支持治疗,可在短期内治愈患者.