可溶性环氧化物水解酶在疾病中的作用

花生四烯酸经过细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP)表氧化酶途径生成环氧二十碳三烯酸(epoxy eicosatrienoic acid,EETs),具有扩张血管、降低血压、抗炎等多种生物学功能。在哺乳动物系统中的可溶性环氧化物水解酶（soluble epoxide hydrolase,sEH)具有α/β水解酶折叠结构,对环氧脂肪酸具有高度的选择性。sEH能够快速水解EETs,增加患心血管疾病的风险。目前,研究发现sEH抑制剂具有抑制sEH活性、提高EETs的含量的重要功能。 在多种疾病动物模型中应用sEH抑制剂或sEH基因敲除,证实sEH在心肌肥厚、糖尿病、高血压和肾病等疾病中发挥重要的生理作用。因此,sEH已被作为疾病治疗的新靶点而进行研究。本文就sEH的分布、作用机制以及sEH与疾病的关系等方面进行了讨论。     

花生四烯酸细胞色素P450代谢物在肾脏生理和疾病中的作用(英文)

肾脏疾病在全球范围内都是导致死亡的重要原因。肾脏微血管功能失调在肾病的发生与发展中发挥着不可忽视的作用。药理学和生物化学等领域的许多实验方法已被用来研究花生四烯酸的细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP450)代谢物对肾脏微血管功能的调控作用。在肾脏中,CYP450表氧化酶代谢物环氧二十碳三烯酸(epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, EETs)主要在肾脏微血管产生。EETs可以通过舒张血管、降低血压、抗细胞凋亡、抗炎等多个方面发挥肾脏保护作用。CYP450表氧化酶代谢物EETs可作为肾脏疾病的治疗靶点。然而,在肾脏发生疾病时,肾脏微血管产生EETs的能力会显著降低。近来,用转基因动物过表达CYP450表氧化酶或用可溶性环氧化物水解酶(soluble epoxide hydrolase, sEH)抑制剂也均证实增加EETs水平具有明显的肾脏保护作用。本综述将重点讨论花生四烯酸的CYP450代谢物EETs在肾脏生理及疾病状态下具体的调控机制。     

环氧化物水解酶与人类疾病的关系

环氧化物水解酶(epoxide hydratase,EH)普遍存在于哺乳动物体内,它们参与一系列环氧化物诸如多环芳烃环氧化物、环氧二十碳三烯酸(epoxyeicosatrienoic acid,EET)的代谢,具有调节新陈代谢、解毒、调节信号分子三大功能,并且与人类多种疾病相关联。其中微粒体环氧化物水解酶(microsomal epoxide hydrolase,mEH)与多种癌症易感性相关联;可溶性环氧化物水解酶(soluble epoxide hydrolase,sEH)在心肌肥大、糖尿病、高血压等疾病的治疗中起着重要作用。本文主要综述了mEH和sEH的分子生物学特性,mEH多态性与癌症易感性的关系,以及sEH活性与多种疾病的关系。     

环氧二十碳三烯酸在心血管系统稳态中的生理功能

细胞色素P450表氧化酶与其代谢产物EETs在心血管系统的稳态中具有重要的作用。目前的研究表明,EETs具有调节血管张力,降低血压,促进血管新生以及抗炎等生理作用。深入研究细胞色素P450表氧化酶与EETs在心血管系统中的保护作用及其作用机制,有助于为探索心血管疾病新的治疗策略提供理论依据。     

花生四烯酸细胞色素P450表氧化酶代谢物EETs的内源性心血管保护作用

花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid, AA)是生物体内最丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,其代谢产物具有广泛的生物学活性。环氧二十碳三烯酸(epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, EETs)是AA经细胞色素P450表氧化酶(cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, CYP450)代谢产生的内源性小分子化合物,近20年的研究表明EETs具有广泛的心血管保护作用,是重要的内源性心血管保护因子。EETs不仅可以改善不同病因导致的心脏重构,抑制心肌肥厚,减轻不同因素导致的心肌损伤,还能明显改善上述病理过程所导致的血流动力学紊乱和心功能损害。在血管保护方面,最早的研究证明EETs是一种内皮来源的超极化因子,可以通过作用于内皮细胞和平滑肌上的钙离子敏感通道而发挥血管舒张作用,随后研究发现,EETs可能有更多非超极化效应而产生降压、改善冠状动脉血供、调节肺动脉压力等作用。此外,EETs还具有显著的内皮保护效应,可以抑制内皮细胞的炎症反应和黏附作用,抑制血小板聚集,促进纤溶和血管的新生。EETs还能改善主动脉重构,包括抑制动脉粥样硬化、主动脉外膜纤维化和主动脉钙化。EETs心血管保护作用的分子机制是多方面的,EETs可通过调控多个信号通路从而调节不同病理生理环节,是一种多靶点内源性心血管保护因子。因此研究EETs在心血管系统中的生理和病理生理作用有利于阐明心血管疾病的内源性保护机制,为心血管疾病的防治提供新策略。本文综述了EETs的内源性心血管保护作用和机制,以期为该领域的转化研究提供新的思路。     

花生四烯酸细胞色素P450代谢途径在糖尿病中的作用研究进展

花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)是生物体内含量最丰富,其代谢产物最具生物活性的小分子物质之一.其代谢产物在众多生理及病理生理过程中发挥重要的调节作用.它们除参与细胞生长和分化、生殖和发育、体温及血压的维持等重要生理过程调节外,也在诸如炎症、疼痛、肿瘤、高血压、动脉粥样硬化等人类重大疾病的发生发展中发挥着极其重要的作用.AA及其代谢产物在糖尿病发生发展中的作用也逐渐引起关注,尤其是环氧化酶和脂氧酶代谢途径与糖尿病的关系研究较为广泛.花生四烯酸还可以经细胞色素P450途径产生表氧-二十碳三烯酸(EETs)和20-羟二十烷四烯酸(20-HETE).它们与糖尿病的关系研究甚少.近年来发现EETs和其水解酶与葡萄糖的吸收和胰岛素抵抗有关,20-HETE则参与糖尿病肾功能损伤和血管活性的改变.因而探讨花生四烯酸P450代谢途径对糖尿病的影响及其机制将有利于进一步阐明糖尿病的发病机理,为糖尿病的防治提出新的思路.本文就近五年有关花生四烯酸P450代谢途径与糖尿病关系的研究做一综述,以期为我国在该领域的研究提供新的方向.     

在小鼠中抑制可溶性表氧化物水解酶(sEH)可以促进胆固醇逆向转运和斑块逆转

<正>目前已经知道脂肪细胞通过ABCA1将胆固醇转运到胞外apoA-I,且这个过程能促进血浆HDL增加,有利于保护心血管。而s EH是一种代谢内源性环氧二十碳三烯酸(EETs)的胞浆酶,EETs在脂肪细胞中表达很丰富。作者的团队之前发现脂肪细胞中sEH的抑制剂t-AUCB能增加ABCA1的水平,本文便研究内源性s EH的抑制对心血管系统的保护机制。在ldlr缺陷小鼠脂肪组织中,发现相比标准喂养(SCD),促动脉粥样硬化饮食(ATD)下s EH活性显著增加,而在t-AUCB     

生物钟基因与脂质代谢紊乱

生物钟是生物适应环境节律变化形成的特殊生理机制,具有一定的节律性。生物钟基因被证实参与调节多种生物生理活动,如生物的各种代谢活动、细胞的凋亡与坏死、肿瘤的发生与发展和炎症反应等。其中,脂质代谢作为一项重要的代谢活动,其紊乱可能诱发高血脂症、动脉粥样硬化等疾病。脂质代谢的调节受生物钟相关基因的调节。本文就有关生物钟的生理机制及生物钟基因参与脂质代谢调节的研究进行综述。     

表氧化二十碳三烯对eNOS磷酸化水平的影响及其相关信号转导通路

内皮源性一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)是一氧化氮(NO)参与的血管稳态调节过程中的关键酶. 多种体液因子和机械刺激都可以通过磷酸化修饰调节eNOS的活性, 但具体的信号转导通路因刺激物不同而异. 最近发现花生四烯酸细胞色素P450(CYP)表氧化酶代谢产物表氧化二十碳三烯(EETs)可以显著上调eNOS的蛋白表达并增强其活性, 但其分子机制尚不清楚. 通过在4代以内培养的牛主动脉内皮细胞中直接加入外源性EETs和转染CYP表氧化酶基因CYP2C11和CYPF87V, 并同时给予实验组不同信号转导抑制剂进行干预, 观察其对总的eNOS表达及其在Ser1179 和Thr497位点磷酸化水平的影响. 结果显示, 内外源性EETs均可以显著上调eNOS的蛋白表达并增强及其在Ser1179和Thr497位点的磷酸化水平; PI3K抑制剂LY294002可以阻断EETs对eNOS-Ser1179的磷酸化上调作用, 但它对eNOS-Thr(P)497并无影响, 而Akt抑制剂却可以抑制eNOS在这两个位点的磷酸化, 且这两种抑制剂都可以阻断EETs对eNOS的蛋白表达上调作用.结果提示: (i) EETs对eNOS的活性调节可能与PI3K/Akt所介导的eNOS-Ser1179和Akt所介导的eNOS- Thr497磷酸化水平改变相关; (ii) PI3K/Akt信号通路可能参与了EETs对eNOS的蛋白表达上调过程.     

法尼酯X受体在脂质代谢过程中的调控作用

法尼酯X受体(Farnesoid X Receptor,FXR)属于配体依赖的核转录因子,可被内源性配体胆汁酸激活,通过调节胆汁酸、胆固醇、脂蛋白及脂肪酸代谢维持血浆中脂质的稳态,从而达到调节脂质代谢的目的。最近研究发现FXR在脉管系统中也有表达活性,开辟了FXR调节脂质代谢的新途径。随着新配体及靶基因的发现,研究FXR的作用机制以及寻找对脂质代谢具有调控作用的FXR的配体,对于脂代谢异常和动脉粥样硬化的防治具有重要意义。本文综述了该领域的最新进展。     

Soluble epoxide hydrolase: Gene structure,expression and deletion

Mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts epoxides to their corresponding diols through the addition of a water molecule. sEH readily hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules, including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxidized lipids produced from arachidonic acid by the action of cytochrome p450s. Through its metabolism of the EETs and other lipid mediators, sEH contributes to the regulation of vascular tone, nociception, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response. Because of its central physiological role in disease states such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, hypertension, and pain sEH is being investigated as a therapeutic target. This review begins with a brief introduction to sEH protein structure and function. sEH evolution and gene structure are then discussed before human small nucleotide polymorphisms and mammalian gene expression are described in the context of several disease models. The review ends with an overview of studies that have employed the sEH knockout mouse model.     

Epoxide hydrolase activities and epoxy fatty acids in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

Culex mosquitoes have emerged as important model organisms for mosquito biology, and are disease vectors for multiple mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus. We characterized epoxide hydrolase activities in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, which suggested multiple forms of epoxide hydrolases were present. We found EH activities on epoxy eicosatrienoic acids (EETs). EETs and other eicosanoids are well-established lipid signaling molecules in vertebrates. We showed EETs can be synthesized in vitro from arachidonic acids by mosquito lysate, and EETs were also detected in vivo both in larvae and adult mosquitoes by LC-MS/MS. The EH activities on EETs can be induced by blood feeding, and the highest activity was observed in the midgut of female mosquitoes. The enzyme activities on EETs can be inhibited by urea-based inhibitors designed for mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH). The sEH inhibitors have been shown to play diverse biological roles in mammalian systems, and they can be useful tools to study the function of EETs in mosquitoes. Besides juvenile hormone metabolism and detoxification, insect epoxide hydrolases may also play a role in regulating lipid signaling molecules, such as EETs and other epoxy fatty acids, synthesized in vivo or obtained from blood feeding by female mosquitoes.     

Lipid sulfates and sulfonates are allosteric competitive inhibitors of the N-terminal phosphatase activity of the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase

The EPXH2 gene encodes for the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), a homodimeric enzyme with each monomer containing two domains with distinct activities. The C-terminal domain, containing the epoxide hydrolase activity (Cterm-EH), is involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid epoxides, endogenous chemical mediators that play important roles in blood pressure regulation, cell growth, and inflammation. We recently demonstrated that the N-terminal domain contains a Mg2+-dependent lipid phosphate phosphatase activity (Nterm-phos). However, the biological role of this activity is unknown. The inability of known phosphatase inhibitors to inhibit the Nterm-phos constitutes a significant barrier to the elucidation of its function. We describe herein sulfate, sulfonate, and phosphonate lipids as novel potent inhibitors of Nterm-phos. These compounds are allosteric competitive inhibitors with K(I) in the hundred nanomolar range. These inhibitors may provide a valuable tool to investigate the biological role of the Nterm-phos. We found that polyisoprenyl phosphates are substrates of Nterm-phos, suggesting a possible role in sterol synthesis or inflammation. Furthermore, some of these compounds inhibit the C-terminal sEH activity through a noncompetitive inhibition mechanism involving a new binding site on the C-terminal domain. This novel site may play a role in the natural in vivo regulation of epoxide hydrolysis by sEH.     

The red blood cell participates in regulation of the circulation by producing and releasing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids

Red blood cells (RBCs) have an important function in regulation of the circulation by producing and releasing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in response to a low O? environment such as encountered in the cardiac microcirculation during exercise. RBCs, in their role as sensors of low pO?, release ATP and critical lipid mediators, the EETs. Both cis- and trans-EETs are synthesized and stored in RBCs and are hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH). The trans-EETs differ from cis-EETs in their higher vascular potencies and more rapid metabolism by sEH. Thus, inhibition of sEH results in greater trans-EET levels and increased positive vascular effects of trans-EETs vs cis-EETs. The trans-EETs are responsible for a significant decline in the elevated blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat on treatment with a sEH inhibitor to raise EET levels. We predict that trans-EETs and cis-EETs will occupy important therapeutic roles in a broad spectrum of diseases and abnormal physiological conditions such as that resulting from high salt intake and hypertension.     

Epoxy Fatty Acids and Inhibition of the Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Selectively Modulate GABA Mediated Neurotransmission to Delay Onset of Seizures

In the brain, seizures lead to release of large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid (ARA). ARA is a substrate for three major enzymatic routes of metabolism by cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 enzymes. These enzymes convert ARA to potent lipid mediators including prostanoids, leukotrienes and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The prostanoids and leukotrienes are largely pro-inflammatory molecules that sensitize neurons whereas EETs are anti-inflammatory and reduce the excitability of neurons. Recent evidence suggests a GABA-related mode of action potentially mediated by neurosteroids. Here we tested this hypothesis using models of chemically induced seizures. The level of EETs in the brain was modulated by inhibiting the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the major enzyme that metabolizes EETs to inactive molecules, by genetic deletion of sEH and by direct administration of EETs into the brain. All three approaches delayed onset of seizures instigated by GABA antagonists but not seizures through other mechanisms. Inhibition of neurosteroid synthesis by finasteride partially blocked the anticonvulsant effects of sEH inhibitors while the efficacy of an inactive dose of neurosteroid allopregnanolone was enhanced by sEH inhibition. Consistent with earlier findings, levels of prostanoids in the brain were elevated. In contrast, levels of bioactive EpFAs were decreased following seizures. Overall these results demonstrate that EETs are natural molecules which suppress the tonic component of seizure related excitability through modulating the GABA activity and that exploration of the EET mediated signaling in the brain could yield alternative approaches to treat convulsive disorders.     

Reno-protective mechanisms of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and it is well known that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a profound consequence of the progression of CVD. Present treatments only slow CVD progression to ESRD, and it is imperative that new therapeutic strategies are developed to prevent the incidence of ESRD. Because epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have been shown to elicit reno-protective effects in hypertensive animal models, the current review will focus on addressing the reno-protective mechanisms of EETs in CVD. The cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to EETs. EETs have been identified as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) with vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antiplatelet aggregation properties. EETs also have profound effects on vascular migration and proliferation and promote angiogenesis. The progression of CVD has been linked to decreased EETs levels, leading to the concept that EETs should be therapeutically targeted to prevent end-organ damage associated with CVD. However, EETs are quickly degraded by the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to their less active diols, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). As such, one way to increase EETs level is to inhibit their degradation to DHETs by using sEH inhibitors. Inhibition of sEH has been shown to effectively reduce blood pressure and organ damage in experimental models of CVD. Another approach to target EETs is to develop EET analogs with improved solubility and resistance to auto-oxidation and metabolism by sEH. For example, stable ether EET analogs dilate afferent arterioles and lower blood pressure in hypertensive rodent animal models. EET agonists also improve insulin signaling and vascular function in animal models of metabolic syndrome.     

Structure-based optimization of cyclopropyl urea derivatives as potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors for potential decrease of renal injury without hypotensive action

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are known to have beneficial pharmacological effects on various cardiovascular events. However, EETs are biologically metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to less active metabolites. In our search for potent sEH inhibitors, we optimized a series of cyclopropyl urea derivatives and identified compound 38 as a potent sEH inhibitor with minimal CYP inhibition and good oral absorption in rats. Administration of 38 to DOCA-salt rats suppressed urinary albumin and MCP-1 excretion without affecting systolic blood pressure.     

Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of piperidine-derived non-urea soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors

A series of potent amide non-urea inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is disclosed. The inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase leads to elevated levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and thus inhibitors of sEH represent one of a novel approach to the development of vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory drugs. Structure–activities studies guided optimization of a lead compound, identified through high-throughput screening, gave rise to sub-nanomolar inhibitors of human sEH with stability in human liver microsomal assay suitable for preclinical development.