中国猫蛛属三新种(蜘蛛目,猫蛛科)

记述了中国湖南省猫蛛科Oxyopidae猫蛛属Oxyopes 3新种：环缘猫蛛Oxyopes annularis sp.nov.,弓缘猫蛛Oxy-opes arcuatus sp.nov.和带缘猫蛛Oxyopes balteiformis sp.nov.3新种的主要鉴别特征。环缘猫蛛,新种Oxyopes annularis sp．nov．与条纹猫蛛Oxyopes striagntus Song,1991相似,但新种腹部细长,末端特别尖细;外雌器角质化后缘拱起较宽长,呈半圆形,其前缘正中尚有两个小疣突,后者角质化后缘拱起较窄短,呈蛇头状,正中没有成对小疣突。弓形猫蛛,新种Oxyopes arcuatus sp．nov．与尖峰猫蛛Oxyopes jianfeng Song,1991相似,但新种外雌器角质化后缘弯曲呈弓形,近乎半圆,后者条状,近乎平直,仅两侧端稍有弯曲;纳精囊较大,交媾管远端细,弯曲呈圆圈,近端变粗呈漏斗形,后者交媾管粗细均匀,远端平直折向近端。不呈漏斗状。带缘猫蛛,新种Oxyopes balteiformis sp．nov．与细纹猫蛛Oxyopes macilentus L.Koch,1878相似,但新种外雌器角质化后缘呈横向带状,较宽,正中无任何突起结构,后者角质化后缘腹面正中有一个三角形突起,背面观在阴门正中有一个“T”形脊。     

中国湖南省丽蛛属二新种记述(蜘蛛目,球蛛科)

记述了采自湖南省球蛛科丽蛛属Chrysso 2新种：石门丽蛛C．shimenensis sp．nov．和胡氏丽蛛C．huae sp．nov.。石门丽蛛背面有一个非常独特的叉形红斑,其外雌器的详细结构均与丽蛛属其它种类不同,插入器基部近方形,针管部分鞭索状,呈“C”形,引导器粗大,弯曲呈“S”形,其末端有角质化爪状结构2个;胡氏丽蛛与玻璃丽蛛C．vitra Zhu,1998相似,但腹部斑纹不同,外雌器交媾腔大而扁,呈椭圆形,而后者近乎圆形,纳精囊肾形,而后者圆球形。模式标本保存在湖南省生物研究所。文中量度单位为mm。     

中国云南球蛛科灵蛛属两新种

记述了云南高黎贡山球蛛科灵蛛属2新种:长灵蛛Thymoites elongatus Peng,Yin et Hu,sp.nov.和三刺灵蛛Thymoites trisetaceus Peng,Yin et Griswold,sp.nov.。并提供了详细的描述和分布数据。模式标本保存在湖南师范大学生命科学学院和美国加州科学院。长灵蛛,新种Thymoites elongatus Peng,Yin et Hu,sp.nov.(图1 ~6)正模♂,副模1♀,云南腾冲县界头乡桥头村, 1 652m,2006-05-17 ,尹长民,胡佳芳,杨小华采(保存于湖南师范大学)。副模: 1 ♂,云南腾冲县界头乡大塘村大河岭干脚,1 952m,2006-05-17 ,彭贤锦,王新平,胡鹏采(保存于美国加州科学院) ;1 ♂,云南腾冲县界头乡大塘村大河岭干脚,1 952m,2006-05-17 ,彭贤锦,王新平,胡鹏采(保存于湖南师范大学)。新种雌蛛与Thymoites chikuniiYoshida,1988相似,但是有以下几点不同:新种交媾腔位于生殖板中部,远离生殖沟。而Thymoites chikunii的交媾腔则位于生殖沟附近。交媾管也比后者更长,弯曲缠绕更复杂。新种雄蛛与王氏灵蛛Thymoites wangi Zhu,1998类似。但有以下区别:新种插入器很长,几乎围绕整个生殖球边缘,而王氏灵蛛的插入器则相对较短,位于生殖球的中部。新种的贮精管清晰可见,后者的则不明显。词源:雄蛛触肢器具有长的引导器,故名长灵蛛。地理分布:中国云南。三刺灵蛛,新种Thymoites trisetaceus Peng,Yin et Griswold,sp.nov.(图7 ~12)正模♂,副模1♀,云南腾冲县界头乡大塘村大河岭干脚, 1 952m,2006-05-14 ,彭贤锦,王新平,胡鹏采(保存于湖南师范大学)。副模: 2 ♂♂,云南腾冲县新华乡龙井村山清, 1 880m,2006-05-27 ,尹长民,胡佳芳,杨小华采(保存于美国加州科学院) ; 1 ♂,云南腾冲县上阴乡窜龙村,1 990m,2006-06-04 ,尹长民,胡佳芳,杨小华采(保存于湖南师范大学) ;1 ♂,云南腾冲县猴桥乡找笔塘村, 2 510m,2006-05-29 ,彭贤锦,王新平,胡鹏采(保存于湖南师范大学)。新种雌雄蛛都类似于王氏灵蛛Thymoites wangiZhu,1998 ,但有以下不同: 1)新种的外雌器后端无球状隆起,而王氏灵蛛的外雌器后端有球状隆起;2)新种雌蛛的交媾管呈纵向排列,而王氏灵蛛的则呈横向排列; 3)新种的交媾孔接近生殖沟,而后者的则远离生殖沟; 4)新种雄蛛的插入器很短,起始部位于9点的位置,而王氏灵蛛的插入器长,起始部位于3点的位置; 5)新种的插入器基部较小,生殖球腹面突起较少。词源:新种因前中、侧眼间的突起上有3根刺,故名三刺灵蛛。地理分布:中国云南。     

中国云南蚁蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,跳蛛科)

记述了产于我国云南的蚁蛛1新种:环蚁蛛 Myrmarachne circulus sp.nov.,标本采自云南勐腊,保存在湖南师范大学生命科学院,量度单位为mm.新种与黄蚁蛛Myrmarachne plataleoides(Cambridge,1869)相似,但有以下区别:1)雄蛛螯肢外侧近平直,后者呈"P"形;2)生殖球肥大,后者较细小;3)贮精管粗大,半环形,后者较细小,呈"S"形;4)兜位于外雌器中下部,后者位于下部.     

中国幽蛛属两新种(蜘蛛目,平腹蛛科)

记述了中国平腹蛛科Gnaphosidae幽蛛属Sco-tophaeus 2新种：思茅幽蛛Scotophaeus simaoensis sp．nov．和明才幽蛛Scotophaeus mingcaii sp．nov．。思茅幽蛛,新种Scotophaeus simaoensis Zhang,Yin et Bao,sp．nov．(图1～6)。正模♀,副模17♀♀,云南思茅,1979年3月3～4日;1♀,湖南沅江,1979年3月29日,王家福采。本种与布氏幽蛛Scotophaeus blackwallii(Thorell,1871)相似,但它们有如下不同：外雌器腹面观前端正中有1较大的角质兜,两侧褶襞之间相距较窄;纳精囊形状很不相同。交媾管较短,弯曲呈半圆形,后者呈螺旋形。新种以模式产地命名。明才幽蛛,新种Scotophaeus mingcaii Yin,Zhang et Bao,sp．nov．(图7～11)。正模♀,湖南大庸市,1986年6～7月,张明才采。本种与布氏幽蛛Scotophaeus blackwallii(Thorell,1871)近似,但它们有如下不同：外雌器腹面观前端正中无角质兜,两侧褶襞短,合抱呈心形。纳精囊与交媾管之间有1个扭曲,交媾管弯曲呈“U”形。新种以采集者名字命名。模式标本保存于湖南师范大学生命科学学院。文中量度单位为mm。     

中国隆头蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:隆头蛛科)

记述了云南隆头蛛属1新种：大理隆头蛛Eresus daliensis sp.nov.。新种与草隆头蛛Eresus cinnaberinus (Olivier,1789)近似,但本种雌蛛外雌器的凹陷呈倒“U”字形,雄蛛腹部背面中部具一宽的暗色横带,引导器的内侧面近顶部具1个三角形裂片,而不同于后者。     

中国隅隙蛛属Tegecoelotes 1新种(蜘蛛目:暗蛛科:隙蛛亚科)

记述了采自中国吉林省长白山地区的隅隙蛛属Tegecoelotes 1新种:弱齿隅隙蛛,新种T. dysodentatus sp. nov. .本新种近似于亚隅隙蛛T. secundus (Paik, 1971) (Wang, 2002:133, f. 375～380),但生殖器有如下区别:(1) 雄蛛膝节突末端向外侧弯曲;(2)引导器末端向背侧弯曲且与中突的间距较大;(3)盾板突较钝;(4)盾板外侧边缘的薄片较宽;(5)雌蛛外雌器齿弱且间距宽;(6)纳精囊头较后者细.本新种以雌性副模外雌器齿较弱而得名.     

中国冕蟹蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,蟹蛛科)

记述了采自中国湖南省石门县壶瓶山境内的蟹蛛科形状不同,本种纳精囊细管状,而后者囊状;3)新种螯肢Thomisidae冕蟹蛛属Smodicinodes 1新种,壶瓶冕蟹蛛Smod- 前齿堤有5根须状长毛,而后者为2个小齿.雄蛛与Smodiicinodes hupingesissp nov..新种与Smodicinodes kovaci Ono,cinodes schwendingeri Benjamin,2002相似,但有以下几点不1993相似,但有以下几点不同:1)两者头胸部和腹部的比同:1)腹部形状不同;2)本种触肢胫节腹突和跗舟延伸部例不同,且前者腹部梨形,后者腹部长卵圆形;2)交媾腔分尖锐,而后者圆钝;3)胫节后侧突指状,而后者分叉.     

中国斯托蛛属2新种记述（蜘蛛目：拟平腹蛛科）

本文记述了分别采自云南省和湖南省的拟平腹蛛科斯托蛛属Storenomorpha 2新种:云南斯托蛛,新种S.yunnan sp.nov.和S.yizhang sp.nov..云南斯托蛛腹部背而两侧斑纹三角形,前后连接成行.粗壮的后胫节突,前端有2个距,其中背距长而有1扭曲.外雌器中隔宽大,交媾腔分为两侧腔,较大,纳精囊位于近生殖厣后缘,交媾管粗,由后向前,在交媾腔前方有1个拐点,扭曲向后与纳精囊相连.宜章斯托蛛腹部背面两侧斑纹4对,彼此分离不连成线,后胫节突和腹距长于背距,插入器鞭状,较云南斯托蛛长,末端超出生殖球一段距离.2新种形态结构有差异.两者以其后跗节突远端2个距的长度明显不同以及腹斑部背斑各异与模式种S.comottoi Simon,1884都不相同.模式标本云南斯托蛛正模、部分副模保存于湖南师范大学(HNU),部分副模将保存于美国加州科学学院(CAS).宜章斯托蛛模式种保存于湖南师范大学(HNU).文中量度单位为mm.     

中国湖南省球蛛属两新种记述

记述了采自湖南省壶瓶山国家自然保护区内的球蛛属2新种:壶峰球蛛Theridion hufengensis sp.nov.和灌木球蛛Theridion fruticum sp.nov..壶峰球蛛与琼海球蛛Theridion qionghaiensis Zhu,1998的主要区别是:1)背部斑纹不同;2)外雌器交媾腔不同,本种有中隔,交媾孔开口于两侧,后者开口于一处;3)交媾管走向不同,本种由内向外延伸,后者由外侧向内侧弯曲.灌木球蛛与克拉球蛛Theridion karamyensis Zhu,1998的区别是:1)本种正中条斑外有白色细边和灰黑波纹;2)交媾管与纳精囊相接处无扭曲;3)交媾腔有中隔,被分成2个圆形腔,而后者无中隔.模式标本保存在湖南师范大学生命科学学院.文中量度单位为mm.     

Materials for Chinese Phyllanthoideae

The present paper is part of taxonomic study on Chinese Phyllanthoideae. Included in it are two new varieties, Leptopus esquirolii var. villosus and Drypetes hainanensis var. longistipitata, one new combination, Glochidion triandrum var. siamense, and seven new records in China: Drypetes salicifolia, D. hoaensis. Actephila subsessilis, Glochidion khasicum, G. nubigennum, Bridelia spiosa and B. poilanei. In addition, seventeen taxon names are newly reduced: Liodendron formosanum = Drypetes formosana, Liodendron matsumurae = Drypetes matsumurae, D. longipes = D. indica, Antidesma paxii = A. acidum, A. hiiranense, A. filipes and A. pentandrum var. hiiranense = A. japonicum, A. calvescens = A. montanum, A. microphyllum = A. venosum, Breynia stipitata var. formosana and B. jormosana = B. vitis-idaea, Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum = G. hirsutum, G. rubidulum = G. thomsonii, G. acuminatum = G. triandrum, G. fagifolium and Phyllanthus fagifolius = Glochidion sphaerogynum, Bridelia penangiena = B. insulana, B. henryana = B. tomentosa. All the types are kept in SCBl and PE.     

Phylogenetic revision of the Taenogera Kröber genus-group (Diptera: Therevidae), with descriptions of two new genera

The phylogenetic relationships of the Taenogera genus-group, consisting of nine genera, are examined using cladistic methods. Twenty-one species representing nine genera and one outgroup were compared in a cladistic analysis across 99 states in 44 characters. The genus Taenogera Kröber is revised to contain only T. longa (Schiner), T. nitida (Macquart) and T. notatithorax Mann. Two new genera are described and figured: Actenomeros gen. n., with two species, A. corniculaticaudus sp. n. and A. onyx sp. n.; and Taenogerella gen. n., with four species, Ta. elizabethae sp. n., Ta. platina sp. n., Ta. schlingeri sp. n. and Ta . nigrapicalis (Mann) comb. n. Phylogenetic analysis also supports the removal of Nanexila gracilis (Mann) comb. n. from Taenogera .     

Relationships between host blood factors and proteases in Glossina morsitans subspecies infected with Trypanosoma congolense

Abstract. Host blood effects on Trypanosoma congolense establishment in Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina morsitans centralis were investigated using goat, rabbit, cow and rhinoceros blood. Meals containing goat erythrocytes facilitated infection in G. m. morsitans , whereas meals containing goat plasma facilitated infection in G. m. centralis. Goat blood effects were not observed in the presence of complementary rabbit blood components. N-acetyl-glucosamine (a midguMectin inhibitor) increased infection rates in some, but not all, blood manipulations. Cholesterol increased infection rates in G. m. centralis only. Both compounds together added to cow blood produced superinfection in G. m. centralis , but not in G. m. morsitans. Midgut protease levels did not differ 6 days post-infection in flies maintaining infections versus flies clearing infections. Protease levels were weakly correlated with patterns of infection, but only in G. m. morsitans. These results suggest that physiological mechanisms responsible for variation in infection rates are only superficially similar in these closely-related tsetse.     

Selection of Verticillium lecanii Isolates with High Potential for Biocontrol of Cucumber Powdery Mildew by Means of Components Analysis at Different Humidity Regimes

To identify characteristics for the selection of Verticillium lecanii isolates with high potential for biocontrol of Sphaerotheca fuliginea under glasshouse conditions, an exploratory study was performed on the effect of water limitation on the development of 14 isolates. The conidial germination, growth and sporulation of isolates of V. lecanii were studied in a tritrophic system on cucumber leaves and in a ditrophic system in Petri dishes. Their mycoparasitic ability was studied in S. fuliginea and Cladosporium cladosporioides . All characteristics were clearly affected by humidity. Four isolates showed good biocontrol potential. The performance of isolates on agar had less predictive value than on powdery mildew. The germination of isolates of V. lecanii was lower and the mycelial growth faster on agar than on mildewed leaves under corresponding humidity conditions. The results suggest that conditions in the phyllosphere differed from the set humidity in the surrounding air. A correlation was found between the lysis of C. cladosporioides growing in dual culture on agar with isolates of V. lecanii and the parasitism of powdery mildew on detached, rooted leaves. C. cladosporioides might offer a suitable substrate for testing isolates of V. lecanii for mycoparasitic potential under various environmental conditions. Conidial germination, growth and sporulation had limited predictive value.     

Evaluation of the Palaearctic Eurithia consobrina (Diptera: Tachinidae) as a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Canada

The evaluation of Eurithia consobrina (Meigen) as a candidate for introduction against bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in western Canada included studies of its host range, distribution, synchronization with host, constancy, abundance and life history in Europe. In addition, its diapause induction and its coldhardiness were compared with those of the target host M. configurata and its native tachinid parasitoid, Athrycia cinerea (Coq.). E. consobrina was found to fit criteria for a successful biocontrol agent reasonably well. It also had the potential to fill a largely unoccupied niche in the parasitoid complex of M. configurata. E. consobrina has a facultative diapause of the long-day type, similar to A. cinerea, but is less sensitive to diapause-inducing conditions. E. consobrina is at least as coldhardy as A. cinerea and more coldhardy than M. configurata. Laboratory exposures to temperatures of 0 C for 140 days apparently selected for greater coldhardiness, and later generations survived exposures of 140 days at -15 C without significant mortality. Adult E. consobrina were released at three locations in Manitoba in 1986 and 1987, but establishment has not been confirmed.     

Predation by Halmus chalybeus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Ceroplastes destructor and C. sinensis (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae) Infesting Citrus in Northland, New Zealand

Predation by Halmus chalybeus (steelblue ladybird) on two species of wax scale was studied on citrus orchards in Northland, New Zealand. Field experiments using an exclusion technique of enclosing citrus branches in bags, found that larval and adult H. chalybeus preyed on first and second instars of both Ceroplastes destructor (white wax scale) and C. sinensis (Chinese wax scale), but not third instar C. destructor. Third instar C. sinensis and adults of both species were not tested but are rarely, if ever, attacked by H. chalybeus. The sampling of scale and ladybird populations and field experiments showed that few scales of either species survived past the second instar stage where H. chalybeus was numerous. The feeding rate of H. chalybeus on settled first and second instar scales was estimated inside bagged branches. Adults consumed on average 15.6 C. destructor and 13.3 C. sinensis per day per ladybird, while larvae ate 9.7 C. destructor per day. These feeding rates accounted for the experimental reduction of scale populations. H. chalybeus is a useful natural enemy for the control of C. destructor and C. sinensis when its activity is not disrupted by pesticides.     

Further flavonoid studies onAttalea species and some related cocosoid palms

In a flavonoid survey of direct and hydrolysed leaf extracts of sixteenAttalea, sevenScheelea and fourOrbignya species free tricin, tricin 7-glycosides, tricin 5-glucoside and flavone C-glycosides were the most frequent constituents; present in 100, 89, 70, and 81% of species, respectively. Luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were each found in only 15% of the sample. The present results confirm the findings of a previous survey thatAttalea, Scheelea andOrbignya are chemically heterogeneous with as much variation between species as between genera. Furthermore, threeAttalea species,A. allenii, A. guaranitica andA. victoriana showed some infraspecific variation. On the other hand all three accessions ofA. ferruginea and six ofA. geraensis examined gave identical flavonoid profiles. The results support the view thatA. geraensis andA. guaranitica are closely related but do not support the suggested close relationship based on morphology betweenA. oleifera, A. burretiana andA. piassabossu.     

Investigations into the evolutionary history of the polyploid complexAntennaria neodioica (Asteraceae: Inuleae)

TheAntennaria neodioica polyploid agamic complex is a polymorphic species occurring across North America mainly north of the terminal margin of the Wisconsin glacier. This taxonomically difficult group has recently been treated as consisting of the four subspeciesA. neodioica subsp.canadensis, subsp.howellii, subsp.neodioica, and subsp.petaloidea. TheA. neodioica agamic complex has been considered of hybrid origin with several sexual diploid species constituting its parentage. Crosses were made among five sexual diploid species ofAntennaria, morphologically similar toA. neodioica s.l., in an attempt to discover its origins. Representative specimens of the five diploid species,A. neodioica s. l., and the synthetic interspecific F₁ hybrids were subjected to various analyses including PCA, cluster (UPGMA), and discriminant analyses. Results suggest that theA. neodioica complex is of multiple hybrid origin involving the four diploid speciesA. neglecta, A. plantaginifolia, A. racemosa, andA. virginica. BecauseA. neodioica is the result of diverse origin it is more desirable to consider the agamic complex as a separate, distinct species from its sexual diploid relatives. Several morphological characters in the diploid species were determined to be polygenically inherited.Investigations into the Evolutionary History of the Polyploid Complexes inAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). I.